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By Ludwig Schmidt

The disposal of the brines produced with crude petroleum and natural gas has long been a constant source of trouble to oil and gas operators as well as to farmers and stock-raisers in the vicinity of producing fields. The amount of oilfield brines Produced from wells on new properties may be almost negligible, but some older wells may produce several hundred barrels a day. A survey of almost 200 wells on 31 properties in the eastern part of Osage County, Okla., showed that during the month of November, 1928, the average production of water was 3.26 barrels per barrel of oil produced. The age of the wells included in this survey ranged from two to 28 years; the maximum amount of brine produced was 26 barrels of water to one barrel of oil and the lowest was one barrel of water to 27 barrels of oil. These figures apply to a small area. In other fields the production of water also varies widely; for example, in the Cushing4, Okla., field several yells were reported as having produced 100 barrels of water to every barrel of oil produced. Often the production of oil-field brines is decreased materially and the production of petroleum increased by the use of bottom hole Plugs and by a general repair and cementing of wells. The records5 of 22 wells cemented in the Gushing field showed that prior to the repair work, the average total dally production was 242.5 barrels of oil and 3,977.5 barrels of water. The total Production of

Jan 1, 1929

By Martin A. Mayers

It has long been recognized that it would be highly desirable to be able to predict the temperatures at various points in a burning fuel bed and their variations with changes of the properties of the fuel and the rate of air supply. Experimenta1 investigations of fuel-bed temperature1-4 have not been lacking, but the absence of any theoretical background has made it impossible to use the results of these tests as a basis for prediction, except in a very general may. A mathematical analysis", based on a somewhat simplified theory of the distribution of lieat in a fuel bed, lias recently been completed by the author. Even though numerical values of some of the coefficients are not known, the calculations result in some conclusions of general significance. Thus, for example, it appears that when the temperatures throughout the fuel bed can be calculated, the rate at which ignition of the fuel by underfeed action can be maintained can also be calcu1ated. The uncertainty concerning the values of the coefficients referred to above is serious limitation on the use of that method. The following paper presents a discussion of these coefficients and includes estimates of their values based on the data now available. A brief description of the theory on which the analysis is based, and some results of the calculations showing their degree of agreement with experimental results, are presented by way of introduction to the discussion of the coefficients. For a more. extended discussion of the theory, see the A.S.M.E. paper5. Theory and Comparison with Experiment The theoretical analysis is similar to that used in the calculation of the stationary temperatures in a conducting solid in the classical theory of heat concluction. The fuel bed is pictured as a uniform, continuous, porous solid through the interstices of which air can be blown and ill which combustion can take place. The solid lias a finite thermal conductivity, so that heat may be transported in any direction, against the flow of air as well as in the same direction. While it is true that nothing

Jan 1, 1938

By Martin A. Mayers

It has long been recognized that it would be highly desirable to be able to predict the temperatures at various points in a burning fuel bed and their variations with changes of the properties of the fuel and the rate of air supply. Experimenta1 investigations of fuel-bed temperature1-4 have not been lacking, but the absence of any theoretical background has made it impossible to use the results of these tests as a basis for prediction, except in a very general may. A mathematical analysis", based on a somewhat simplified theory of the distribution of lieat in a fuel bed, lias recently been completed by the author. Even though numerical values of some of the coefficients are not known, the calculations result in some conclusions of general significance. Thus, for example, it appears that when the temperatures throughout the fuel bed can be calculated, the rate at which ignition of the fuel by underfeed action can be maintained can also be calcu1ated. The uncertainty concerning the values of the coefficients referred to above is serious limitation on the use of that method. The following paper presents a discussion of these coefficients and includes estimates of their values based on the data now available. A brief description of the theory on which the analysis is based, and some results of the calculations showing their degree of agreement with experimental results, are presented by way of introduction to the discussion of the coefficients. For a more. extended discussion of the theory, see the A.S.M.E. paper5. Theory and Comparison with Experiment The theoretical analysis is similar to that used in the calculation of the stationary temperatures in a conducting solid in the classical theory of heat concluction. The fuel bed is pictured as a uniform, continuous, porous solid through the interstices of which air can be blown and ill which combustion can take place. The solid lias a finite thermal conductivity, so that heat may be transported in any direction, against the flow of air as well as in the same direction. While it is true that nothing

Jan 1, 1938

By F. W. Gibson

A detailed description of the smelting and refining operations of the Amax-Homestake Lead Toller's smelter at Buick, Missouri. This is one of two completely new lead smelting and refining operations to go into operation in the United States in over forty years. Incorporated into the operation are the new methods and equipment which have been developed and lend themselves to the particular metallurgy of this plant. The text, as well as the statistical data presented, represent actual current practice after 22 months of operation, and although the metallurgy is considered to be relatively simple, several metallurgical problems unique to Missouri concentrates are discussed.

