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By P. M. Solozhenkin

On the territory Sakha (Yakutia) are located largest in Russian Federation reserves of antimony ores, Sarylakhsk and Sentochansk deposits, amaunt 10% of world stocks of antimony. A processing gold antimony ores Sarylakhsk deposit is carried out on gravitation-flotation circuit to receive gold gravitation concentrate and gold-antimony flotation concentrate with the contents of antimony over 60%. The gold-bearing concentrate is treated on place hydrometallurgicaly to a high-standard product, accepted by gold bank cash department. At the ore dressing plant reached the highest recovery in world in a concentrate of antimony 90%~91.6%, and gold 85.7%~86.0% as a result of scientific research works. Studied the mechanism of interaction cations of metals Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Ag+ with a surface antimonite presented on the basis of modern physical-chemical methods: nuclear quadrupol resonance, x-ray electron spectroscopy, electron spin resonance. The industrial tests of sodium dimethyldithiocarbate were carried out which confirmed high recovery of Sb and As. The leaching Sb2S3 by bacteria Desulfovibro desulfuricans and transformation antimonite in antimony trioxide by Tiobacillus Ferrooxidans improved following cyanidation . The extraction of antimony in a solution 96.0%~98.0% under optimal conditions. The common total extraction in the appropriate commodity products for gold reached 98%, for Sb 96.5%. At a combination of bioprocessing and cyanidation 85.5% of extraction Au was achieved. The new solvents for antimonite were found. Now by the Close Joint-Stock Co ?Sarylach-Antimony? industrial plant is constructed for processing Au-Sb concentrates to receive antimony trioxide and gold from various antimony deposits of Sakha (Yakutia).

Jan 1, 2014

By G. Y. He

The large-scale 8.53m×3.96m (28?×13? F/F) SAG mills was first applied in Donggua Hill Copper Mine which processes 13,000 tons ore per day. The crushing and grinding circuit went into operation in the Donggua Hill plant in October 2004. However, at the beginning, the productivity of grinding only reached 58% of the capacity expected and some indexes of the crushing and milling circuit didn?t meet the requirements. Especially, the total load of the 8.53m×3.96m (28?×13? F/F) SAG mills was up to 34%~41% (25%~30% designed)and some hard rocks with the size of 25~70mm, which can?t be treated as a medium or even would be crushed and make larger ores or steal balls necessary, were seriously accumulated in the SAG mills. Consequently, they occupied the effective mill volume which in turn reduced the efficiency of the SAG mills and increase the energy consumption. In order to solve the problem of accumulation in the SAG mill and increase its productivity, some measures were taken, such as passing more hard pebble through the grate at mill dis-charging end, changing the type of steal balls and so on. And the results showed that these measures functioned well and had good effects, which is that the filling percentage of the SAG mills has been reduced to 26%~29% from 34%~41% with the composition of particle sizes improved a lot and the productivity increased by 77.4% reaching up to 13,380 tons per day.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. Kargar Razi

According to the unique properties and many applications of nano silver powder, it was prepared from acid leaching tail solution. The low value residual gold and silver ions were occurred with fellow heavy metals as pollutants (Fe2+, Cu 2+and Zn2+) in acid leaching tail solution in Mouteh gold mine in Iran. Preparation of nano silver particles was achieved in two steps: first, by addition of ammonia as separation step and second by using different reagents as precipitation and extraction steps. Different controlled parameters were including pH, residence time and temperature, mixing time, and reducing reagents to metals molar ratio. Acid leaching process was carried out with sulphuric and nitric acid via suitable reductants. In order to remove copper, zinc, and silver ions from solution, all of the conditions were controlled. The optimum conditions for preparation of nano silver powder with less than 90 nm were pH 10.5, hydrazine/methanol to silver molar ratio of 3 to 4, and reduction time of 5 min in 45 °C. The results were evaluated via SEM, A.A and UV- Vis spectroscopy analytical methods.

