Search Documents

By James J. Scott

Workshops were held in eight states during the period from December 12. 1975. through June 25, 1976, under U. S. Bureau of Mines Contract to the University of Missouri-Rolla. The workshops were designed to help define the Bureau's research and development priorities. At each workshop a summary of the current Bureau mine reclamation research was presented which was followed by identification of problems associated with mine land reclamation in the state where the meeting was being held. Discussions included the seriousness of problems locally and how the Bureau could best undertake research to assist the state in solving the problems identified. Participants included representatives of state agencies, educational institutions, and companies involved in surface mining. Attendance at these workshops totaled 201 persons who displayed a wide variety of opinions and ideas as to what should be done In government research and development efforts. A breakdown of these attendees is as follows: 91 state and Federal employees; 69 mine operators, equipment manufacturers and consultants; 33 educators and researchers; and 8 others representing such varied interests as environmental and conservation groups, news media and students .

Jan 1, 1976

By R. C. Buehl

[Improvements in refractories for high-temperature service have made possible the use of higher temperature in many processes. Consequently, it sometimes is desirable to use gases heated above 1,600° F., and for moderate rates of gas flow, there gases can be heaters best with pebble heaters. Pebble heaters of the stationary-bed type in which the chanber was lined with mullite brick and pebbles of pure alumina served as the heat-exchange medium have been used recently to heat the air blown into an experimental blast furnace4/ These pebble heaters worked well and made it possible to use air temperature up to 2,500° F. at the tuyere of the furnace. Since little has been published on this type of gas heater, a review of the construction on employed and operating data should assist in selecting applications and designing units.]

Jan 1, 1953

By J. M. West

Increased leisure time and increased interest in the out-of-doors is leading more and more families to experiment with placer mining of gold, and some- times even to going on into small-scale production. This Bureau of Mines report supplies basic information un areas of occurrence, equipment needed, prospecting, sampling, mining, and regulations concerning the possession and sale of gold. Selected references are given for further study.

Jan 1, 1971

By Edward L. Tullis

Numerous widely distributed pegmatites of the southern Black Hills of South Dakota contain small amounts of beryl, and two minor deposits are known in the northern Black Hills. Few mines have produced more than 50 tons, and the current, rate of production for the area is about 100 tons annually. Total production, since the first records, is 2,358 tons. Most of the deposits contain less than 1 percent beryl, although the beryl zones in several deposits contain 2 percent beryl or more. Estimated reserves of beryl total 11,824 tons, and an additional 234 tons has been measured; there are other unestimated reserves. The pegmatites are in a belt about the margin of the Harney Peak batholith in the southern Black Hills, although they fail into three districts. The most important, from the point of view of production and reserves, is the Keystone district. Many deposits also are found in the vicinity of Custer and Pringle. Small amounts of beryl occur in the dikes near Hill City. A little beryl has been produced from the Tinton district in the northern Black Hills, and an undeveloped dike has been discovered on Whitewood Peak near Deadwood. The beryl-bearing pegmatites are principally coarse-grained intergrowths or massive segregations of feldspar, quartz, and mica. Some of them contain notable amounts of lithium minerals, as well as some tantalite, columbite, and cassiterite.

Jan 1, 1952

By G. S. Rice

[This paper describes preliminary tests at the Bureau's Experimental Mine to determine, under conditions that may prevail ira bituminous coal-mine heading, how small a quantity of fire damp may bring coal-dust into suspension and ignite to it. The results show that the explosion of as little as 150 cubic feet of an explosive mixture of gas and air containing 9 per cent natural gas may start a disastrous explosion Of coal-dust. This is a very small volume, of gas, to cause such a result. Let us suppose that this amount of exclusive mixture, was at the face of an entry which was 10 feet wide and the face was overcut to a depth of 6 foot and an upper layer of coal 2 1/2 feet thick had been removed, the recess so made would save a volume of 150 cubic feet. Furthermore, only 13 cubic feet of pure methane is needed in this volume to produce this 9 per cent explosive mixture.]

