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By Mitchell G. W, Purvis A. H

The Lady Loretta silver-lead-zinc deposit lies north of Mount Isa in folded and faulted Proterozoic carbonate sediments. The deposit was discovered in the late 1960's as a result of a soil geochemical survey. Subsequent surface drilling outlined mineralisation folded into a synclinal structure extending to a depth of 460 m and containing exceptionally high grades within the keel of the syncline. Pancontinental Mining Limited and Outokumpu Oy of Finland acquired the property in 1985.

Jan 1, 1988

By P. A. Beck

ACCORDING to the traditional definition,1 re-x crystallization is a process taking place upon annealing of cold worked metals, characterized by the appearance of new strain-free grains, growing at the expense of the cold worked grains until ultimately the new crystals completely replace the cold worked structure. In metals like brass this process was observed long ago to take place simultaneously with the return of the mechanical properties to those characteristic of well annealed material. The above definition implicitly assumes that the matrix in which the new grains are growing is essentially still in the cold worked condition at the time it is absorbed by the new grains, i.e., that the energy stored in the metal during cold working is not greatly decreased by recovery, prior to recrystallization. Accordingly, the bulk of this energy is assumed to serve as the driving force for the process of recrystallization. Recently, a great deal of evidence accumulated, indicating that the traditional concept may be considerably in error. Suzuki' found that by far the largest portion of the stored energy of cold work in compressed polycrystalline copper is released in the early stages of annealing, well in advance of recrystallization. Thus, the new recrystallized grains are undoubtedly growing in a matrix which is, at least energetically, no longer in the cold worked condition, but has nearly returned to the annealed state. It is true that in Suzuki's experiments the major hardness changes due to annealing were observed to take place concurrently with the formation and growth of the new grains, but this process apparently involved the release of only a minor residual fraction of the stored energy of cold work. Confirming in this respect the views of Wood," several recent investigations by various techniques lead to the conclusion that the grains of many, if not all, metals in the cold worked condition consist of small, slightly disoriented "crystallites" or "sub-grains".* (After appreciable deformation at room temperature, the subgrain size in copper appears to be about 7.104 cm and in high purity aluminum about 2.10-4 cm.) Recent investigations which demonstrated this phenomenon most convincingly are those of Heidenreich8 with hammered high purity aluminum, of P. B. Hirsch and collaborators7,8 with cold worked polycrystalline aluminum, copper, nickel, iron, gold, etc., and of Warren and Averbach9 with a rolled copper plus 2 pct Si single crystal. In addition to the existence of slightly disoriented sub-grains, the cumulative evidence from these investigations also shows that in the cold worked condition the subgrains themselves are severely strained. With regard to the early stages of annealing, Heiden-reich's results indicate that within the subarains of hammered high purity aluminum the strain gradually disappears, without discernible migration of the subboundaries. This recovery process presumably accounts for the major portion of the energy release

Jan 1, 1953

By Yan Beygelzimer, Alexander Spuskanyuk, Victor Varyukhin

"A cellular model of the plastic deformation of polycrystalline aggregate is proposed and comprehensively described. Representative volume element (RVE) of a solid body, that is being deformed, is described as a population of interconnected units that, in turn, can consist of lower scale level units. Sliding along the various allowed sliding systems deforms simple units, which do not have an internal structure. For consideration of stress distribution within the limits of components, the approach of self-consistent field is used. Rotation of units and moment stresses connected with it are taken into account. Results of computer experiments are analyzed.1. IntroductionMicromechanical models of polycrystals are a link between the research of plastic deformation on micro and macro levels. Computer simulation of inelastic strain of polycrystals has found a great deal of interest as well. Despite the fact that this approach does not allow to obtain macroscopic constitutive relationships that are used in deformed solid body mechanics, it clarifies essential features of the phenomena in many aspects. First of all, it concerns effects stipulated by interdependence of micro-level and macro level of plastic deformation processes. Also, with the computing mechanics, instead of constitutive relationships, the adequate computer models can be used. Broad possibilities for computer simulation of various processes are opened by cellular automata approach. By means of numerical experiments, the cellular automata allows to study the macro behavior of the whole ensemble of cells depending on the local microscopic laws that define evolution of each cell and its interaction with the closest environment.We propose a mathematical model of a polycrystalline aggregate (the cellular model) based on a self-consistent scheme and on the interaction law similar to the one by Berveiller and Zaoui [1]. Our original solution is the self-similar structure of cellular automata that allows modeling of the fractal nature of real materials (Figure 1). The goals of this work are to present the major structures and relations of cellular model of polycrystal and to test this model for its adequacy as for describing known effects and dependencies. Identification of the model and its application for studying of concrete polycrystals are put aside for the future research."