Jan 1, 2014

By Rhulani F. Maluleke, Francis W. Petersen, John H. Marsh, Johann de T. Steyl, Allan Nesbitt

"Pressure leaching of chalcopyrite and nickeliferrous pyrrotite at temperatures between 105 and 200 ºC has been proposed as a potentially viable route for the extraction of mineral elements from sulphide concentrates. In general, these concentrates contain iron, and the economic success of the processes is partially dependent on the choice of the environmentally acceptable iron-removal technique. One of the most widely used methods for the removal of iron from sulphate liquors is precipitation as hematite, goethite, or jarosite. The nature of the iron precipitate formed dictates downstream dewatering and residue treatment and disposal options. However, a better understanding of iron precipitation under the defined process conditions would consequently be of benefit in process design and optimisation.This study investigated the precipitation of iron in the autoclave at temperatures between 105 and 200 ºC. The effects of temperature, acid concentration, iron concentration, and the presence of other metal cations on the nature and composition of the precipitates were determined."

Jan 1, 2003

By Andrei Yevdokimov, Ivan Sidorov, Olga Lanchakova, Olga Khmelnitskaya, Tatiana Chikina

"The paper focuses on the results of the research on development of hydrometallurgical process of gold recovery from refractory sulfide flotation concentrates based on fine and ultrafine grinding. Refractory concentrates (the degree of refractoriness is 16.9%-82.6%) were chosen for testing. The efficiency of the process based on fine and ultrafine grinding to treat flotation concentrates with gold intergrown with sulfides and rock-forming minerals was shown. Based on the test work conducted, the process option was chosen. In included grinding of flotation concentrate to the size of 98% minus 20µm in a bead mill, lime treatment with air blow, CIL, filtration and detoxification of liquid phase of the slurry. This process (compared to the basic option) provides the recovery of gold from 82.6%, up to 94.0% and decreases the residual grade in the tailings from 3.3g/t to 1.1g/t at the consumption of 12.6NaCNkg/t. Based on the results of the test work and pilot plant testing, project design criteria of flotation circuit at a Russian plant was developed."

Jan 1, 2014

By M. A. Wei

Effects due to some metal cations, such as Ca2+, Mg2+,Fe2+, Fe3+, Cu+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Al3+ etc., which are produced in the pulp when the complicated ore is dipped in the deioned water, on the flotation of chalcopyrite and galena with the isopropyl thionocarbamate as collector have been studied. It is found that chalcopyrite floatability is not influenced by these cations, and the cations can be di-vided into three types according to their effects on the purified galena?s floatability with the same conditions, as activator such as Cu+; as depressant such as Al3+, Fe3+, Fe2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ , unaffective such as Mg2+ and Ca2+.

Jan 1, 2014

By N. N. Ngoepe

Positron Emission particle tracking (PEPT), which makes use of a radioactively labeled tracer particle, a positron camera and a tracking algorithm has been shown to be a viable method for studying flow properties in both the pulp and froth phases of flotation cells. Detailed velocity measurements of 300-400 µm glass beads were extracted to assess turbulence from velocity fluctuations in a micro flotation cell. The effects of particle speed and orientation at the instant of attachment events were studied. A minimum speed of 0.16 m/s was needed for a collision to lead to attachment. The most attachment events happen when the particle is directly in line with the inlet tube at 90o.

Sep 1, 2012

By N. Syna

The selection and preparation of activated carbon suitable for specific application can often involve exhaustive adsorbent preparation and testing. This work examined an emerging technique based on modelling the correlation of observed adsorption capacity to the carbon characteristics as a means of decoupling the roles of carbon textural and surface chemical properties. The insights to these specific roles are then used in tailor-making adsorbents and in establishing the optimal carbon properties for specific application. In this study, a series of activated carbons prepared from bagasse by physical and chemical techniques and commercially available carbons were used in developing the models. These carbons were tested for the adsorption of thiourea-gold (I) chloride complexes. Thiourea is an important alternative gold lixiviant with the potential to address current ecological and safety concerns in the extraction of gold. A four-component model, which correlated the adsorption gold capacity to carbon textural and surface chemical properties, was proposed. The model fit was assessed using multi-linear regression and a partial F-test. This was followed by goodness of fit test achieved through r2, adjusted?r2 and mean square error (MSE) values. The results suggest the adsorption of the gold-thiourea complex is strongly influenced by the internal surface area and pH of the carbon. Tailor-made activated carbon from bagasse showed adsorption gold capacities of up to 198 mgAu/g adsorbent, demonstrating the potential of bagasse as a precursor for gold adsorbents and of this empirical modelling approach in developing adsorbents for metal recovery.