Jan 1, 1930

By Jr. Gabler

World resources of platinum-group metals appear ample for the foreseeable future; however, political and economic events in the last two decades have caused concern over the availability and reliability of an uninterrupted supply. Because of this concern, the U.S. Congress requested that the U.S. Bureau of Mines initiate a study of the flow of platinum-group metals in the economy that would delineate and quantify the production areas in which metal values are lost. As a result, the Bureau has developed a computerized commodity flow model for strategic and critical materials. Major attributes of this flow model are as follows: (1) it is generic and applicable to most commodities and (2) it can be updated as supply, demand, and/or production data change. The original model developed for cobalt, with slight modifications, was used to track the flow of platinum-group metals. This report follows the flow of platinum-group metals through their metallurgical, catalytic, and chemical applications and highlights areas in which significant losses occur because of downgrading, export, or disposal. The study indicates that materials containing about 63,426 kg of platinum-group metals were lost or could not be traced in 1989, representing about 63 pct of U.S. domestic consumption.

Jan 1, 1991

By L. D. Wyant

[A convenient method for the, analysis of oil-wax mixtures has bean developed in the petroleum laboratory of the Bureau of Mines. This method has been found useful in studying the characteristics of the products obtained in petroleum refineries during the manufacture of ?wax distillate?, "foots oil", ?intermediate wax", and commercial paraffin. In this method ac-to-au is used as a selective solvent.]

Jan 1, 1924

By Forrest T. Moyer

The National Safety Competition was inaugurated in 1925 by the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the Explosives Engineer. In the first nationwide contest, 210 mines and quarries were enrolled. In 1962, the thirty-eighth anniversary of the competition, 910 mines and quarries were enrolled. These participating plants were worked a total of 133,292,989 man-hours. Of the enrolled plants, 415 achieved injury-free operations for the year, the largest number of perfect safety records in the history of the contest.

Jan 1, 1964

By J. R. Nettle

A method has been developed in the laboratory for successfully electro-refining titanium metal. Refining is accomplished in e fused-salt electrolyte using offgrade metal as the anode and collecting the purified metal at the cathode. The characteristics and requirements of the various alkali chlorides tested as electrolytes are discussed in relation to relative ease of purification and serviceability. The various types of cells designed and tested for electrorefining are illustrated and their method of operation discussed. The individual advantage of each cell and the purpose for which it was designed are reviewed. The magnitude of the cathode current density was found to depend largely upon the quantity of soluble titanium chloride in the electrolyte. The physical condition of the anode also greatly affected the cathode current density.

Jan 1, 1957

By R. V. Ramani

"In Part 1 of this two-part paper the characteristics of mine disasters and their effects are presented with case studies from coal, metal and non-metal mines leading to an amplification of their causes and opportunities for control. The disasters discussed encompass those which threaten the health and the safety of miners and those which affect the general population. In Part 2 of the paper, which will be published in the November 1995 issue of Natural Resources Forum, the approaches to hazard and disaster control are reviewed with particular attention to laws and regulations to promote health and safety at the workplace, and general welfare in mining communities. Further, a systems approach to disaster control is outlined.The mining industry is one of the three basic industries the other two being agriculture, and wildlife and fisheries. It is the process of mining which makes available the riches of the earth - the energy and mineral resources - to benefit humanity. In fact the progress of the human race through the ages is indelibly attached to prowess in exploiting these riches. The stone, iron and bronze ages are markers not just of a time in history but achievements of monumental proportions in the mining and beneficiation of natural resources. Even in agriculture, the remarkable success stories are associated with the prudent use of mined products to enhance production and productivity. The significance of a thriving mining industry to the wealth and security of a nation is therefore unquestioned.Unfortunately, the public's image of the mining industry is often associated with the mining disasters which receive wide coverage in the local and national media. Mine disasters command tremendous attention because of their infrequent occurrence and the extent of human suffering involved. Whether it is an explosion or a fire, or the opening or closing of a mine, the lives of people are touched by the personal and societal impacts of these events.Courts of inquiry of mining disasters have often concluded that the disaster situation was ever present and could have been detected with diligent search. In addition human error has been identified as one of the most frequent immediate causes for the precipitation of the disaster. For the most part, then, mining disasters are caused by man."

