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By Eleanor Abshire

This bibliography is the result of a cooperative project undertaken by the Bureau of Ships and the Bureau of Mines to accumulate literature published to date on zirconium and hafnium and to establish an information center on these metals for the use of any interested research organization or library. This bibliography, which will be supplemented as additional information is accumulated, consists of references, with abstracts, to pertinent literature on the subject published from 1907 to date.

Jan 1, 1957

By E. C. Lane

This is the first publication in a projected series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels pursuant to a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior. The report gives results of analyses in oil-company laboratories of samples of gasoline obtained from service-station pumps in 18 marketing areas by representatives of oil companies. These companies obtained the samples and analyzed them for their own information and supplied data from their laboratory reports to the Bureau of Mines for compilation and publication. History of Bureau of Mines Gasoline Surveys The following quotation from Report of Investigations 3162/4 is included in this place for the information of readers who are not familiar with the Bureau of Mines gasoline surveys that have preceded the present report:

Jan 1, 1936

By R. H. Fernald, C. D. Smith

When the United States Geological Survey began operations at the coal-testing plant erected at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, Mo., in 1904, it had already outlined a comprehensive plan for the systematic study of coals, lignites, and other mineral fuels with reference to their suitability for particular purposes and the methods by which they could be utilized most efficiently. Recognizing the need of information on the relative economy of producer gas as compared with steam for power purposes and the lack of comparable tests of American coals in the gas producer, the Geological Survey undertook investigations of the merits of different coals as producer fuel for the purpose of promoting efficiency in the utilization of the nation's fuel supplies. These investigations were carried on at St. Louis, Mo., and, later, at Norfolk, Va., and Pittsburg, Pa. The aet of Congress approved May 16, 1910, transferred the fueltesting work being carried on by the Geological Survey to the Bureau of Mines. This bureau is conducting producer-gas tests at P~ttsburg, Pa., and is publishing and distributing reports relating to all the fuel tests made by the Survey. These investigations into the possibility of generating producer gas in a commercial way for power purposes from the various fuels of the country have been associated with steaming, briquetting, coking, and other tests, all of which supplemented an examination into the nature, extent, and distribution of the fuels. The tests have all been made with carefully selected representative samples and carload lots of materials procured specially for the purpose by experienced collectors.

Jan 1, 1911

By C. H. Riggs, Kenneth H. Johnston

The application of modern secondary-recovery methods has made possible the the extraction of more than 13 million barrels of crude petroleum from the eastern part of the Delaware-Childers field Nowata County, Okla., over and above the production that might have :been expected by continuing primary production methods, including the use of vacuum. Foremost among the secondary-recovery methods used in this foil was the repressuring of the Bartlesville sand with air and gas through injection wells spaced on sym-metrical patterns. Between 1925 and 1945, about 51 billion cubic feet of air and gas were injected into the producing formation, and the total recovery was increased from, 25 million to about 40 million barrels of oil. To produce as much as possible of the 28 million barrels of recoverable oil remaining in the sand will require the initiation of systematic water-flooding projects on many properties and the continuation of air and gas injection on others.

Dec 1, 1946

By John B. Knaebel

Hammer machines are now widely used for underground sampling and exploration. Their application to such work can be divided into two classes - sampling and testing with ordinary drilling equipment to shallow depths of 22 feet or less, and "long hole" drilling with heavy machines and special equipment to depths of as much as 250 feet or more. In the first category hammer drills are employed for either of two distinct purposes: first, as a means of checking the results of grab or cut samples or, in certain types of ore deposits, as a substitute for these methods; and second, as a method of sampling the ground 5 to 20 feet beyond existing faces and thus aiding in the control of stoping operations or in the direction of development headings, as the case may be. The deep-hole drill, in the second category, has proved to be a valuable adjunct to the old established methods of exploring, end developing ore, provided it is employed under natural conditions to which it is suited, handled by men thoroughly familiar with the technique of its operations, and used with its possibilities and limitations clearly understood.

Jan 1, 1932

By C. R. Kuzell

This paper, describing the concentrator practice of the United Verde Copper Co., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of HISTORY The United Verde concentrator was constructed in accordance with recommendations based on certain novel reasons which were quite different from those usually justifying the expenditure of such an amount. Concentrator operations started in March, 1927, although the metallurgical staff had considered for several years the eventual addition of a concentrator department.

Jan 1, 1930

By O. C. Blade

A comparison of certain properties of the commercial aviation gasolines produced in the United States during October 1949, 1950, and 1951 is presented in table 1, the 1951 data being average values from tables 3 through 6 of the present report. Trends in the average values of certain characteristics of these fuels may be seen in figures 1 through 4 which also indicate the minimum and maximum values. As may be observed, with the exception of changes in kinematic viscosities, the properties of commercial aviation gasolines have not varied greatly during recent years. A list of aviation-gasoline survey reports published by the Bureau of Mines is given on page 6. A summary of the average values of the properties on jet fuels is shown in table 2.