Jan 1, 2014

By Hong Zhong, Shuai Wang, Xin Ma

"In this paper, we report a simple and effective process for producing a surfactant mixture of O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC) and 4-(tert-butyl)benzyl mercaptan (BBSH). The composite collector was synthesized via one-pot reaction of sodium isopropyl xanthate, 4-tert-butylbenzylchloride and ethylamine using tert-butyl alcohol as solvent. The whole process for the synthesis of composite collector involves neither foul smelling reagents or intermediates, nor any by-products requires special treatment for disposal, and thus can be scaled up to an industrial level. The flotation response of chalcopyrite and pyrite independently with IPETC and BBSH collectors and with their mixture (the mole ratio of IPETC and BBSH is 1:1) was assessed. The microflotation results showed that the collecting ability of BBSH was slightly stronger than that of IPETC and that IPETC was more selective collector than BBSH against pyrite, and that the composite collector displayed a stronger collecting ability toward chalcopyrite than IPETC, and superior selectivity for chalcopyrite against pyrite than BBSH. The batch flotation results showed that composite collector exhibited better performance than IPETC and BBSH. It was demonstrated that the mixing of IPETC and BBSH would give rise to a synergistic effect significantly enhancing overall flotation performance. In addition, the adsorption mechanism of BBSH on the surface of chalcopyrite was conducted by adsorption test and infrared spectrum measurement, and the results showed that the interaction of BBSH on the chalcopyrite surface was dominated by the chemical adsorption, and the formation of a strong S-M bond plays a key role in the adsorption of mercaptans on minerals surfaces. The developed flotation reagents with special preparation method is the author’s original design, patented (patent of the People’s Republic of China) and have no analogues in the world of mineral processing. (Application number 201810100107.1, ""Alkyl thioether alcohol compounds, methods for their preparation and applications thereof "", China).1. INTRODUCTION Froth flotation is an essential method widely used in the mineral processing industry to selectively separate valuable minerals from gangues[1]. Worldwide, more than 109 tons of materials are treated annually by this method with the majority being metal sulfides and oxides[2]. Nowadays, the judicious utilization of complex sulfides to meet the ever-growing demand of mineral resources gains more attention, due to the gradual depletion of deposits with high grade, making imperative the development of new high-efficiency collectors and mixtures of collectors to process complex minerals. In comparison to individual collectors, the use of mixtures has several notable benefits including lower dosage requirements, improved selectivity, rates and recovery and an increase in the recovery of coarse particles[3-9]. Moreover, in terms of cost and environmental issues, using collector mixtures can reduce the total amount of agents used, thus reducing the overall effect on the environment and economic costs without affecting the flotation performance. Therefore, the search for high-efficiency mixtures of collectors is still interesting and relevant."

Jan 1, 2018

By R. Kobialka

In the article results of experiments over jaws? linings in jaw crushers with different shaping of working surface were presented. Following sets of jaws were under investigation: immobile plain jaw and moving jaw with grooving surface. Grooving jaws have groves with circular, triangular and trapezoid cross section. In order to evaluate efficiency of comminution both the grain composition of product and the content of irregular grains were determined, as well as the size of crushing forces and process efficiency were measured. For the combination: plain jaw with grooved one, a good results were obtained as regards the grain composition of product and the content of irregular grains. Crushing forces were higher at crushing with mixed types of jaws (the one plain, the second grooved), in comparison to crushing with using both grooved jaws. Efficiency of the process was definitely higher for mixed jaws.

Jan 1, 2014

By Masanori Mori, Hajime Miki, Osamu Ichikawa, Tsuyoshi Hirajima, Mitsuru Sawada, Keiko Sasaki

For pretreatment of selective flotation, surface oxidation of chalcopyrite and molybdenite was applied by oxygen plasma then the minerals were washed by solution at pH 9 with oxygen bubbling. Surface characteristics of these minerals were investigated with AFM, XPS, zeta potential and contact angle measurements. Contact angle of chalcopyrite and molybdenite decreased a lot by plasma treatment. When they were washed with pH 9 solution with oxygen bubbling, contact angle of molybdenite increased whereas chalcopyrite one kept low. Adhesion force measurements indicated similar behavior. Result of flotation experiments indicated low recovery of both chalcopyrite and molybdenite after plasma treatment and only molybdenite recovery became higher after washing. Selective flotation of chalcopyrite and molybdenite could be achieved with this process. Possible mechanism of selective flotation was proposed from the results of XPS, AFM, etc.