Jan 1, 1970

By M. L. Free

Several studies of the fluorite/oleate flotation system have shown that under certain conditions calcium dioleate is formed at or transported to the fluorite surface. Adsorption of significant amounts of calcium dioleate is generally observed above oleate concentrations of -6 -5 between 4 x 10 and 4 x 10 M, yet little explanation of the onset of calcium dioleate adsorption is provided. In this study in-situ and ex-situ FTIR/IRS experiments have been performed in connection with thermodynamic solution phase analysis to better understand oleate adsorption as well as the onset of calcium dioleate formation. Results from this study are analyzed and compared to industrial practice.

Jan 1, 1995

By O. Z. Klopsch, G. L. Craig

The fabrication characteristics and properties of phosphorized arsenical Lake copper have been compared with phosphorized prime Lake and phosphorized electrolytic seamless copper tubing, in a series of mill-scale tests employing commercial drawing schedules. Phosphorized arsenical coppers containing as much as 0.20 per cent arsenic were drawn with various reductions into 7/8and 3/8in. seamless tubing along with billets of the two types of arsenic-free copper. The effect of arsenic was determined by the average power required to draw given compositions and by the final properties of the respective materials in the annealed condition and after various degrees of cold reduction. Power consumption data show that no more power is required to draw arsenical coppers of this type than the arsenic-free copper. The result? of tensile tests indicate that arsenic increases the strength of cold-drawn tubing somewhat, but has no measurable effect on the properties of annealed tubing; the ductility of the tubing as evidenced by the elongation and other prescribed tests is unaffectetl by 0.20 per cent arsenic.

Jan 1, 1933

By Xizhen J

Point load testing for irregular rock specimens was studied to determine the relationship between tensile and compressive strengths, drill penetration rate and other rotary drilling parameters. The DH-l type point load tester was developed and more than 2 000 irregular specimens of over 60 kinds of rock from 16 mines and quarries were tested. The effects of size, shape and number of samples on the point load strength index were investigated, using regression analysis. Experiments were carried out to investigate the relationship between point load strength index and uniaxial compressive strength on 29 kinds of rock. The relationship between these values and the drill penetration rate for rotary and percussion drills is discussed.

Jan 1, 1986

By Morrison R. D, Kojovic T

Industry-sponsored research at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre has produced models of high tension roll and electrostatic plate separators operating in mineral sands dry plants. The behaviour of mineral species has been characterised under a wide variety of operating conditions by extensive plant machine sampling and laboratory measurements. The effect of operating conditions on separator performance has been quantified by monitoring changes in the weight distribution of mineral species along the product splitter axis. The response of each mineral species has been modelled on a size-by-size basis using an average surface charge decay time and a variation in its surface properties. The models incorporate changes in machine, mineral and ambient conditions on the separation and predict all product flows, assays and size distributions. This paper outlines the structure of the models. These models are being implemented in JKSimSand, an user-friendly simulation software Package.

Jan 1, 1991

By Jr. Herty

Manufacturers and consumers of steel have come to realize during the past few years that cleanliness is of great importance in steels which must meet rigid specifications for various physical properties. Of equal importance is the consistent production of steel which is uniform in these properties. For maximum utility, steels should be uniform not only from heat to heat, but also from ingot to ingot and within each ingot. In the manufacture of killed steels such as the higher carbon forging grades, uniformity as indicated by the usual chemical analysis is easy to obtain, provided that a normal top discard is taken, as is always the case in steels poured with hot-top practice. No such uniformity, however, holds true for the nonmetallic matter, which consists for the most part of the products of deoxidation of the steel. For a large tonnage of steels which go into articles manufactured by deep-drawing processes, killed steel has never been successfully applied because with the present deoxidation practice, low-carbon killed steel is almost invariably extremely dirty. To obtain the desired qualities for deep drawing, the steel is rimmed, - that is to say, deoxidized with manganese and perhaps a small amount of aluminum, - the resultant product being of high purity in the skin of the ingot, but very badly segregated at the center of the ingot, particularly in the upper-central section. This segregation necessitates a very heavy top discard, and one of the major segregates is carbon which renders the steel too hard to draw properly. If clean, low-carbon killed steel could be made successfully, much better ingot yields would be obtained than by the present rimming steel practice. Furthermore, banded structures and outside and inside seams, which are undoubtedly due in a large measure to blowholes in the ingot, are defects which are very difficult to control in rimmed steel.