Jan 1, 1952

By Lars G. Olavson

A prototype roof bolt which can be remotely placed by pumping has been developed by the Bureau of Mines. It is known as the "Pumpable Bolt". With the objective of field testing the effectiveness of the pumpable Bolt roof support system a mining machine was developed capable of installing Pumpable Bolts in the normal production cycle of a typical underground coal mine. The machine was built and the pumpable Bolt concept tested and evaluated as a total system in shop and mine tests. The machine was operated in the mining cycle of two mines and pumpable Bolts were installed at both mine sites.

Jan 1, 1976

By B. J. Moore

This publication contains routine analyses and related source data for 547 natural gas samples from 22 States and three foreign countries. Of this total, 340 samples were collected during calendar year 1967. The remaining 207 analyses are of samples collected during previous years, but releases granting, permission to publish the results were not received until 1967. All samples were collected as a part of a continuous survey of the free world for occurrences of helium in natural gas. The Bureau of Mines has conducted this survey in the United States since 1917, and in 1965 it was expanded to include foreign gasfields. The analyses published herein were made by mass spectrometer and a special helium analysis apparatus which are described in Bureau of Mines Bulletins 4863 and 516.4 Nine previous publications have been made to present results of 7,618 gas analyses made by the Bureau of Mines Helium Activity prior to 1967. The first three, Bulletins 486,5 576,6 and 6177 contain analyses and related source data on 5,218 gas samples collected from 1917 through 1960. The other six

Jan 1, 1968

By James C. Fowler

The design and field testing of a seismic miner detection and location system arc described. This work was carried out over a period of three years. The first two and one-half years were sponsored by Continental Oil Company, while the last period of tests were done as the first part of a one-year contract with the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Laboratory and field experimentation in three different nines under simulated emergency conditions have led to three important results: (1) Taps on roof bolts with normally available objects can usually be detected up to horizontal distances of 1,000 ft. (2) The origin of the tans can be located by on-site processing with a small computer. (3) Some predetermination of the approximate location is necessary for a quick and successful rescue. This report also includes preliminary specifications an,d cost guidelines for construction of a transportable field system capable of matching the performance characteristics of the one used during the field tests.

Jan 1, 1973

This is the first publication in a projected series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels pursuant to a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the Department of the Interior. The report gives results of analyses in oil-company laboratories of sample of gasoline obtained from service-station pumps in 18 marketing areas by representatives of oil companies. These companies obtained the samples and analyzed them for their own information and supplied data from their laboratory reports to the Bureau of Mines for compilation and publication. History of Bureau of Mines Gasoline Surveys The following quotation from Report of Investigations 31624/ is included in this place for the information of readers who are not familiar with the Bureau of Mines gasoline surveys that have preceded the present report:

Jan 1, 1936

By H. William Zeller

The Bureau of Mines is conducting research to determine whether the use of chemical surfactants improves respirable coal dust control and is evaluating laboratory test criteria for selecting effective surfactants. This publication presents the results from wetting effectiveness tests with emphasis on the capillary rise test. The test variables investigated included coal particle size, type of surfactant, surfactant concentration, test duration, and mineral con-tent of the water. In addition to the rise test, measurements of con-tact angle, zeta potential, and sink time for various coal and surfactant combinations were conducted. No significant correlations among the four wetting tests were observed, a surprising result which implies that each test type measures specific aspects of the wetting phenomenon and also that each test type should only be used to select surfactants for specific applications. For example, the rise test shows solution penetration into porous materials, and the sink test discriminates among surfactants for dispersing finely ground materials into suspension. Another important conclusion is that combinations of agents retain their individual wetting properties, allowing mixtures to be for-mulated to perform well in both rise and sink tests.

