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By P. Venkatraman

Laboratory and pilot-scale test data have shown that the innovative feed presentation of the CrossFlow separator provides improved metallurgy when compared to traditional hindered-bed or teeter-bed classifiers. This design feature prevents excess water from entering the separation chamber and disrupting the overall fluidization flow rate within the teeter zone. Recent side-by-side industrial-scale evaluations have verified that this technology can improve overall efficiency, reduce the cut point of separation, and increase throughput capacity. This paper describes the important features that make this novel separator ideally suited for size classification and density concentration. Test data from heavy mineral, phosphate, and industrial mineral applications are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

By J. Hebert, J. Donnelli, J. Sedey

Installation of a Load Commutated Inverter (LCI) provides an economical method for conversion of a Fixed Speed Semi-Autogenous Grinding Mill into one with variable speed, qualities. Though capital intensive, the conversion appears to be one of the most cost-effective methods to gain the advantage of critical speed variations for variable ore characteristics. Expected advantages from the installation of LCI drives at the Goldstrike Mine were decreased liner wear, decreased media consumption and additional grind for increased production rates. These issues as well as construction, economics and performance will be discussed in the presentation. The utilization of the existing equipment came to play an integral part of the study and economic justification of the overall project.

Jan 1, 1999

By A. Nivala, S. Ulgiati, M. Canino

Mining and processing of bastnaesite ore, (Ln)CO3F, for lanthanides extraction is investigated in this paper. This series of elements proved to be applicable for a wide range of high-tech uses. In spite of the strategic importance of lanthanides, no LCA and energy analyses of their extraction have ever been published. We perform in this paper a Life Cycle Assessment of the Lanthanide production cycle, based on available database and literature data from Mountain Pass mine (USA) and other worldwide mining and processing sites, most of which in China. We investigated three main steps: mining, milling (including transport, grinding and drying), and flotation (for lanthanide chloride extraction). We do not investigate here the separation of pure oxides from lanthanide chloride, a compound which is also marketed as such. The conventional LCA was integrated by means of energy and emergy evaluations, aimed at investigating respectively the global energy cost and the environmental sustainability of the process. Indicators of material intensity, thermodynamic efficiency, and environmental impact (including LCA and ecological footprint impact categories) are calculated and discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

By R. Q. Honaker, D. P. Patil, A. Sirkeci

Due to increased production of fine coal during mining during this century and inefficient fine coal recovery technologies, a vast reserve of high quality coal currently exists in refuse ponds. A novel fine coal circuit consisting of a hindered-bed classifier, an enhanced gravity concentrator and a flotation column has been evaluated for the recovery of fine coal from refuse ponds. The treatment of a pond derived from Pittsburgh No. 8 seam coal resulted in the production of a premium fuel containing less than 5% ash and a calorific value of about 30,173kJ/kg with 60% mass yield. The results from the treatment of two refuse pond materials will be presented in this publication.

Jan 1, 2000

By S. Lähteenmäki, P. Koivistoinen, J. Levanaho

Semi Autogenous Grinding (SAG) circuit is the most common grinding circuit to day. In Europe and South Africa fully autogenous (AG) circuits are also popular. SAG circuit has a lower capital cost and simple operation. SAG circuit requires the use of grinding balls, which increases operating costs and decreases availability. An AG circuit may produce a higher Net Present Value to the investment. The AG circuit is more complex to design and operate. However, operating experience from AG circuits illustrates that an AG circuit can be as trouble free as a SAG circuit with the benefit of lower operating cost.

Jan 1, 2001

By Huaiyang Zhou

"Hydrothermal systems are a major component of the processes that shape the composition and structure of the ocean crust, providing a major pathway for the exchange of heat and elements between the Earth’s crust and oceans, and a locus for prolific biological activity on the seafloor and underlying crust. On the other hand, the structure and composition of hydrothermal systems are the result of complex interactions between heat sources, fluids, wall rocks, tectonic controls and even biological processes.Ultraslow spreading ridges, including the Southwest Indian Ridge and the Gakkel Ridge, are most remarkable end member in plate-boundary structures (Dick et al., 2003), featured with extensive tectonic amagmatic spreading and frequent exposure of peridotite and gabbro. With intensive surveys during the last decades, it was suggested that ultraslow ridges are several times more effective than faster-spreading ridges in sustaining hydrothermal activity. This increased longevity can be attributed to deep mining of heat and even exothermic serpentinisation (Baker et al., 2004).Distinct from faster spreading ridges, one characteristics of hydrothermal mineralization on seafloor in ultraslow spreading ridges, including the active Dragon Flag hydrothermal field at 49.6 degree on the Southwest Indian Ridge, is the abundant and pervasive distribution of lower temperature minerals (such as Fe-silica or silica, Mn (Fe) oxides, sepiolite, pyrite, marcasite, etc.) in the hydrothermal fields. Structures formed by lower temperature activity in active and dead hydrothermal fields can also be identified. High temperature minerals such as chalcopyrite are rare or very limited in hydrothermal chimneys at ultraslow spreading ridges. The distribution of diverse low temperature hydrothermal activity is consistence with the deep heating mechanisms and hydrothermal circulations in the complex framework of ultraslow spreading tectonics. On the other hand, deeper and more extensive mineralization at certain locations along the ultraslow spreading ridges can be reasonably presumed."