Dec 1, 1996

By Forrest T. Moyer

The National Safety Competition was inaugurated in 1925 by the Bureau o1 Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, in cooperation With the Explosives Engineer. In the first nationwide contest, 210 mines and quarries were enrolled. In 1962, the thirty-eighth anniversary of the competition, 910 mines and quarries were enrolled. These participating plants were worked a total of 133,292,989 man-hours. Of the enrolled plants, 415 achieved injury-free operations tar the year, the largest number of perfect safety records in the history of the contest. In 1961 and 1962, the National Safety Competition was conducted and sponsored by the Bureau of Mines. In January 1963, the American Mining Congress became a cosponsor and participated with the Bureau in the award activities related to the 1962 contest. The basic purpose of the competition is to stimulate employees to work safely and too give impetus to the building of better accident-prevention programs. A well-designed and efficient safety program helps a company economically by cutting costs, preventing damage to equipment and materials, and reducing nonproductive delays. An effective safety program benefits the employee more directly because his injuries cause personal suffering, lost time, and lower living standards for his family. Since both have much to gain, management and workers should cooperate closely to eliminate disabling work injuries. The greater contest participation and the larger number of perfect safety records indicate increasing safety consciousness on the part of management and employees.

Jan 1, 1964

By William H. King

The Fannie Ryan deposit is situated about 9 miles northwest of Boulder City, Clark County, Nev. at an altitude of about 2,000 feet on the north side of the River Mountains. The deposit is covered by several unpatented claims owned by Fannie B. Gulick of Las Vegas, Nev. The Boulder City deposit is within the Hoover Dan National Recreational Area. It is situated about 3 miles southeast of Boulder City in sec. 23,T. 23 S., R. 64 E., Clark County, Nev. The Deposit was covered by several unpatented mining claims owned by S. R. Whitehead of Las Vegas. The deposits occur in sedimentary beds of the Muddy Creek formation that overlie older volcanic extrusive. The manganese minerals occur as soft oxides of the wad type. The exploration was conducted by the Bureau of Nines in cooperation with the Federal Geological Survey and comprised a study of the geology, mapping of the areas, and development by shaft sinking; diamond drilling, and sampling. On the Fannie Ryan Gulick property the work consisted of cleaning and sampling seven old trenches on the outcrop and diamond drilling seven holes totaling 1,482 foot. At the Boulder City deposit 188 feet of drilling was done in two holes. A 4- by 6-foot shaft was sunk to a depth of 44.5 feet, and the north and south sides of the shaft were sampled.

Jan 1, 1950

By W. L. Zeigler

This paper describing the milling practice of the Hecla Mining Co. is one of a series being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines. The concentrator of the Hecla Mining Co., which utilizes combined gravity and flotation methods, is located at Gem, Shoshone County, Idaho, about 2 miles south of the Hecla mine at Burke. It has a maximum capacity of 900 tons per day and all ore treated is drawn from the company's Hecla mine. Milling ore for 1910 contained 9.7 per cent of lead, 1.2 per cent of zinc, and 4.77 ounces of silver per ton.

Jan 1, 1932

By Stephen A. Swan

Bureau of Mines researchers have collected and evaluated rollover protective structures (ROPS) f or more than 10 yr. ROPS and falling object protective structures (FOPS) are required on specified mining machines under regulations of the Mine Health and Safety Administration (MSHA). Both ROPS and FOPS are required on mining machines used in surface coal mines and surface areas of underground coal mines (30 CFR 77.403 and 7 7.4 13a), and ROPS are required on mining machines used in metal and nonmetal mining operations (30 CFR 55, 56, and 57.9-88). This illustrated manual provides mine safety personnel, MSHA inspectors, and original-equipment manufacturers with guidelines and a check- list for inspecting ROPS being used in the field. The manual discusses specific requirements of the MSHA regulations and minimum inspection and maintenance checks for ensuring compliance with those regulations. An easily reproducible checklist is provided as an aid to the inspection of ROPS.