Jan 1, 2001

By Lloyd Jones

THE strip industry made rapid strides in regard to both width and gage until about 1922, when the maximum width was about 20 in. In the hot mills, strips of thin gages in wide widths could be pro-duced, but only at a sacrifice of length of coil, con-siderable increase in power, and decreased tonnage out-put on the min. Hot mills, like the Bray sheet mill and the modern strip and skelp mills, demonstrated that . wider strip could readily be rolled, if such a product was desired. The strip manufacturers were really limited in width, not by the hot strip, but by the cold rolling of wide strip. This factor was roll pressure. The diameter of rolls increased as the width of strip increased. For cold rolling strip 20 in. wide, cold rolls were approximately 20 in. diameter. As the rolls became larger, the arc of contact between the rolls and the strip increased approximately, according to the formula, b=\/Rd where b = the width of contact R = roll radius d = total reduction Now the crushing strength of cold steel of low carbon varies from 70,000 to 100,000 lb. per sq. in. With each succeeding pass the crushing strength increases and may approach 250,000 lb., according to the total reduction. The total reduction in cold rolling of low-carbon steel will range from 40 to 70 per cent of the original thickness, usually in about three or four passes. On this basis, assuming a reduction of 20 per cent in one pass, the crushing strength of steel assumed at 120,000 lb., we have a total pressure between rolls, which (assuming that the rolls do not deform) equals: Roll Strip Strip Diameter, Width, Thickness, In. In. In. Pounds 10 10 0.100 380,000 20 20 0.100 1,080,000 30 36 0.100 2,375,000 42 50 0.100 3,900,000 These figures are approximate, but you will note that in increasing the width five times, or 50 in., the total pressure between the rolls increased approximately ten times. In other words, the pressure per inch of width increased from 38,000 to 78,000 lb. for the same per-centage of reduction.

Jan 3, 1928

By R. Michael Digman

Few efforts have been undertaken to date to assess the quality of mandated coal mine health and safety training for new miners and for experienced miners. This study was concerned with the quality and effectiveness of existing classroom health and safety training programs. The study involved field data collection through pre- and posttesting of trainees, audio-taping class sessions, and administering short feedback forms with trainers and trainees at 14 sites in West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. Results indicate that goals, methods, materials, and outcomes of existing training programs vary widely among trainers and sites. The report provides less by way of solution to problems, than it highlights the breadth of issues that relate to the question of training effectiveness and quality. The report concludes that additional work by industry, labor, government, and academia is necessary in order to improve health and safety training programs. Recommended steps are: (a) to develop performance standards and measurable criteria in each of the types of mandated training, (b) to develop better training of trainers, (c) to develop expanded training support services. and (d) to undertake further research and development in health and safety training in the mining industry

Jan 1, 1982

By E. J. Matson

From February until July 1943 the Bureau of Mines conducted an exploration project at the Majuba Hill mine to determine tonnage aria grade of the copper and tin ore and to search for extension of the mineralization. The work comprised sampling, long-hole drilling, underground excavation, and ore-dressing test.

Jan 1, 1948

By Richards AB

This paper describes the ENVIB software system, which has been developed in a menu-driven form to aid in the monitoring and assess- ment of vibration caused by routine blasting operations and for research and development projects. The paper gives an outline of the capabilities of the system by means of screen-dumps and a general descriptive commentary. Technical notes have been added where appropriate to further describe the system. The ENVIB system covers: I . Analysis of blast vibration results, and preparation of graphs and tables for control and estimation purposes. 2. Effects of atmospheric conditions and air vibration propagation. 3. Real-time acquisition and analysis of analogue blast vibration sig- nals directly from transducer equipment or from FM tapes. 4. Analysis of digital files on floppy disc or transferred via the serial port from blast monitoring equipment. 5. Transfer function calculation for structure response studies.