Jan 1, 1983

By Lloyd A. Morley, Robert Stefanko

1 Abaibanel, S , "Deflection of Confining Walls by Explosive Loads," Israel Jour. Technology, vol. 4, n. 1, Feb 1966. 2 Albertoni, S and others, "Numerical Computation Methods for Implosion Processes," EURATOM Proc. of the Conf. on Megagauss Magnetic Field Generation by Explosives and Related Experiments, Milan (Italy), July, 1966. 3 Alexander, S. J , and Hambly, E. C., "Design of Structures to Withstand Gaseous Explosions," Concrete, vol. 4, n 2, Feb. and March, 1970. 4 Anonymous (Belgium Institute of Extractive Industries), "Report for 1968 (covering approved equipment for Belgiums gassy coal mines)," (in French and Flemish), Amales des Mines de Belgigue, n. 6, June, 1969. 5. Anonymous (Ghent Univ., Belgium), "The Welding of Very Thick Steels. Margin of Uncertainty of the Robertson Test," EURATOM Contract 042-61-9-RDB, May 20, 1965. 6. Anonymous, "Inportance of the Nature and Size of Weld Defects with Regard to the Mechanical Strength of Pressure Vessels, (in Flemish), A. Sys. Rev. Soudure, vol. 27, n. 3, 1971. 7. Anonymous (Raentgen Technische Dienst N V., Rotterdam), "Non¬Destructive Welding," Quarterly Report No 13, EURAEC - 1342, March 30, 1965. 8. Anonymous (Staff, USBM Safety Research Center), "Research and Technologic Work on Explosives, Explosions, and Flames: Fiscal year 1969," USBM IC8492, 1970. 9. Anonymous, "Symposium on Flameproofing Intrinsic Safety and Other Safeguards in Electrical Instrument Practice, April 27, 1962," IEEE Conf. Report Ser. 3, 1963. 10. Anonymous, "Unfired Pressure Vessels," ASME Pressure Vessel Code, Sec. 8, 1965. 11. Anonymous, "Unusual Pressure Relief Devices," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol 54, n. 1, Jan., 1962. 12. Archer, G. L., "Design to Avoid Brittle Fracture in Welded Structures," Paper No. 4, Improving Welded Prod Design, vol. 1, Welding Inst., Cambridge, England, 1971. 13. Bailey, F. C., "Buckling and Failure Strength of Plating Panels Loaded in Shear," Final Report NASA Contract NObs-72290, Lessels and Assoc., Inc., Waltham, Mass., Sept. 20, 1963.

Jan 1, 1974

By M. M. Wong

Salt mixtures consisting of KC1, BaC12, and HfCl4 with RbCl or CsCl were investigated as electrolytes for refining hafnium. The presence of RbCI or CsCl in the electrolyte appeared to suppress the volatility of. Best electrorefining was obtained with an electrolyte containing 50.7 percent KCl, 27.l percent BaCl2, 15.7 percent CsCl, and 6.5 percent HfCl4. In this electrolyte, hafnium metal with an average oxygen content of 470 ppm was produced from an anode feed containing l,600 ppm oxygen. All metallic impurities were lowered, except titanium, manganese, and tin.

Jan 1, 1966

By R. L. Marek

"The number of persons fatally injured in the petroleum industry in California in 1930 was 50, a decrease of 20.6 per cent from 1929, when 63 men accidentally lost their lives. The decrease in the number of fatalities for 1930 has caused the first downward trend in the fatality curve of the California petroleum industry since 1927 and is coincident with a period of little active development in new fields, the shutting in of many wells, and reduced activity in the older fields of the State. That a direct relationship exists between the number of accidental deaths and the rapidity of new field development is particularly emphasized by the fact that in 1929, a year of intensive field development in California, 48 men were killed in the drilling and producing division, whereas in 1930, a year of less development work, only 25 men were killed in this division,The figures for the average number of drilling and producing wells in 1930 decreased appreciably from comparable figures for 1929 and a greater percentage of producing wells were shut—in in 1930 than in 1929."

Dec 1, 1931

By John H. Hild

"INTRODUCTION Alunite occurs within a radius of 10 miles of Marysvale, Piute County, Utah, in veins and as replacements of igneous rocks. A number of each type of deposit was explored by the Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Geological Survey, under the Strategic Minerals program during 1942. The exploratory work comprised geologic and topographic mapping, diamond drilling,,bulldozer and hand trenching, sinking test pits, rehabilitation of old workings, sampling alunite exposures, and constructing and repairing roads.ACKNOWLEDGNENTSIn its program of exploration of mineral deposits; the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, R. G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests. Both these branches-are under the supervision of Dr. R. S. Dean, assistant director.With particular reference to this publication, acknowledgment is given to Richard E. Mieritz and William E. Young, who assisted on the project at various times; P. T. Allsman, chief. Salt Lake Division, Mining Branch, who advised on exploratory problems and gave valuable assistance in preparing the report and illustrations; A. P. T. Schumann, for preparing the illustrations; and to Gordon L. Bell, Max Willard, and Eugene Callaghan, of the Geological Survey, who cooperated as representatives of that agency."