Jan 1, 2014

By A. G. Bulaev

Biohydrometallurgical technologies based on activity of acidophilic microorganisms oxidizing ferrous iron, sulfur, and sulfide minerals are widely used to extract base and noble metals from sulfide ores and concentrates. As sulfide minerals oxidation is exothermic, industrial processes are usually preformed at 40–50°C. Moderate thermophiles predominate under these conditions. Most of moderately thermophilic acidophilic microorganisms that oxidize metal sulfide are mixotrophic, i.e., they use both organic nutrients and CO2 as carbon sources. Carbon availability is crucial for microbial activity and affects efficiency of biohydrometallurgical processes. Aeration with CO2-enriched air is often used to increase microbial activity in biooxidation reactors. Organic nutrients can be used as alternative carbon source for moderately thermophiles performing biooxidation of sulfide concentrates. We performed several experiments with different sulfide concentrates to study effects of organic carbon sources on biooxidation efficiency and demonstrated that application of such organic nutrients as yeast extract (YE) and molasses made it possible to increase biooxidation efficiency. For example, addition of 0.02% YE in the nutrient medium increased biooxidation rate of pyrite–arsenopyrite gold bearing and chalcopyrite concentrates in batch mode at 45°C. YE addition increased oxidation rate of sulfide sulfur and gold recovery level from 65 to 87% and from 73 to 81%, respectively. Similarly, YE addition increased copper extraction from 47 to 54%. At the same time, YE addition increased efficiency of biooxidation of pyrite–arsenopyrite gold bearing concentrate in continuous mode. Without YE addition, oxidation rates of pyrite and arsenopyrite were 65.7% and 94%, while gold extraction was 71%. YE addition (0.02%) made it possible to oxidize 74% and 95 % of pyrite and arsenopyrite and extract 78% of gold. Addition of molasses (0.02%) similarly affected biooxidation efficiency. Thus, addition of organic nutrients in nutrient media is a promising strategy for improvement of biohydrometallurgical processes.

Jan 1, 2018

By I. Gombköto

To sustain the growth of industrial production necessitates the increasing of the amount of processed mined raw and secondary materials. As a side effect of raw material production, the amount of tailings material, - coming from mineral processing operations ? increases as well. Using wet technology, these tailing materials are generally transported and stored with the water used for previous operations. This habit could lead to dangerous situations. Enough to remember the disasters had happened to the last decade, safe tailings operations need to remove as much water from the solid as possible. Environmental, technical and economical needs should meet, therefore using a technology combining these specific needs could be necessary. Paste technology was introduced generally into tailings operations at the last ten years, as an answer to the call of the above mentioned challenges, however there are still many questions to answer within the frame of using it. The Institute of Raw Materials Processing and Environmental Process Engineering of the University of Miskolc has been dealing with mechanical process engineering, especially by the support of the EU project TAILSAFE Contract nº EVG1-CT-2002-0066 and the NKFP 3A/068/2004 Hungarian fund extensive research has been carried out about paste technology. Different test methods and materials were applied. Tested tailings materials were as follows: different fly ashes from coal power plants from Pécs ? Hungary, Gyöngyös ? Hungary, Neyvil ? India, different Croatian ashes, hazardous waste incineration plant ashes from Dorog ? Hungary, different kind of sands from Hungary, fine glass sand from Fehérvárcsúrgó ? Hungary, flotation ore processing tailing from Gyöngyösoroszi ? Hungary. Different additives, as gypsum, bentonite and cement were tested as well. The applied test methods were as follows: physical material testing (laser sizer, piknometer, different microscopes), X-ray diffraction analysis, settling columns, the three measuring pipes tube viscometer (16~27 mm pipe diameter), a hydraulic test loop with different pumps (40~53 mm pipe diameter, 0.2~4 m/s average slurry velocity range, 0%~52 % volumetric concentration range), rotational viscometer, Cassagrande yield locus tester and the slump cone test. This paper summarizes and systematizes the results of the aforementioned research as well as reports about the developed paste pipe transport design method based on the fine suspension ? coarse mixture model. The paper also reports about a systematic experimental series with different materials to establish criteria when high concentration suspensions behave like paste.

