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By R. S. Dean

The careful work of Gross and Zimmerleyl has established the fact that the energy actually used in grinding is proportional to the new surface produced. This confirmation of Rittinger's law was made by crushing quartz in a frictionless drop-weight machine and determining the surface of the quartz by its rate of solution in hydrofluoric acid. The details of this procedure have been described adequately elsewhere and need not be repeated here. The resultant data furnish the only available basis for comparing accurately the efficiency of grinding machines. This method is so cumbersome experimentally that it has been little used. As an alternative all sorts of approximations have been proposed. The best of these is complete size analysis by sieving and elutria-tion. Such procedure is very lengthy and difficult to carry out accurately. Furthermore, any sizing method becomes very inaccurate for determining surface with very fine sizes where the ratio of surface to volume becomes very large. To avoid the lengthy and difficult technique of elutriation it has been proposed to estimate the size distribution below 200 mesh from various probability formulas. Such a procedure is at best an engineering approximation; at worst it is a mere guess. Some time ago Dr. V. H. Gottschalk2 found that the coercive forces of magnetite powders were directly proportional to the surface area, regardless of size distribution. It was at once apparent that this furnished a method for determining grinding efficiency quickly and accurately. The only requirement was a single determination of the relation between the work input of the Gross-Zimmerley drop-weight machine and the coercive force of the resultant crushed magnetite. For this purpose Ural Mountain magnetite in definite octahedra was

Jan 1, 1939

By D. S. Hutton, W. C. Leslie

Thermal etch patterns developed on poly crystalline 3.5 pct Si-Fe by heating in hydrogen or in argon have been examined. The most prominent feature of the etching is the development of striations on grains with (100) planes near the plane of the surface. These striations are probably produced by the resoution of a random, high-energy plane into (100) facets of lower energy. THE thermal etching of iron and iron-base alloys has a long history. The phenomenon was observed by Osmondl more than 70 years ago. The literature on thermal etching between that time and 1951 was reviewed by Olney,2 and a briefer review appeared in 1958. 3 The only articles which have been found dealing with the thermal etching of silicon iron are those of Dunn and Lionetti4 and of Dunn, Daniels, and Bolton,5 and they reported only grain boundary etching. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES A cast 3.5 pet Si-Fe alloy was given a metallo-graphic polish and etch, then placed in flowing purified hydrogen for 6 hr at 2200°F. The same specimen was later repolished and etched to remove the thermal etching. The specimen was then held in flowing purified argon at 2200°F for 72 hr. In both instances the specimen was rapidly cooled by being pulled up quickly into the cold zone of the furnace. All photomicrographs shown are of the surface as removed from the furnace. Oblique illumination was essential for observation of the thermal-etching effects with a light microscope and was used for all the photomicrographs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Grain boundary etching, grain boundary movement, and contouring within grains are illustrated in Fig. 1. The contours within a single grain followed behind the advancing grain boundary. To determine the average contour interval, or step height, white light was used in an interference microscope. The steps were of the correct magnitude to separate while light into its spectrum of colors. A green light was focused at the top of a contoured area, shifting to red across the field. By using the difference in the dominant wave length of red and green light,6 and counting the number of steps across the area, it was possible to obtain a value of about 80A for the average step height. Laue back-reflection patterns of four grains with contour lines showed that the grains had a (100) plane slightly inclined to the plane of the surface (± 5 deg). Insofar as this could be determined from their irregular traces, the contour lines within a grain had a common direction, <100> ± 5 deg.

Jan 1, 1961

By L. R. Budrow, R. T. Mishler

The Lucky-Tiger mine is a silver-gold property, situated at El Tigre, in the northeastern part of Sonora, Mexico, at an elevation of 6000 ft. in the Sierra Madre Mountains. It is 30 miles by wagon road from the Esqueda station on the Nacozari railroad. Since its discovery in 1903, the mine has produced forty million ounces of silver. The ore has averaged 40 oz. silver and 0.25 oz. gold per ton. Copper, lead and zinc have been of minor importance, having averaged 0.4 per cent., 1.1 per cent., and 1.5 per cent., respectively. The richness of the ore, combined with its occurrence in narrow veins, required the use of the more expensive methods. of mining. Geology Wall Rock The wall rock is rhyolite and rhyolite tuff, both of Tertiary age. In rare instances, post-mineral andesite dikes have been intruded along the veins. In the upper part of the mine, the walls were fairly solid. On the lower levels, the walls are usually cither kaolinized and soft or silicified and fractured, both conditions requiring closely filled stopes or much timber. Veins The veins have been deposited along fracture planes in the volcanics. There are three principal veins, about 600 ft. apart, all striking nearly north-south and dipping steeply to the west. Table 1 records the approximate dimensions and assay of the veins. Although the average