Jan 1, 1985

By R. V. Higgins

The, large volumes of low A. P. I. gravity oil that will remain in many shallow fields of California when such oils no longer can be recovered profitably by pumping are important potential sources of oil when ways and means are found to remove them from the reservoir sands. Estimated ultimate oil recoveries in many of the "low-gravity fields" of the San Joaquin Valley in California indicate that less than 25 percent (on the average) of the original oil will be recovered. These oils have viscosities of 1,000 or more centipoises at reservoir temperatures and, because of their high viscosity and low intensity of the reservoir pressure, the quantities that will be retained in the sands ultimately are so large and their recovery is such a challenge to petroleum engineers that the Bureau of Mines has made the study of their possible recovery one of its major projects. The fact that a slight increase of temperature materially reduces the viscosity of low A. P. I. gravity oils has 'prompted the use of various means for increasing the temperature of the oil in the reservoir sands and hence the rate of flow and Completeness of recovery of the oil. Hot oil, hot water, heated air, and natural gas, steam, super-heated steam, and the products of combustion have been circulated in wells to raise the temperature of the oil it the sands; electric heaters have been installed in wells, and butane and air have been intermittently exploded and the flames propagated through the tubing to the "pay" zones. None of the methods, however, have been entirely satisfactory for the recovery of large quantities of oil.

Jan 1, 1949

"The present and possible futures commercial production of potash from various sources in the United States is discussed below under the following heads:1. Potash from the saline lakes.(a),Nebraska lakes.(b),California lakes.(c),Other lakes.2. Potash as by-product from the cement kilns.3. Potash as by-product from the iron blast furnace.4. Potash from silicate rocks.(a),Feldspathic material.(b),Leucite rocks of Wyoming.(c),Sericite slates of Georgia.(d),Glauconite (greensand) of New Jersey.5. Potash from Alunite.6. Potash from organic sources other than kelp.7. Potash from kelp.In this discussion very little more than passing reference, if any, will be given to those projects which up to date have been de¬veloped only slightly, if at all, beyond the small scale laboratory stage, or for the development of which there appears to be very little financial and technical backing at the present time. Nether or not many of these proposed projects have merit can be determined only by an actual operating demonstration.Generally speaking, the potash industry of the United States has been hardly more than marking time since the armistice. This is, largely due to the fact that the consumers of potash have been expecting that heavy shipments of foreign potash to the United States would be resumed soon at somewhere near the pre-war prices, and they have not been buying domestic potash at present prices for many months. The result has been that domestic producers have been unable to sell their product at even cost and many producers of potash have been obliged to close down. Thu Nebraska lake plants were closed down in February. The California saline plants were operating at below capacity, and the only large alunite plant is closed down. Even the cement plants have little or no inducements to recover the potash being lost in their waste gases, and the production is very small at present."

Jan 1, 1919

By Arno C. Fieldner

Six years ago, I addressed the annual meeting of the American Society for Testing Materials on "Fuels of Today and Tomorrow."3/ Since then, our country has been drawn into another great war of veritably global extent, with unprecedented demands on fuels, foods, and materials in general. My purpose in this address is to review the changes in fuel supply and demand since 1937 and to give you my views on the outlook for the future. CONDITIONS IN. 1237 Daring 1936 the United States produced and consumed one-third of the world production of coal, two-thirds of the petroleum, and about 95 percent of the natural gas. Two-thirds of the oil produced in all countries since the discovery well was drilled in 1859 had come from American wells. With the exception of the three depression years 1931, 1932, and 1933, new oil reserves were being discovered since 1924 well in excess of our increasing rate of consumption. Discoveries of natural gas, likewise, were tremendous in volume, and this fuel was being transported to most parts of the country by pipe lines; some of them more than 1,000 miles long. We had all kinds of mineral fuels in abundance and at prices that did not stint anyone in the maximum utilization of the mechanical devices that were being developed on every hand. No one suspected that the time might come in a few years when, gasoline would be doled out to some of us at the rate of 1-1/2 gallons a week or that many of our fuel-oil furnaces would have to be converted to burn coal. Of course, these restrictions are due to unusual war conditions, such as lack of coastwise tanker transportation, unprecedented demand for aviation gasoline, and the shortage of rubber for automotive tires. However, these shortages do call our attention to the vital part of petroleum reserves in our country's future position among nations. Therefore, it is of special interest to review briefly the relations of recent supply and demand with respect to our various mineral fuels.