Jan 1, 2014

By K. H. Luo, J. Y. Liu

An experimental study on interparticle breakage of three iron ores was carried out by compressive stressing of particle-bed in a piston-die device. The feeds to the particle-bed stressing were five narrow size fractions in the size range of 0.2~3.2 mm respectively and a wide size fraction of 0/4.0 mm. The pressures applied were in the range between 30 and 360 MPa. The results show that the energy absorption of the particle bed increases linearly with the pressure; the increase of the product fineness with the pressure declines as the pressure goes up; and the product size distributions resulting from interparticle breakage of different narrow size fractions have no self-similarity. Using data obtained from the piston-die compressive stressing test, the suitability of a previously-developed material-characterization model for interparticle breakage was verified for these ores. It is shown that the particle-bed compression test conducted with piston-die device in lab-scale may provide a cost-effective way of studying and modelling size-reduction of ore materials by interparticle breakage.

Jan 1, 2014

By John Ralston

"Interfacial chemistry plays a pivotal role in bubble-particle capture, for it controls whether or not attachment occurs. Surface heterogeneity, degree of surface hydrophobicity, bubble nucleation and related phenomena influence the stability of the aqueous wetting film between a particle and an approaching bubble. The latter must be unstable if capture is to occur. Various techniques that may be used to quantify this interfacial, chemistry-dominated behaviour, are described.The efficient capture of specific particles by rising bubbles and the delicate control of interfacial chemistry that leads to selective capture are central issues in froth flotation. For efficient capture to occur between a particle and a bubble, they must undergo a close encounter, a collision process dominated by hydrodynamics. Should this encounter bring the particle and bubble within the range of attractive forces, the intervening liquid film between the bubble and the particle will drain, leading to a critical thickness at which rupture occurs. The liquid-vapour interface then retreats over the solid particle surface until a stable wetting perimeter is established. The particle and bubble are then joined after this attachment process. The particle may only be dislodged from this state if it is supplied with sufficient kinetic energy to exceed the detachment energy in this detachment process. These various events are now well documented and may be followed using high-speed videomicroscopy (Schulze, 1984; Nguyen et al., 2001).The process of collision can now be described quantitatively for single bubbles colliding with bubbles under various flow regimes (Dai et al., 1998) and appropriate scale up is possible for multiple bubble particle collisions occurring under turbulent conditions (Pyke et al., 2002). In this paper we will be concerned with the role of interfacial chemistry and how this influences the attachment process."

Jan 1, 2003

By B. McFadzean, J. Taguta

The enthalpy of immersion is the heat change arising from the replacement of the solid-gas interface with the solid-liquid interface when a solid surface is immersed in a liquid. Although immersion calorimetry has been established as a valuable and reliable means of determining solid surface properties such as wettability, it has seldom been applied in mineral processing research. In this study, precision solution calorimetry was employed to measure the enthalpies of immersion of different minerals in water. The enthalpies of immersion were then related to the first-order flotation rate constant as determined by the microflotation technique. The same measurements were also made on sulphide minerals whose surfaces were modified to different degrees of hydrophobicity using different percentage coverages of amyl xanthate collector. The enthalpy of immersion technique was capable of distinguishing and ranking minerals according to their wettability. All mineral types and collector-treated minerals conformed to the same relationship that was found between the enthalpy of immersion and the flotation rate constant. This conformed, empirically, to a power law equation. As the enthalpy of immersion decreased, there were large increases in flotation response for very small changes in hydrophobicity. In addition, a critical enthalpy of immersion (CEI) was found, above which no flotation could occur. The scatter in the data points could be corrected for by adjusting the rate constant using the density of the minerals to produce a robust relationship between the rate constant and enthalpy of immersion. These results have shown that the enthalpy of immersion is able to indicate both the natural mineral hydrophobicity and the extent to which collectors can render a mineral hydrophobic. This technique has considerable potential to be used as a sensitive and accurate measure of mineral surface wettability in order to predict flotation performance.