Jan 1, 1925

By Zay Jeffries

HOSTILITIES in Europe, Asia, and northern Africa were responsible for dislocations in rare-metal supplies during 1940. Although the consumption of some of the rare metals is small the dislocations may be relatively large. In some cases these are advantageous to North America and in others they are disadvantageous. Specific instances will be cited later. Barium T HIN films of barium metal on special steel balls greatly improve the life and reduce the friction of rotating anodes in highly evacuated small X-ray tubes and make possible the operation of these anodes at relatively high temperatures. These remarkable results are described in an article by Atlee, Wilson, and Filmer in the Journal of Applied Physics for September, 1940. Oil could not be used because of the high temperatures on the one hand and its volatility on the other. Fig. 3 shows diagramatically the rotating anode and the method of coating the steel balls with barium. The letters K.I.C. refer to "Kemet Iron Clad." The K.I.C. wire was mounted so that the barium could be evaporated by direct passage of the electric current. At high temperatures the barium dif-

Jan 1, 1941

By John Henry Harden

It appears that in the earlier days of anthracite coal mining, 1824-25, the Lehigh region mined 76 per cent. of all the coal sent to market. During the same period Wyoming sent 12 and 5 per cent. respectively, whilst the Schuylkill sent 11 and 18 per cent., the number of tons marketed being in those days very small indeed. In the year 1828 the Schuylkill region mined over one-half of all the coal sent to market, and continued to do so for thirty years (with the exception of the year 1831), until 1858 ; since that date the production has declined very steadily in comparison with the other regions, until, in 1876, it was only 34 per cent. Wyoming, in the year 1820, was mining 40 per cent., but the production of all the regions was very small; in six years it declined to 5 per cent., increased to 34 per cent. in 1831, declined to 10 per cent. in 1838. Since which time the increase has been gradual, until 1873-75 Wyoming produced over 50 per cent. of all the anthracite coal sent to market. In 1867 the production exceeded that of Schuylkill, and has continued to do so since that time. In the year 1876, during the existence of the "coal combination," Wyoming lost 9 per cent.; during the same time Lehigh gained 7 and Schuylkill 2 per cent. over their relative production of the preceding year, the decrease of Wyoming being two and a half million tons, the increase of the Lehigh one million, the decrease of the Schuylkill nearly three-quarters of a million. The extraordinary production of the Lehigh region at a time of decreased demand and in opposition to an agreement with the other regions to limit the supply to the supposed demand mas the cause of the disagreement which ultimately broke up the combination of the great coal-producing and carrying companies. The Lehigh region produced very steadily, from 1829 to 1854, an average of about 22 per cent. of the whole production. From 1854

THE refining period of an open-hearth heat blends imperceptibly into the finishing period, during which final adjustments are made in slag composition, in bath action and temperature, and in composition of the steel, in order to prepare it for casting into ingots. Operations must be governed by the consideration that alterations in the character of the heat during the finishing period must be held to a minimum. In a broad sense, the finishing and deoxidation period of a heat may be said to begin when the action of the last ore addition has ceased, and to end when the teeming of the ingots is completed. INGOT STRUCTURES A survey of the relative advantages and disadvantages of different types of ingot structure is required because deoxidation treatments during the finishing period control the amount of gas evolved during solidification and consequently determine the type of ingot structure. Four classes of ingots are recognized, depending upon the degree of deoxidation to which the steel has been subjected. These types are killed, semikilled, capped, and rimmed; typical examples of their structures are represented by ingots 1, 2, 5, and 7, respectively, of Fig 9-1. The actual ingots from which these cross sections were sketched were all poured to the same height (indicated by the dotted lines) in the same type and size of bottle-top molds. The eight drawings of the figure represent selected types of ingot structure in a continuous series from "dead killed" to "wild," resulting from variations in the total quantity of gas evolved, from none at all to copious amounts, during solidification of the steel in the mold. Killed and semikilled steels are adjacent at the "quiescent" end of the ingot structure series where only small amounts of gas are evolved. The term "quiescent" describes the action of the molten metal during and subsequent to the teeming of killed and semikilled steels. Capped and rimmed steels are adjacent at the