Sep 1, 2014

By Steve Kral

Improved metals and other commodity prices have caused the mining industry to open new mines, re-evaluate development opportunities at potential mines and increase production at existing ones. This sense of renewed optimism is being seen at operations and development projects around the world. Except in the United States. The regulatory structure there has not allowed the domestic industry to share much in mining’s resurgence. It can still take up to 10 years to permit a new mine. And, while Clinton-era regulations regarding mill sites have been put on hold, existing mines that wish to expand operations still face significant regulatory and environmental hurdles. But things may begin to improve in the United States.

Jan 1, 2005

By M. Pawlik

The rheological properties of mineral suspensions affect the design and operation of transport, mixing, size classification, grinding, gravity concentration, flotation and de-watering systems. In many cases, the rheological properties can be modified to improve processing through the addition of chemical additives. These additives may be either organic or inorganic and generally affect the state of particle aggregation or dispersion. Inorganic modifiers act primarily by affecting the surface charge of mineral particles and thus control the magnitude of electrostatic attraction/repulsion between particles. The action of organic additives (polymers and surfactants) is a combination of electrostatic and steric forces – the latter being related to the molecular weight of these reagents. While low molecular weight polymers are dispersants (viscosity reducers), high molecular weight polymers are likely to induce flocculation and increase yield stress.

Jan 1, 2004

By C. J. Hall

I would like to congratulate Professor Gershon on an idea that is obviously valuable and is certainly new to me. It has, however, to be further developed, in that one can get fallacious results by limiting oneself to positional weights. In the example problem, the positional weight of one block was 8.6 (the 8.0 value in the paper was incorrect) for 36 units in the cone, for a mean block value of 0.239. The positional weight of the second block was 4.4 for 15 units, for a mean block value of 0.293. Surely one would expect the second block to be rated higher. Additionally, the time value of money adjustment cannot be determined by depth, because the time that a block is mined is determined by the mining sequence, not depth. Figure 1 shows a slightly altered version of Professor Gershon's pit. The overall value of the pit is the same, as are the total values under each of his blocks. The values in the right-hand cone have been reversed top to bottom, and the values in the rest of the pit adjusted to keep the central cone total unchanged. All values have been multiplied by 10. Figure 2 shows the sequence of mining, at three blocks per year, for Professor Gershon's pit, and Fig. 3, the sequence for a pit under the other block. Table 1 shows the value and discounted value (15%) of Professor Gershon's pit, and Table 2 shows similar values for the second pit. It is apparent that the second pit schedule is more valuable than the first.

Jan 1, 1988

By D. Bogh

Wound rotor motors are used in difficult mining applications where there is a need to start high inertia, hard starting loads while limiting inrush current They are recognized as robust and simple to control. This paper will cover the performance, specification, and important issues to be considered when applying medium voltage wound rotor motors in mining applications. Medium voltage grinding, crusher, and conveyor applications will be discussed. Specifically covered are motor efficiency, speed range, and rotor control. Crane motors often have wound rotor construction, but their load cycle and ratings are outside the scope of this paper.

Jan 1, 2011

By Robin P. Gardner

The development and use of short-lived radioactive tracer methods for the on-stream determination of residence time distributions in large-scale ball mills is described. Tests are reported on a pilot-plant ball mill with 0.43 m diameter and 0.86 m length and on an industrial mill with 1.83 m diameter and 2.74 m length. Tests with different tracer feed sizes indicate that the residence time distributions on both mills are independent of charge particle size. Similar tests are planned for a-large ball mill of 4.57 m diameter and 9.30 m length. No safety problems were encountered in these tests and none are anticipated in tests of the larger mill.

Jan 1, 1978

To build an effective entry roof beam, a roof bolting or supporting system must be of the ability of providing a clamping force to the bolted roof strata. Currently, two roof bolting systems are widely used to serve the purpose of providing such a clamping force. They are resin and mechanical anchorage bolting systems. Both numerical modeling and double shear testing results indicate that a greater pre-installed load or pretension of a roof bolting system is very critical for effective beam building. Although it?s generally accepted that a mechanical anchorage bolting system can provide a greater pretension than a resin anchorage bolting system does (Su and Poland, 2007 and Peng, 2008), no published field data are available to support such a conclusion. This paper analyzes the results of our field tests on both roof bolting systems, explains why one roof bolting system is better than the other under a typical roof condition, and finally discusses the effective means for coal mine operators to determine the best roof bolting system for their roof conditions.