Jan 1, 2018

By Sergio Castro, Janusz Laskowski

In the flotation in highly concentrated electrolyte solutions not only ionic strength but also chemical composition, flotation pH and mineral properties play an important role. As a result an improvement or depression may be observed. A strong improvement in the floatability of hydrophobic bituminous coals and other inherently hydrophobic minerals is characteristic for the "salt flotation process", which is carried out in concentrated electrolyte solutions at natural pH and without addition of any flotation reagents. However, pH is a key factor when saline and hipersaline waters with hydrolyzing metallic ions are used as process water. In the case of flotation of Cu-Mo sulfide ores in seawater, molybdenite is strongly depressed by the Mg2+ hydrolysis products when pH is raised to depress pyrite. Process water with a high content of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, and this also includes seawater, have deleterious effect on the anionic flotation of industrial minerals with fatty acids. The flotation of potash ores is carried out in NaCl-KCl saturated brine (6-7 mole/L of NaCl and KCl) with the use of long-chain amines. Such a high electrolyte concentration changes dramatically the amine Krafft point making the collector insoluble in brine; its mode of action entirely differs from that in conventional flotation processes.

Jan 1, 2014

By Sergio Castro, Janusz Laskowski

In the flotation in highly concentrated electrolyte solutions not only ionic strength but also chemical composition, flotation pH and mineral properties play an important role. As a result an improvement or depression may be observed. A strong improvement in the floatability of hydrophobic bituminous coals and other inherently hydrophobic minerals is characteristic for the "salt flotation process", which is carried out in concentrated electrolyte solutions at natural pH and without addition of any flotation reagents. However, pH is a key factor when saline and hipersaline waters with hydrolyzing metallic ions are used as process water. In the case of flotation of Cu-Mo sulfide ores in seawater, molybdenite is strongly depressed by the Mg2+ hydrolysis products when pH is raised to depress pyrite. Process water with a high content of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, and this also includes seawater, have deleterious effect on the anionic flotation of industrial minerals with fatty acids. The flotation of potash ores is carried out in NaCl-KCl saturated brine (6-7 mole/L of NaCl and KCl) with the use of long-chain amines. Such a high electrolyte concentration changes dramatically the amine Krafft point making the collector insoluble in brine; its mode of action entirely differs from that in conventional flotation processes.

Jan 1, 2014

By V. E. Vigdergauz

The work presented shows results of electrochemical study of pyrite hydrophobicity evaluated by air bubble induction time (IT) measurements. On the basis of measured IT?s an average thickness of the thin liquid film prior to its rupture has been evaluated, which confirms long-range character of the interactions between air bubbles and hydrophobic surfaces. Obtained data are discussed in the frame of recent studies of structures of solid-liquid interface based on molecular dynamics simulations and results of surface force measurements.

Jan 1, 2014

By Sergey Romanenko, Tatyana Aleksandrova, Karen Arustamian

"Current status of question about grinding stage effect to electrochemistry parameters of operation preparation slurry before intermediate selective flotation was assessed in the present scientific work. Needs of more detail study chemical reactions in the slurry preparation and flotation processes were shown. The ores are polymetallic sulphide type and the one are most difficult for mineral processing. The methodology allows increase information base during floatation tests. Ionometric methods and elements of neural network have been used in the study of mineral processing questions.We have also identified the relationship between the received values of the electrochemical parameters and the technological results in selective flotation. The optimal values of the electrochemistry parameters in operation of the preparation slurry before selective flotation has been found. The main effect of using the proposed methodology is to obtain scientifically based solutions to improve the technology parameters of flotation polymetallic sulfide ores. Challenging issue of selectivity of sulphide-polymetallic ores will be considered using case study of sulphidepolymetallic ores. It was shown that several factors are formed in ore grinding: formation of hydroxyl oxides of iron compounds, copper cation leaching, metal-sulphide and metal-sulphite complexes formation. The chemistry was revealed for current processes in slurry preparation operation before selective flotation. Quantitative assessment of interrelations between electrochemical parameters of slurry and process performance was given with using electrochemical control methods. Neuron network-based model was estimated based on data array and was allowed to establish optimum electrochemical conditions of metal-sulphite complex formation to provide maximum efficiency of selective flotation.INTRODUCTIONPhysical and chemical processes that take place in ore grinding have a significant impact on flotation selectivity and can cause low selectivity of the flotation process. Today this issue is given much attention. In the paper [1] it is pointed out that sulphide oxidation products and slurry components, such as sulphide ions, metallic iron and its oxidation products, have effect on flotation performance. So, metallic iron has impact on metal-sulphite complex formation as a result of oxidation-reduction reactions as follows:"

Jan 1, 2018