Jan 1, 1951

By R. A. L. Black

13.8-1. Introduction. Table 13.8-1 shows that production from the African continent is an important part of total world mineral production. In three of the major particular resources listed, diamonds, gold, and cobalt, African production accounts for considerably more than half the world output. Overall, South Africa including South West Africa plays a dominant role in the mineral economy of Africa, other than in petroleum production. Table 13.81 also shows that much of the production is won by surface mining methods. In addition to the minerals listed in Table 13.8-1, Africa is a main world source for the following minerals: [Beryl 33% of total world production Columbium-tantalum 50%" " 1&apos; Platinum group metals 20% l&apos; " 11 Corundum 55%" " " 11 Vermiculite 30% (&apos; " (6 Uranium oxide 15 0/, of free world production] South Africa and Rhodesia together account for nearly all of this production, except for columbium (niobium) of which Nigeria is the main producer. Thus the importance of southern Africa as a major mineral province can readily be appreciated. The consequences of serious political or military conflict between white-dominated southern Africa and the rest of the continent would be grave indeed, particularly for the West whose financial and economic interest in Africa as a whole is very large. The development of mineral resources in Africa involves the same basic elements as are involved anywhere else in the world: exploration, drilling and sampling, metallurgical assessment, and economic evaluation before, if it is justified, a prospect is brought to the productive stage. The same range of factors controls the economic viability of a project in Africa as elsewhere, of which the most important are:

Jan 1, 1968

PRESIDENT L. D. RICKETTS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS BENJAMIN B. THAYER,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,2 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS1 NEW YORK, &apos;_N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 4, 1916

By W. F. Burns

(Butte Meeting, August, 1913.) ATTEMPTS were made in 1908, at the Great Falls Works, to produce ingots direct from the Butte precipitate by smelting the material in a reverberatory refining furnace. The ingots produced in this manner averaged 99.4 per cent. of copper and 0.40 per cent. of arsenic and antimony. The copper content being considered too low, it. was decided to cast the copper into anodes and to treat the anodes in the electrolytic plant. No. 1 Furnace, in which the precipitate was treated, was a regular cathode refining furnace previously employed in making wire bar, cake, and ingot from electrolytic cathodes. The hearth of the furnace was 24 by 12 ft., having a capacity of 100,000 lb. of cathodes. The furnace was coal fired, and the copper was dipped by means of trolley ladles.

Jan 7, 1913

Shooting Soot from Stacks In the DuPont magazine of June, 1916, S. R. Russell describes a method of cleaning large smoke or kiln stacks which he calls "simple,. economical- slid-most efficient" and-which- he -says can- be used in either-lined or unlined stacks, brick or steel, without fear of injury to the stack or lining. He gives the following specific directions: "The gun can be made out of air old piece of shafting about 4 in. in diameter and 14 to 16 in. long. Bore a hole 1 ¾ in. in diameter and 10 in. long in the center of the piece. Then bore a small horizontal hole ¼ in. in diameter through the piece-to the bottom of the center bore. This hole serves as a touch hole for inserting the fuse. "The-whole thing can be mounted on a pedestal about 6 in. in diameter so that it will stand in an upright position. "The -method of operation is as follows: Pour some FFF Blasting Powder into the mouth of the cannon to about 2 in. from the top. Tamp to the collar with dry clay. , A short piece of fuse is inserted in the touch hole and in contact with the main powder charge. Open the flue door at the bottom of the stack, set the cannon on the bottom and in the center of the stack, light the fuse and close the flue door. "The explosion shakes and loosens the soot adhering to the sides, causing it to fall to the bottom. It can&apos; then be removed through the flue opening.