Jan 1, 1931

By C. H. Herty

Manufacturers and consumers of steel have come to realize during the past few years that cleanliness is of great importance in steels which must meet rigid specifications for various physical properties. Of equal importance is the consistent production of steel which is uniform in these properties. For maximum utility, steels should be uniform not only from heat to heat, but also from ingot to ingot and within each ingot. In the manufacture of killed steels such as the higher carbon forging grades, uniformity as indicated by the usual chemical analysis is easy to obtain, provided that a normal top discard is taken, as is al¬ways the case in steels poured with hot-top practice. No such uniformity, however, holds true for the nonmetallic matter, which consists for the most part of the products of deoxidation of the steel. For a large tonnage of steels which go into articles manufactured by deep-drawing processes, killed steel has never been successfully applied because with the present deoxida¬tion practice, low-carbon killed steel is almost invariably extremely dirty. To obtain the desired qualities for deep drawing, the steel is rimmed, - that is to say, deoxidized with manganese and perhaps a small amount of aluminum, - the resultant product being of high purity in the skin of the ingot, but very badly segregated at the center of the ingot, particularly in the upper-central section. This segregation necessitates a very heavy top discard, and one of the major segregates is carbon which renders the steel too hard to draw properly. If clean, low-carbon killed steel could be made successfully, much better ingot yields would be obtained than by the present rimming steel practice. Furthermore, banded structures and outside and inside seams, which are undoubtedly due in a large measure to blowholes in the ingot, are defects which are very difficult to control in rimmed steel. These defects would be minimized by clean killed steel.

Jan 1, 1931

By Gualberto Valdéz Rodríguez

El presente trabajo señala los objetivos, responsabilidades y funciones de los geólogos residentes en un yacimiento minero. En este sentido, se enfatiza la responsabilidad del geólogo para mantener y aumentar las reservas minerales de los cuerpos en exploración y desarrollo, así como controlar la extracción económica de cada tonelada de mineral. Asimismo, se describe los derechos del geólogo residente, las funciones del Departamento de Geología, su organización, los contactos del geólogo residente y del departamento señalado, así como el informe períodico de geología para el geólogo residente.

Nov 20, 1978

By Mike Amick

As virgin coal reserves dwindle, more and more mines are being opened in areas with previous mining. As addressed in this conference before, there are solutions available for designing mines extracting coal from reserves with known underground workings above or below the target seam. Often times, however, mining begins with limited knowledge of the underground workings. Even with careful planning, the proposed design has limited success because the ?facts? as presented during planning turn out not to be as accurate as one would like. At National Coal?s Mine #14, mining the Walnut Mountain seam, after driving the main entries in some 34 crosscuts, it was found during routine mine examinations that the pillars had separated from the roof in a few areas of the mains. Immediate roof conditions proved to be sound but questions arose concerning the stability of the main roof and floor. Core tests were done to better determine the rock strengths and characteristics. The paper presents the ideology used to tackle the effects of mining over old works in an operating coal mine. This paper discusses the analysis of the symptoms observed and the steps taken to ensure that this pillar separation was caused by the underlying old workings and that the separation was expected and controllable.

Jan 1, 2009

By Hedge AS

Mt Whaleback is one of the largest open-cut iron ore mines in the world. Haulage cost is the single largest component of operating costs at the mine. Past studies towards alternatives to truck haulage have recognised the potential viability of an in-pit crushing and conveying system, dependent on the proportion of uphill haulage. After seventeen years of mining Mt Whaleback still contains more than 1,000 million tonnes of ore, needing 1,800 million tonnes of waste removal to extract it. What was once a quarry has now turned into a large open pit. The increasing proportion of uphill haulage, the need to replace ageing 120 ton and 200 ton trucks and the necessity of achieving and maintaining a higher stripping ratio prompted, in 1984, the initiation of a new feasibility study into the viability of alternative material handling systems. A semi-mobile in-pit crushing and conveying system was found to be most suited to Mt Whaleback conditions. The East Pit was selected as the best location based on the analysis of haulage profiles measured on long term incremental mine plans. A capacity of 22 million tonnes per year was considered achievable by the proven technology currently available. A detailed estimation of capital and operating costs of two systems - one with trucks only and another with trucks, crusher and conveyor - for the removal of 22 million tonnes per year of waste rock, showed substantial cost savings achievable by the proposed system. An economic evaluation of the two systems established the advantages of constructing the in-pit crushing and conveying system. This is now under construction and will be commissioned in early 1987. Experience gained in constructing and operating this installation is expected to influence decisions on similar installations in future.