Nov 1, 1946

By Paul R. Amyotte, Omotayo Kalejaiye, Kenneth L. Cashdollar, Michael J. Pegg

The Siwek 20-L chamber is widely used throughout the world to evaluate the explosibility of dusts. This research evaluated the quality of dust dispersion in the Siwek 20-L chamber using Pittsburgh coal, Gilsonite, and purple K dusts. A Pittsburgh Research Laboratory (PRL) optical dust probe was used to measure optical transmittance through the dust cloud at various locations within the chamber. A total of 540 tests were performed, with triplicate tests at five nominal dust concentrations and six locations. The two standard dispersion nozzles (rebound and perforated annular nozzle) were compared. The transmissions corresponding to the normal ignition delay period were used to: (a) determine variations in spatial uniformity of dispersion obtained with both nozzles; (b) make comparisons between the experimental transmission data and those calculated from theory for the three dusts; and (c) make comparisons with transmission data measured in the PRI, 20-L and Fike 1 -m3 dust explosion chambers. The uniformity of dispersion for the three dusts was similar with both nozzles, despite the differences in nozzle geometry and mode of operation. Transmission data of the three dusts were all significantly lower than those calculated from theory. This was discovered to be, in part, due to significant reduction in particle size that occurred during dispersion. By measuring particle sizes before and after dispersion, values of 60%, 50%, and 20% reduction in particle size (based on the surface weighted mean diameter) were obtained for Pittsburgh coal, Gilsonite, and purple K, respectively. Transmission data from the PRL 20-L, Fike 1 -m3 and the Siwek 20-L chambers indicated comparable results in terms of uniformity of dispersion. However, transmission data from the Siwek 20-L chamber were significantly lower than those of the PRL and Fike chambers. Again, this was attributed, in part, to the significant reduction in particle size that occurred during dispersion in the Siwek chamber. The design of the outlet (dispersion) valve of the Siwek 20-L apparatus charge vessel was largely responsible for the particle break-up. The contribution to particle break-up by the dispersion nozzles and the high level of turbulence in the chamber were found to be minimal. This is a significant finding in that the dust particle size tested for explosibility in the Siwek chamber is considerably smaller than the original dust sample.

By J. R. Thoenen

This circular is part 3 of the third paper (entitled "Excavation") of a series summarizing the technical problem; involved in the production and preparation of sand and gravel. Part 1 discussed the use of power shovels, draglines, and excavator cranes. Fart 2 discussed the use of power scrapers, slackline cableway excavators, and hydraulic monitors. This circular discusses the use of the hydraulic, clamshell, ladder, and dipper dredge. Part 4 to follow will discus the use of haulage equipment, and subsequent parts will discuss the application of both excavating and haulage equipment to various types of deposits. HYDRAULIC DREDGE Judged by the number of installations and the tonnage produced, as recorded in part 1 of this circular, the hydraulic or pump dredge is the most popular type of underwater sand and gravel excavator.

Jan 1, 1935

By Terry J. Close

At the request of the Idaho Congressional Delegation, the U.S. Bureau of Mines Western Field Operations Center investigated the mineral resources of the 140,000-acre Red Mountain roadless area, located northeast of Lowman, in central Idaho. The area includes U.S. Forest Service Red Mountain RARE II area (4-063). The highly mineralized road less area is underlain mainly by granitic rocks which are transected by a northeast-trending fault system. Associated with the granitic rocks and fault system are gold and black sand mineral resources. At least 1,395 ounces of gold and 858 ounces of silver have been recovered from six lode and placer mines within the roadless area. A total of 525 tons of columbium-tantalum, 2,049 tons of euxenite, 83.5 tons of columbite, and 54,862 tons of ilmenite concentrates have been produced from a nearby black sand mineral placer. Mine workings and facilities in the roadless area consist of two dismantled mills, 15 open and caved underground excavations totaling about 2,900 ft of workings, seven large pits and quarries, over 166 smaller dozer-and hand-dug prospect pits and trenches, and in excess of 66 drill holes. The mineralized sites in the roadless area are covered by about 690 current (1992) mining claims. About 130 individuals are holding the claims. Also within the roadless area are four patented lode mining claims. Twenty-five of the 54 mineralized sites identified during the study of the roadless area have, or likely have, mineral resources. One has gold and three have black sand mineral resources that are marginal or subeconomic. There also are two hot springs with thermal water resources, some veins that could be sources of decorative quartz, and dimension stone which was quarried in the past and could be again.

Jan 1, 1993

By A. D. McMahon

Changes in world mine and smelter supply sources of zinc have led to changes in zinc supply patterns in the United States during the past 3 years, 1970-72. The result has been a growing reliance on foreign sources of zinc metal to furnish an ever-increasing portion of expending domestic requirements. This review of fundamentals and historical developments is intended to provide background in order to place the future of the U.S. zinc industry fn perspective. The properties and uses of zinc are described. A new study on U.S. reserves is presented with description by geographical region and comparisons with older reserve data. The technology of the zinc industry from prospecting through refining is described with emphasis on the metallurgy involved in the various methods of smelting. Production, consumption, and imports are discussed and illustrated with graphs and tables to review the past and present patterns. Government actions affecting the industry are shown.

Jan 1, 1974