Jan 9, 1916

He was born at Montreal, Canada, in 1875. His earliest education was received in Montreal hut was continued from 1885 to 1892 at schools and academies in Brooklyn, Whitestone, and Flushing, L. I. For his technical education he returned to McGill University, where he graduated in 1897. His first professional occupation was as transitman enga.ged in the running of township lines in the Rainy River District of Ontario. In 1899, he was made assistant chemist at the Cuggenheim smelter at Aguascalientes, Mexico. From 1900 to 1903, he was chief chemist for La Compañia Minera de Peñoles, at Mapimi, Durango. We have no information as to his pursuits during the next eight years, but from 1911 until 1914, when he became a member of the Institute, he was chief engineer for the Bankhead mines in Alberta, Canada. Lieutenant-Colonel Alfred Winter Evans Lieutenant-Colonel Evans, who was in command of the Third Battalion of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade, and had been cited in Distinguished Service Orders and received the Distinguished Conduct Medal, was killed in action on Oct. 12, 1917. Alfred Winter Evans was born in Natal, South Africa, in 1881, and received his preliminary education in the Durban High School. For the next five years he attended St. George&apos;s School at Harpenden Heights, England, until 1898. Returning to South Africa, he worked . for three months of 1898 as underground sampler for the Crown Deep Gold Mining Co., at Johannesburg, and for six months of the following year he was shift-boss for the Crown Deep, Ltd. At the outbreak of the Boer War he took an active part and was engaged on military service from 1899 to 1902. At the close of the mar, he came to New York and attended the Columbia School of Mines, where he graduated with the degree of E. M. in 1906. A part of that year he spent as assayer to a mining company at Poland, Arizona. In 1907, he returned to South Africa and engaged as underground contractor in charge of mining and development at a number of the South African mines, notably the French-Rand, the ViIIage Main Reef, the City Deep, and others. In 1908, he acted as shift-boss for the Fer-rerra Gold Mining Co. at Johannesburg. In 1909, he was appointed acting general manager for the Consolidated Goldfields of New Zealand,

Jan 1, 1920

By L. Seigle, R. Resnick

An inert-marker movement experiment indicates that the ratio of the intrinsic diffusion coefficients DC:DTa = 80:l in TaC at 2500°C. Measurements of the diffmion coefficient of carbon in nonstoichiometric TaC at temperatures from 1700° to 2700°C reveal that Dc increases with decreasing carbon content, but much less than expected from the probable change in vacancy concentration with carbon content. A diffusion process involving two simultaneously operating mechanisms is postulated, and shown to be theoretically feasible. The average value of the carbon diffusion coefficient is given by DC = 0.18 exp[(-85,000 ± 3000)/RT] sq cm per sec over the composition range 46 to 49.5 at. pct C. BECAUSE of their high melting points and hardness, the carbides of the IV, V, and VI group transition metals, along with those of uranium, have attracted considerable interest for applications at high temperatures. In these applications the reactivity of the materials is important, and, since rates of diffusion within the compounds influence reactivity, a knowledge of diffusion kinetics and mechanisms is desirable. While many investigations of the mechanical and electrical properties of these compounds have been made, only two fundamental investigations of diffusion in the carbides are known. Chubb, Getz, and Townleyl measured the diffusivity of carbon and uranium in UC, and Gel&apos;d and Liubimov2 measured the diffusivity of carbon and niobium in NbC. This paper describes an investigation of the diffusion of carbon in tantalum monocarbide and, in particular, the influence of carbon deficiency on this process. Tantalum carbide melts at approximately 3800°C, which makes it one of the highest melting materials known. The compound exists over a rather wide range of carbon Content.3-7 At the peritectic temperature, 3240°C, the phase extends from about 36 to 50 at. pct C. Although the compound can exist with a substantial carbon deficiency, the high carbon phase boundary remains near the stoichiometric composition over the entire temperature range; i.e., no carbon excess is observed. The structure of TaC is the NaCl type wherein carbon atoms normally occupy the octahedral sites in a somewhat expanded fcc lattice of tantalum. Decrease of the lattice parameter with decreasing carbon suggests that the removal of carbon introduces octahedral vacancies into the lattice. I) EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS AND RESULTS Inert-Marker Experiments. In a compound such as TaC the interstitial element would be expected to diffuse more rapidly than the metal. This was confirmed by an inert-marker experiment, following Srnigelskas and irkeendall.8 Ideally, the markers should be placed at the interface between a slab of low-carbon TaC and graphite, and their movement during subsequent inter-diffusion measured. Unfortunately, no solid could be found which is unreactive in contact with carbon at the high temperatures employed in these experiments. In order to circumvent this problem, a specimen was designed in which the markers consisted of several small canals running just below the surface of a tantalum slab. This specimen was prepared by machining grooves on the surface of the tantalum slab and then diffusion-bonding a thin plate of tantalum to the slab over the grooves. The surface of the plate was then ground down until the distance between the canals and surface was as small as possible (about 0.01 cm). Thus, the canals would lie entirely within the TaC phase after a short period of diffusion. The diffusion anneal consisted of immersing the metal sample in high-purity graphite powder and heating for approximately 10 hr at 2500°C under vacuum. At this temperature, the vapor pressure is sufficiently high and the transfer of carbon from graphite sufficiently rapid to allow the surface of the diffusion sample to attain the stoichiometric carbon concentration very quickly. Conclusions regarding the relative diffusion rates of carbon and tantalum in the compound layers (TaC and Ta2C) can be drawn from the location of the canals after the diffusion anneals. If the growth of the layers is governed mainly by the diffusion of carbon, as expected, the canals should remain close to the sample surface. If the diffusion of tantalum contributes appreciably to formation of the compound layers, the distance from the markers (canals) to the surface should increase. Fig. 1 shows, diagrammatically, the appearance of the specimens after diffusion, and Table I presents the depth below the surface at which the