Jan 1, 2011

By R. P. Stahura

Conveyors are the lifeline of mining and processing operations. They continuously supply materials to and carry finished products and waste away from operations. When conveyors are running at less than maximum efficiency, the operation's productivity is in trouble. Inefficient conveyors suffer carryback, leading to the buildup of materials on idlers and other expensive components. They spill and leak material at loading zones and conveyor transfer points. This causes accumulations that can damage the belt, wear moving components and increase both clean-up labor and maintenance expenses. They wander or mistrack, spilling material and endangering personnel and conveyor components. And through these inefficiencies, they multiply the operation's hidden costs. These added expenses occur in lost production, increased downtime for service and maintenance and replacement costs for prematurely worn equip¬ment. In addition, the attitude that inefficiency is "good enough" is recognized elsewhere in the organization. As a result, other departments relax or operate at less than peak performance. Quality goes down along with employee morale. Costs of inefficient conveyors A key to efficiency is handling a product as few times as is necessary. That means conveyors should be loaded, track true to the unloading point and then be unloaded, all without material escape or waste motion. An inefficient conveyor is often signaled by accumulations of DURT - material that has escaped from the system and is now at large in the plant. This DURT adds costs to an operation that are uncounted and, perhaps, uncountable.

Jan 1, 1992

By understanding the ore breakage characteristics and utilising comminution circuit modelling, the benefits of SAG mill feed size manipulation can be readily assessed. This paper looks at the benefits and problems of total secondary crushing of mill feed and advocates partial secondary crushing as a means of improving grinding efficiency for certain hard ores. Case studies are reviewed for new and existing SAG mill circuits.

Jan 1, 2007

By Albert Ruiz

South Coast Water District (District) operates the Beach Interceptor Sewer Tunnel (BIST) in South Laguna, Orange County, California between Mon-arch Beach and Aliso Beach (Figure 1). The 10,424-foot long BIST houses a 24-inch Techite gravity sewer pipeline critical to the District Sanitary Sewer Collection System that conveys 1 MGD of raw sewage to a wastewater treatment plant. The original tunnel was constructed in 1954 and the sewer line replaced in 1974. Periodic inspections by sewer pipeline maintenance crews have documented deterioration of specific intervals of the tunnel within the past few years (Sancon 2003). Rotting timber supports and rock falls in the tunnel as a result of the deterioration were endangering the sewer pipeline. A 50-foot section of the tunnel was determined to be in need of immediate repairs, which were carried out from January to August in 2007. This section was enlarged to a horseshoe shape and lined with shotcrete. The pipe was encased in concrete in the invert of the new enlarged cross section. Hatch Mott Mac-Donald (HMM) designed the emergency repairs, carried out an assessment of the rest of the tunnel alignment, and is currently developing a work plan for rehabilitating the entire tunnel.

Jan 1, 2008

By Z. T. Mathe, M. A. Vera, M. C. Harris

This contribution presents a methodology how to quantify froth zone recovery in a continuously operated laboratory mechanical flotation cell. The methodology consists of relating the overall flotation rate constant to the froth depth of the flotation cell. As a result, a froth zone recovery factor (Rf) can be extracted. This froth performance parameter has been studied as a function of the flotation cell operating variables. By understanding the effect of these operating variables on Rf, an integrated methodology for modelling froth zone performance in batch and continuously operated laboratory flotation cells has been proposed. The Rf modelling is based on a semi-empirical approach which considers a number of parameters to be used. Some of these parameters may have physical significance, i. e. they may be easily and physically measured. The modelling approach consists of taking into account the interaction between the pulp and froth zones. This interaction allows froth zone recovery (Rf) to be predicted. The whole modelling exercise process lies on auxiliaries relationships which indicate the dependence of the parameters with the operating conditions of the flotation cell. This contribution is part of a larger project that deals with the modelling and optimisation of flotation plants (Project P9L, 2000).