Jan 1, 1986

By Joseph M. Kuchta

This Bureau of Mines manual is oriented to the technical needs of an investigation of fire or explosion accidents and includes various practical and theoretical information that is needed in analyzing accidents or evaluating conditions that might lead to an accident. It is applicable to accidents in the chemical, mining, transportation, and other fuel-related industries. Specific procedures for conducting an accident investigation are outlined, and various guidelines are given for developing the fire or explosion evidence. Ignitability, flammability, and physicochemical data are presented for over 500 combustible gases, liquids, and solids; empirical and theoretical expressions are also given for extrapolating the behavior of combustible-oxidant-diluent systems to various environmental conditions. In addition, various data pertinent to damage analysis are summarized to facilitate the task of the investigator in developing plausible accident scenarios.

Jan 1, 1985

By Marek Mika

This Paper has been prepared to be presented at the 23rd World Mining Congress & Expo ? Montreal 2013. It presents the idea how to carry out the shaft sinking operation, going through highly water-bearing and very weak rock strata, giving as an example one specific shaft sinking project which is being executed for one of the Polish collieries by our Shaft Sinking Company Content 1. Introduction. 2. Hydrogeological conditions within the area of the shaft. 2.1. Hydrogeological conditions assumed at the stage of designing. 2.2. Hydrogeological conditions encountered in the course of sinking. 3. Designed shaft lining. 4. Procedures for the shaft sinking. 4.1. Designed procedures of the shaft sinking. 4.2. Procedures for preservation and strengthening of the shaft lining and the surrounding rock strata. 5. Technological guidelines for proceeding with the shaft sinking ? selection of special methods. 6. Options for mechanization of work for the selected method. 7. Conclusions.

Aug 1, 2013

By S. J. Pearce

The need for a simple, very sensitive, and accurate method for the determination of benzene in blood and urine was evident throughout a recent study of chronic benzene (C6H6) poisoning conducted cooperatively by the United States Bureau of Mines, The Barrett Company, and the producers of benzene. A combustion method which will be described in a later publication, end a previously described5/ adaptation of Smyth's method were developed and used during that investigation. The adaptation of Smyth's method gave satisfactory results when dealing with exposure conditions that produced chronic poisoning in a comparatively few days, but it was time-consuming and lacked the accuracy necessary for a study of the absorption, distribution, and fate of benzene in the body during exposure to threshold concentrations of benzene vapor in air. The combustion procedure was satisfactory from the standpoint of sensitivity but was cumbersome, intricate, time-consuming, and required the use of special and somewhat expensive physical and. chemical apparatus. Following the termination of this study of chronic poisoning, possibilities for developing better methods occurred, and these have been investigated by the Bureau of Mines with the aid of Relief Works Division personnel. A microcolorimetric method for the determination of benzene in air has been described recently.6/ The present report deals with the adaptation of this new colorimetric method to the determination

Jan 1, 1936

By R. Hogg

Experimental studies of the axial distribution of particles along dry ball mills are described. The results, for mills ranging in diameter from about 10 cm to 1 meter and operated in both the batch and continuous modes, indicate a consistent pattern of significant migration of particles away from the ends of the mill. In some, but less frequent, cases axial migration of the grinding media is also observed. Analysis of the data suggests that particle migration results from end-effects which extend for a distance of about one mill diameter along its length. End-wall roughness appears to play a significant role in the particle migration phenomenon. Media migration is generally associated with continuous mills operating at relatively high powder flow rates.