Jan 1, 1988

This paper is written as a supplement to that of Edwards, Baker and Knight on "The Geology of the Wonthaggi Coalfield" 1, the West Area pit being in an early developmental stage at the time of their paper. The thin seams to the west of Dudley Basin 2 had beenknown for many years but it was not until 1935 that it became necessary to work them. The West Area Pit came into production as Dudley Area Pit approached exhaustion in 1937. From available information it was estimated that early work would be in a 36in. bottom seam. The present top seam was not included in the reserves, but it was to be extracted where it proved thick enough for economical working.THE SEAMSEdwards, Baker and :Knight (1944) had insufficient information to correlate positively the West Area seams with those in the Dudley Basin. Their opinion was, however, that they were a westerly extension of the Bottom Seam. Since then the driving of the present north-east heading towards No. 4 Bench McBride Tunnel has established that the West Area seams are those worked as Bottom Seam in the Dudley Basin. West Area Top Seam is a seam that occurred above the Bottom Seam in the Dudley Basin. Only sporadic attempts have been made to work it in Central Area, because 30in. was considered an economic minimum height until recent times. This seam should not be confused with Top Seam, Dudley Basin, which lies some 300ft. above the bottom seam measures and except in isolated areas over deeper workings has been eroded away in West Area.

Jan 1, 1953

JOINT convention week has become a feature of the year with western mining men. The first was held at Denver in 1926, the second at Salt Lake City in 1927, and the third is about to take place at Los Angeles. Holding in the same city in one week the meetings of a number of related organizations has been .found to permit the development of a well-rounded program at the same time that it economizes time and money for the members, many of whom belong to several of the participating organizations. For the third time, the American Mining Congress, represented by its Western Division, of which Philip Wiseman is chairman, is taking the lead and assuming the main responsibility. The A.I.M.E. is furnishing the papers for two sessions and the California Development Association for one. The Southern California Section, Robert R. Boyd, chairman, is host for the Institute, but the Northern California, Nevada and Arizona sections have each contributed papers to the program, and will be represented at the meeting. It will be a real reunion of the mining men of the Southwest.

Sep 1, 1928

By Antonio Zechini, Giuseppe Iorio, Massimo Grisolia

"The new C Line of the Rome Metro runs northwest to southeast across the city center, with 30 new stations and a total length of more than 15.5 mi (25 km). Due to the presence of a dense urban environment, the selected solution for the construction of the stations consists of a cutand- cover excavation, which is retained by multipropped diaphragm walls to minimize settlement and prevent damage to the nearby structures. The bottom of the excavation of the underground stations are about 82 ft to 98 ft (25 m to 30 m) below ground surface, and about 66 ft to 82 ft (20 m to 25 m) below the groundwater table. To ensure dry conditions and to prevent hydraulic base heave instability, deep well systems were designed and used to lower groundwater level and piezometric head during excavation. The dewatering field tests showed how the local stratigraphy strongly affects the dewatering efficiency. Finite element modeling (FEM) of steady state filtration were used to compare the soil permeability with Lefranc in-situ test results and to verify the efficiency of the grouted plugs. The geological sequence along the new C Line consists of a very heterogeneously layered deposit. The base deposit of stiff overconsolidated clay (“APL,” Pliocene age) is overlain by fluvio-palustrine very dense sandy gravels (“SG,” Pleistocene age), which are then overlain by medium stiff clayey silts or dense sandy silts (“AR” or “ST,” Paleotevere units). These deposits are overlain by covered by pyroclastic volcanic soils, tuff, silty sand and sandy silt (Middle to Upper Pleistocene) deriving from the Colli Albani apparatus. A layer of made ground (“R”) of varying thickness covers the stratigraphic sequence and the natural soil profile everywhere.The local hydrogeological framework is very complex and characterized by a double groundwater system. The upper main aquifer is mainly represented by the “pozzolane sequences” (“PR/PN”), while the lower aquifer consists of a deposit of sandy gravel (“SG,” Pleistocene), which is underlain by marine claystone bedrock (“APL,” Pliocene). The pyroclastic deposits (e.g., pozzolane, lithoid and pseudolithoid tuff and clayely tuff) show large variations in permeability due to porosity, compaction processes, sealing and secondary fracturing. Permeability values for each soil type were determined using Lefranc tests at variable head and using pumping tests. The Lefranc tests indicated a wide range of permeability."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. B. Kinzel