Jan 1, 2001

By Thomas D. Kaufmann

Introduction What drives the price of gold? Supply and demand, of course. But in ways far different from the forces that drive the prices of other major metals, such as steel, aluminum, and copper. Gold, in fact, is one of the few commodities where both buyers and sellers are happy when the price goes up. Current production, production costs, and variations in production have little influence on its price. Gold inventories are so tremendous that current production has small impact on the amounts available to the market at any time. Worldwide gold inventory and production The world's inventories seem to be between 78 and 98 kt (2.5 and 3 billion oz). Since biblical times, the gold miners of the world have produced about 98 kt (3 billion oz), mostly in this century. Only small amounts have been thrown away and most of it - more than 78 kt (2.5 billion oz) - remain in bullion, coins, or jewelry. About 40% is held by central banks and other governmental authorities, 30% by private individuals as bullion or coins, and about 30% as jewelry. Except for some of the jewelry and the few industrial applications, this inventory is constantly available in marketable form at a price. By comparison, gold production is indeed small. The US Bureau of Mines estimates that the world produced 1.5 kt (50 million oz) of gold in 1986. Consequently, production increased world inventories by only 2%. Variations in production have a negligible or very short-term effect on the supply and, consequently, on the markets for gold. Although South Africa mines about 40% to 50% of the world's annual production, continuing labor strife there does not seem to have ruffled gold prices. Determining gold's price Gold prices, however, do determine cutoff grades in the mines and, thus, do influence production. Nonetheless, changes in production have little impact on the inventory supply. Consequently, it has small influence on the price of gold on the market. With a fairly stable supply, price changes are driven by changes in its demand. Unlike other metals, very little of the demand for gold comes from industry. Dental, electronic, and other industrial uses for gold consume less than 46.6 t/a (1.5 million oz per year). It would be safe to assume that such uses are less than 124 t/a (4 million oz per year) for the entire world. Variations in the 124 t (4 million oz), compared to a supply of 78 kt (2.5 billion oz) of supply can have only a negligible effect. Production net of industrial uses adds perhaps 1% annually to world inventories. This could, in time, affect markets. The increase, however, is mostly absorbed by population growth - more people wanting to own gold - and by gold being put in more attractive forms, such as coins. As an ancient Lydian king discovered, minting bullion permits

Jan 9, 1987

By J. H. Daniel, S. Krzemien

Partners In Economic Reform, Inc., established a Polish-American Mine Center in Katowice, Poland, in 1996 to improve working conditions in the minerals industry. The program was based on the experience of mining companies, government, and labor in the United States, and was executed by a Coordinating Committee headed by the Center Director and Polish leaders from industry, State, labor, and academia. The cooperation among all parties has enabled safety and health issues to become part of industry restructuring with impressive initial reductions in coal mine fatalities. Existing work practices and attitudes of labor and management were assessed in coal mines throughout the country. Promotion, Rules, and Job and Task Analysis were identified as the areas requiring the most improvement, and are part of a post-graduate Safety Management program. Demonstration projects included measuring dust levels, using safety glasses, and promoting hazard awareness. Improved labor-management relations increased cooperation allowing for effective transfer of technology. Results can also be applied to improve the working environment of the manufacturing sector also undergoing restructuring.

Jan 1, 2001

By R. L. Grayson

In 2010, MSHA began holding hearings on a new coal mine respirable dust rule, which proposes a 1.0 mg/m3 standard, a separate 0.1 mg/m3 quartz standard, and the use of single-shift samples for compliance. Small mines largely comprise the ?hot spots? where dust diseases of the lungs increased dramatically over the past decade. This paper presents findings on the feasibility of small mines? compliance with the proposed new 1.0 mg/m3 standard. It gives probabilities of noncompliance by MSHA district, seam height, and selected ?hot spot? counties. Because silicosis and respirable quartz dust appear to be the primary issues related to a recent doubling of the prevalence of dust diseases of the lungs, multiple regression models for prediction of the average total quartz content of compliance samples are given. These findings have significant implications on the need for better dust control methods.

Jan 1, 2012

By T. R. Ellis

A number of important international events took place in 2001 in the development and evolution of mineral valuation standards internationally. In Canada, the CIMVal Committee released a draft discussion paper for public and industry comment on principles to guide the development of the planned Canadian mineral property valuation standard. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) received comments on its Extractive Industries Issues Paper. IASB will decide whether the financial statements of public mining and petroleum companies will be allowed to provide the value of mineral and petroleum assets on a current value basis instead of an historic cost basis. The author led the Extractive Industries Task Force of the International Valuation Standards Committee (IVSC) in developing its submission to IASB. IVSC intends to develop an extractive industries valuation section for its International Valuation Standards, which could support the planned IASB standard. In Australia, AusIMM has carried out an in-depth review of its highly regarded VALMIN Code. The AusIMM's MICA subdivision organized the VALMIN ‘01 Conference in Sydney, Australia, with a range of international and current issues papers published in the VALMIN ‘01 book. Considerable support for the IVSC initiative was evident at this conference. The results of the review of the extractive industries submissions to the IASB are expected to be released in early 2002. The CMMI Congress in Cairns, Australia in May 2002 is likely to prove to be an important forum for continued discussion of the development and implementation of international standards and qualifications for mineral valuation. The outcomes and implications of these events are discussed.

Jan 1, 2002