Jan 1, 1994

By C. Wachmann

The theory presented ill this paper makes possible examination of the phenomenological aspect of secondary oil recovery by alcohol flooding. Limitutions of the theory are contingent on three primary assumptions: (1) chemical equilibrium, (2) no fingering, and (5) no dispersion. The second assumption implies one-dimensional flow. In a geometric sense the theory extends the Buckley-Leverett construction to systems of two slightly miscible fluids and to systems of three components. This is made possible by considering single-phase fluids to be made up two phases, namely of an excess of one phase and a negative amount of the other phase. The procedure is discussed in the paper. The theory also permits direct determination of the relationship between the aqueous phase saturation and the concentration of water in the aqueous phase in a zone of variable composition. The velocity of planes of constant water concentration and of constant saturation can be computted likewise and the existence of saturation discontinuities inferred. Consequently the behavior of such a Zone, which may exist at some time between a displaced and a displacing fluid, May be determined. mathematical details are given in Appendices. Problems of experimental verification are pointed out on the basis of a supporting experiment. Implications of the theory and effects of violations of primary assumptions are discussed briefly. The major conclusion is that, if the primary assumptions are met, with pure alcohol and alcohol-rich .slugs piston-like displacement of oil and water is possible. INTRODUCTION The recovery of oil from porous media by alcohol displacement has been studied for several years. Extensive experimental investigations into alcohol flooding have been carried out in the laboratory although little has been done in the field. A large amount of practical information is available, the extent being indicated by the first three papers cited 1-3 and their respecrive bibliographies. This has permitted the Formulation of inferential theories. A more analytical approach in which theories are developed primarily by reasoning from known physical principles and relationships has, however, lagged behind. In fact, an analytically derived theory of alcohol displacement has not been available. The theory presented in this paper on oil and water displacement by alcohol from a porous medium is a result of the analytical approach. The theory is idealized, as certain assumptions had to be made to make the mathematics tractable and reduce complexity of argument. In particular, major assuptions concerning conditions of equilibrium, interfacial stability, longitudinal mixing, etc., led to the exclusion of fingering, for example, from all considerations. In many laboratory experiments reported in the literature fingering could not be avoided. There is, therefore, disagreement between theories based on experimental evidence available and the analytically derived theory presented here. This theory presented is based on known physical data and makes use of the Buckley-Leverett construction and its suggested extension. The mathematical derivation of the theory is given in Appendices. Three examples relevant to alcohol displacement are discussed to explain the use of this theory: (1) system of two immiscible fluids (the Buckley-Leverett case); (2) system of two slightly miscible fluids involving an extension of the Buckley-Leverett construction; and (3) system of three components, including injection of pure alcohol or alcohol-rich fluid as a special case, which involves a more general extension of the Buckley-Leverett construction. In these discussions strict assumptions were made to impose equilibrium conditions and exclude mixing and fingering. Effects of relaxing these assumptions and consequent extensions of the theory are indicated. The complexity of the alcohol displacement process makes experimental verification of the theory essential. Some relevant evidence is offered in this paper.

Jan 1, 1965

By H. R. Thresh, A. F. Crawley, D. W. G. White

The densities of liquid tin, lead, and Sn-Pb alloys have been measured over a range of temperature above the liquidus. In all cases, data can be adequately represented by an equation of the type p = a + bT. For pure tin, the values of a and b are, respectively, 7.139 and 7.125 x 10-4, and for pure lead, 11.060 and 12.220 x 10-4. At constant temperature, molar volumes in the Sn-Pb system vary linearly with composition. DURING the course of a long-term program at the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada, the densities of liquid tin, lead, and Pb-Sn alloys were studied. The work reported herein draws on two sets of results independently achieved by Thresh, on the one hand, and by Crawley and White, on the other. EXPERIMENT The method and apparatus were originated by Thresh and have been described in detail in Mines Branch reports.172 In operation, the 14 cu cm graphite pycnometer is put in the furnace as shown in Fig. 1 after a machined charge has been placed inside the pycnometer and the lid screwed down. The dimensions of the charge are such that, upon melting, a small excess of liquid metal is discharged through the capillary hole to displace the weighted float above. When the pycnometer has been equilibrated at the experimental temperature, the

Jan 1, 1969

By Wright R, Stock E. C

The Windarra nickel deposits known to date comprise two sulphide orebodies located at Mount Windarra and South Windarra. These orebodies, which are 15 km apart, lie within an ultramafic complex at or near its footwall contact with a banded iron formation. The Windarra deposits are 270 km north-northeast of Kalgoorlie in West- ern Australia which was the centre of a major nickel exploration programme fol- lowing the discovery of nickel deposits at Kambalda in 1966. Surface indications of the Mount Windarra orebody were discovered in 1969 by Mr. Ken Shirley while prospect- ing the Laverton area for Poseidon Ltd. (then NL). The mineralisation was loc- ated by systematic prospecting for goss- anous material associated with aero-mag- netic anomalies and ultramafic rocks. The South Windarra deposit was dis- covered in 1971 by the Union-Hanna- Homestake Joint Venture, by exploring along the strike extension of the mount Windarra ultramafic-banded iron format- ion contact. A detailed ground magnet 1. Acting Operations Superintendent, Windarra Nickel Project, Windarra, W.A. 2. Senior Geologist, Windarra Nickel Project, Windarra, W.A. 3. Mine Geologist, Windarra Nickel Project, Windarra, W.A.

Jan 1, 1973