ALTHOUGH the iron-carbon diagram has undergone many changes in the last 20 years, the region below the eutectoid line and up to approxi-mately 1.7 per cent carbon has been little affected. This region is generally considered to consist of cementite and ferrite. Graphite has been noted occasionally in the hypereutectoid steel region, and the ready formation of graphite nodules in malleable cast iron is a phenomenon difficult to interpret in the light of cementite, supposedly stable at sub-eutectoid temperatures. In this case the graphite formation has been partly explained by the presence of silicon, and many have believed that silicon acts to change the stable state rather than to accelerate reactions so as to arrive at the stable state in a briefer period of time. Consider-ation of this phenomenon indicates that cementite is not the stable phase in the temperature composition zone referred to. In the course of examining a low-carbon steel tube taken from a petroleum cracking still, which had been in service for approximately three years at temperatures somewhat below the eutectoid temperature, observations were made that shed light on this entire subject. The tube in question analyzed:1 C, 0.15 per cent; Mn, 0.49; Si, 0.02; S, 0.023; P, 0.015. The microstructure of the tube after service is shown in Figs. 1 and 2. From these it is evident that cementite as such is absent, and that in its place nodular graphite has been formed. In order to check this observation further, samples taken from the tube were heated at 850° C. for varying periods of time. The small samples were put into a large hot furnace, and the total time is recorded. The structure of the

Jan 1, 1934

By Fred P. Dewey

The iron ores of Canada have attracted more or less attention in this country for a number of years ; and having had an opportunity this past summer to examine some of them, especially the magnetic ores, I have thought it might be of sufficient interest to the members of the Institute to put on record some of my observations. The region examined contains, for the most part, only the rocks of the Laurentian system. Much of it was originally covered with a dense growth of pine, which interfered with successful prospecting for ores. However, after the best of the timber had been cut off, fire generally got into the bush and cleared it up pretty well. This, besides making travelling about easier, exposed large surfaces of rock, and rendered the work of the prospector far more liable to be rewarded with success, while removing many of its hardships. The general appearance and productiveness of the land have, however, been far from improved by this process. It would be difficult to find a more desolate-appearing country than some of these pine woods after fire has been through them. The country examined may be, for convenience, divided into two

Jan 1, 1884

Jarrah Decline is currently the only underground operation at the Boddington Gold Mine, (BGM). The mine is located 120 km SE from Perth in WA, with mineralisation hosted within deeply weathered felsic and intermediate intrusions and volcanic rocks of the Saddleback Greenstone Belt (Morley and McBride,1995). Open cut operations commenced in April 1987 with a mill throughout of 3.OMtpa. A number of upgrades have since taken place, with the oxide material throughput currently milled at a rate of 7Mtpa. In 1992 a separate circuit, the supergene mill, was commissioned to treat copper material from the open cut and now ore from the Jarrah Decline. Current throughput in the supergene plant is 30,000 tonne per month, with a varied blend according to mill requirements. Total gold production from the Jarrah Decline in 1994 was 60,000 ounces from 90,000 tonne of ore.

Jan 1, 1990

By John D. Sullivan

In leaching copper ores knowledge of the rate of dissolution of the copper minerals and of the impurities is desirable. With knowledge of these two factors and data as to what minerals are present in the ore the metallurgist has an excellent start on planning a leach¬ing cycle to fit that ore. The rate of dissolution is rather difficult to predict, and the time required to leach a given ore may differ markedly from that required by another ore. The whole study as related to mixed oxidized and sulphide ores is one of relative rates of dissolution of the different copper minerals and the impurities in sulphuric acid and in ferric sulphate. The aim of leaching is to choose a cycle and strength of solvents to ex¬tract a maximum amount of copper and a minimum of impurities. The consumption of reagents per unit of copper dissolved is a function of the strength of the reagents used and the relative rates of attack on copper minerals and impurities. An opportunity may exist of ob¬taining the kind of electrolyte wanted for electrolytic precipitation and yet of saving on the consumption of reagents by modifying the strength of ferric sulphate and of sulphuric acid during the cycle to fit the time needed for dissolving the sulphide and oxidized minerals present. Former papers have considered the rate of dissolution of azurite, malachite, tenorite, chrysocolla, cuprite, chalcocite, boruite, and covellite in common leaching solvents. A paper soon to be written will consider some of the less important copper minerals. The present paper considers the rate of dissolution of copper from ores of the Southwest in sulphuric acid of varying strength and the ratio of sulphuric acid consumed to copper dis¬solved. In this study two ores containing the copper principally in an oxidized condition were used. A study of other ores, especially those containing high percentages of sulphide copper minerals, would be desirable, but since consumption of acid has paramount interest,