Jan 1, 1943

By Joseph Gersic

In 1989-90, the Bureau of Mines appraised selected high resource potential areas containing gold, rare-earth-element, or pegmatite deposits in or near the Black Hills National Forest. Available mineral resource data were used to construct mine and mill models and to compute discounted cash-flow rate-of-return analyses. Using this information, the economic feasibility of possible operations and probability (in the nonmathematical sense) of exploration and development within the next decade were assessed. High exploration and development probabilities are forecast for gold deposits around existing and permitted mine areas near Lead-Deadwood and west of Galena. The area east of Galena has low to moderate exploration and development probability; the Rochford area has low to high exploration probability and low to moderate development probability; the Keystone area has low to moderate exploration probability and low development probability; the Medicine Mountain area has moderate to high exploration and low to moderate development probabilities. Exploration probability in the Bear Lodge Mountains area is high for rare-earth elements and gold; development probability is low. Exploration probability for gold in the Mineral Hill area is low to moderate; development probability is low. The current level of activity associated with pegmatite mining in the Black Hills would probably not change significantly in the next decade; both exploration and development probabilities are low to moderate.

Jan 1, 1990

By E. P. Buxton, W. P. Yant, G. W. Jones

"Introduction. The data obtained in recent research work by the Bureau of Mines show that the analysis of the gases dissolved in underground waters may be used by the prospector or geologist as an additional aid in discovering new oil or gas fields. The hydrocarbons present in the water serve to indicate whether oil or gas sands exist in the region through which the waters have passed. A portable field apparatus has been developed by the bureau which can be used for removing and analyzing the gases dissolved in the waters. This apparatus and the method of u are described in this paper. Results are given of analyses made on waters from various localities, and the significance of these waters with reference to the detection of oil and gas.Any liquid, with the exception of mercury, if permitted to come in contact with eases or vapors will absorb a definite amount thereof. This action depends on the following factors: (1) The kind of gas; (2) the percentage composition of the eases in contact with the liquid; (3) the pressure of the gas; and (4) the composition and temperature of the liquid. For our present purpose it is only necessary is consider two of these factors - namely, the gas or vapor (natural gas and light petroleum vapor), and the liquid (water).If water of underground origin traverses a gas or oil sand it will absorb a definite quantity of hydrocarbon vapors, and will carry these vapors to the surface when tapped by a well. When the water is exposed to the air at the sur¬face, the eases and vapors will be given off and their place taken by oxygen and nitrogen from the air. Therefore, an analysis of the gases in waters reaching the surface from an underground source should be of value in determining whether these waters have traversed or came in contact with hydrocarbon-bearing strata. With the apparatus herein described it is possible to determine whether the vapors are mainly of natural gas on sition (methane CH1) and ethane (C2H6 ), or are come posed mostly of heavier petroleum vapors (ethane, propane (C3E8) and buttane (C4H10)."

Nov 1, 1923

By Alexander L. Peyton

The Magruder and Chambers copper deposits in the Little River gold district, on the border line of Lincoln and Wilkes Counties, Georgia, have been known for a number of years (fig. 1). The Magruder deposit was first opened as a gold mine but has produced mostly copper and load. Records show that about 50 cars of concentrates were shipped from this property. No record of any production at the Chambers deposit is available. The Bureau of Mines, in its program of investigation of strategic minerals deposits, diamond drilled 10 holes, totaling 3,784 feet, on the two properties between December 3, 1948, and June 23, 1949. Eighty-eight core samples were analyzed, and the analyses and drill-hole data are presented in this report.

Jan 1, 1950