Jan 1, 1931

By F. Mucciardi

With the increasing trend to continuous smelting and converting, granulation of copper matte is gaining prominence as a means of decoupling the smelting and converting operations. Moreover, granulation is also being seen as a possible avenue to using higher grade oxygen in converters. By feeding cold solid matte, the oxygen concentration can be increased to compensate for the lower enthalpy feed. This leads to a higher grade of SO2 in the off gas and a lower total flow rate. Current granulation technology relies on the cooling of a falling matte film by water jets. This technology while effective has several drawbacks including those related to safety. Noranda and McGill University have developed a new process (patent pending) for solidifying copper matte (or slag). It overcomes many of the negatives of current technology. The system is based on an air cooled twin roll caster. This: new system uses no water and instead incorporates heat pipe technology to transfer the heat from the solidifying matte to the cooling air to produce a thin strip of 1 to 2 mm in thickness. Testing of a prototype unit demonstrated its viability. This paper describes this newly developed, twin roll casting system that is completely waterless. The advantages of this process as well as the findings from several tests are also detailed.

Jan 1, 1999

By V. Srivastava, T. Ghosh

The modeling and simulation of semiautogenous (SAG) mills have been widely used in the design and optimization of mill performance in terms of its power draw, processing capacity and product size distribution. However, these models are solved under steady approximation and do not provide any information on mill charge distribution in real time. 7KLVSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRFKDUDFWHUL]HPLOOFRQWHQWVE\VROYLQJ:KLWHQ¶V¿UVW RUGHUFRQWHQW EDVHGPRGHOLQWKH0$7/$% Simulink environment. The parameters in the model, such as breakage rate constant, discharge rate and appearance function, were estimated using process and design data collected from a gold mine operating in Alaska coupled with a nonlinear parameter estimation scheme. This model was then used to predict the dynamic responses of other key operational variables, such as mill power, bearing pressure, charge level and product size distribution. The transient response of mill behavior with respect to changes in feed size distribution, tonnage and mill feed water is also presented. This dynamic simulation approach can be used for practicing different control strategy and training purposes. The observed response of mentioned variables was validated using dynamic response data from the plant to encompass operational characteristics of SAG mill behavior.

By C. S. Roberts

Four binary alloys in this system were creep tested at 300°' to 600°F. A photographic study of microstructural changes showed that the outstanding creep resistance results primarily from a potent precipitation hardening locally at grain boundaries. Twinning was correlated with the primary stage and nonbasal slip with the tertiary stage of creep. THE utility of the rare earth metals as ingredients of magnesium alloys destined for elevated temperature application has been recognized for about 15 years. A review of the early development of these alloys has been given by Leontis. 1,2 It has been only recently that a desire has arisen to understand basically their remarkable creep resistance. The present research had that object. The work of Leontis showed that the differences between the behavior of the individual magnesium-rare earth element binaries was of commercial significance. However, the variations were small compared to the overall difference in creep resistance between the group as a whole and the magnesium alloys of the Al-Zn type. It was decided to conduct this investigation with one binary system which would be representative of the magnesium-rare earth element alloy group. Cerium was chosen as the solute because of its near-middle position in the series and because of its availability in the commercially pure form. A previously published description of the creep behavior of electrolytic magnesium" serves as the background to this research. The experimental approach used in that investigation has been partially repeated here. A series of binary alloys was planned to include the following: 1—A dilute alloy which would contain the cerium almost entirely in solid solution. This would assess the solid solution effect. 2—An alloy which is nearly saturated at the selected solution heat treatment temperature, 1070°F. Here the effect of nearly maximum precip- itation would be obtained without the influence of undissolved Mg-Ce intermetallic. 3—An alloy containing slightly more cerium than is soluble at 1070°F. This would allow the investigation of the effect of a small amount of excess intermetallic. 4—A high cerium alloy in which the influence of a large volume of undissolved intermetallic may be examined. Experimental Details In order to specify compositions of the binary alloy series a knowledge of the solubility of commercially pure cerium in solid electrolytic magnesium and also of the composition of the terminal intermetallic phase was necessary. The latter has been proven to be approximately Mg,Ce by Voge14 and Haughton and Schofield.5 A series of both cast and extruded alloys were solution heat treated 24 hr at 1070°F for a solubility determination. Lineal analyses of the polished and etched microstructures were accomplished with the aid of a Hurlbut

Jan 1, 1955

By John J. Mulligan

Since 1941 the Federal Bureau of Mines has been conducting an intermit-tent program of placer and lode investigations to evaluate the potential tin resources of the western Seward Peninsula tin belt. Previous investigations were made in the Potato, Cape, Brooks (Lost River), and Ear Mountain areas. As part of this program the Bureau made a reconnaissance of reportedly tin-bearing stream gravels in areas adjacent to the previously worked tin deposits at Lost River and Potato Mountain. The objective of the reconnaissance was to determine if additional areas might be favorable for lode or placer exploration. The work was begun late in the fall of 1956 and completed during the following summer. The streams sampled were the Lost River and York Creek in the Brooks Mountain area and the Anikovik River and Kigezruk and Baituk Creeks in the York area. Samples were obtained by churn-drilling methods employing conventional placer-evaluation procedures. Holes were drilled at wide intervals at sites chosen as being representative of drainage areas rather than of individual gravel deposits. Minor to trace amounts of tin were found in the gravels of all these streams, but the highest grade was 0.35 pound of tin per cubic yard in the gravels of Lost River below the mouth of Tin Creek. Small amounts of gold were found on Baituk Creek and in one hole on the Anikovik River; the highest grade did not exceed 10 cents per cubic yard. Traces of scheelite and barite were found on York Creek, chromite was encountered in one hole on the Anikovik River, and minor amounts of titanium minerals (probably derived from basaltic intrusives) were found in the York area.

Jan 1, 1959

There has been a substantial increase in the use of rubber-tired front-end loaders in the mining industry in recent years. Concurrent with this increased usage, in the period of 1966 to 1970, there were at least 74 mining industry fatalities involving front-end loaders, or (on the average) in excess of one fatality per month. When the usage of front-end loaders by the construction industry and other industries, organizations, and agencies, such as the Government (i.e., Department of Defense), along with the uncounted numbers of serious, but non-fatal accidents, are included in the picture, the safety record for front-end loaders, of necessity, becomes a serious subject for study. There is an urgent need for attempts to be made to eliminate or reduce the number of safety hazards; to decrease the confusing diversity of controls designs found on present front-end loaders; to improve the maintenance and operating procedures; to formulate better personnel policies; to increase management and official awareness of the extent of the problem, in both industry and the Government; etc.; in order to decrease the number of accidents. Part of the problem may be traced to the fact that the operator of a front-end loader is frequently designated a "heavy equipment operator." This implies that he is automatically qualified to operate any model, of any manufacturer's, wheeled or tracked, front-end loader as well as many other types and classes of heavy equipment. Contrary to automotive practice, the complement of primary operating and emergency controls varies widely from model to model, as well as from manufacturer to manufacturer. Not only are certain controls present on one front-end loader model and absent on others, but there are significant differences in the modes of control operation, in the functions performed by superficially similar controls, in the location of the various controls, etc.

Jan 1, 1973

By Eduardo Lozano, Vilem Petr

This study demonstrates the ability of high-order, shock-capturing methods to simulate detonation wave propagation in right circular cylinders of non-ideal explosives. 2-D axisymmetric, reactive Euler equations were solved for the detonation of the highly non-ideal explosive ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (ANFO) using a simple pressure-dependent rate law and perfect gas equation of state. The fractional step method was applied to the convection and reaction operators using a 2nd-order Strang splitting. The flow solver consisted of a finite difference scheme where the flux is reconstructed by a modified fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO5-Z) with local characteristic decomposition and local Lax-Friedrichs (LLF) flux splitting. Time integration was performed by a third order total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge-Kutta time discretization method, also known as the strong stability preserving (SSP) method

Jan 1, 2019