Jan 1, 1967

By G. Abowitz, R. B. Gordon

The velocity of sound, mass density, and thermal expansion coefficient were measured in dilute lead, tin, zinc, bismuth, cadmium, indium, and potassium amalgams as a function of composition. Measurements in the Hg-TI system extended ovev the wider range of composition, 0 to 40 at. pct TI. The sonic velocity was measured as a function of temperature. The calculuted adiabatic compressibility in all cases was found to decrease much more rapidly than would be expected on the basis of a linear variation with composition. An interpretation of the results is given in terms of changes in the Debye characteris -tic temperature of mercury on alloying and a possible change in the bonding of mercury itself. If a liquid is considered as an isotropic elastic medium, the phase velocity of a longitudinal elastic wave traveling in the liquid is given by where K is the bulk modulus, G the shear modulus, and d the mass density. G can be neglected for liquids of ordinary viscosity, i.e., approximately 1CT2 poise, because the shear stress component is relaxed essentially at once. That is, for liquids of ordinary viscosity and at frequencies of the applied stress up to several hundred megacycles, the relaxation time of the shearing process is much shorter than the period of the applied stress. Eq. [I] then reduces to The adiabatic rather than the isothermal compressibility is measured at the megacycle frequencies used in ordinary ultrasonic velocity measurements. The sonic velocity and compressibility have been determined for many organic liquids and aqueous eletroltes,&apos; and the results have been interpreted in terms of existing theories for these fluids. The velocity of sound and compressibility are important parameters in theories of the liquid state. For example, equations of state have been proposed relating the free volume of liquids to the acoustic velocity.3 Comparatively very little work has been done on the acoustic properties of liquid metals and alloys. leppa,&apos; orddon, and several other investigators

Jan 1, 1963

By AIME AIME

MOST of us are far .from home, and yet our Japanese hosts- have made us feel very much at home. Here in the Orient we engineers are .learning a new meaning for the word "orientation"- hereafter that engineering term will be a synonym for gracious hospitality, and "to orient" will mean to turn a whole country over to the World Engineering Congress. Mere geographic distance is no longer able to separate nations, for the conquest of distance is one of the triumphs of &apos;modern engineering. We of the Americas are fortunate in the position of our continents: with their shores lapped by the waves of two oceans, we face&apos; two great civilizations, the&apos; Occidental and the Oriental, and thus we can share the intellectual resources of these two older cultures.

Jan 1, 1929

By Nobuhiro Takahashi

PROLOGUE The Yaguki mine, which is located near the southern end of the Tohoku region, Japan, near the coast of the Pacific Ocean, had had a long history as a copper mine, but had not been operated since 1925. About 30 years later it was reopened by Nittetsu Mining Company, and in 1958 a small flotation and magnetic separation plant, a so-called test plant, started production. The ball mill the author first met, a 8x4x4x7 ft tricone mill, called No.1 mill, had started running at that time. With his experience in initial, running of this mill he realized that the ball mill was not simply a preparatory process to flotation, but a determinant factor for flotation performance, an energy-consuming and costly process, and that its operation control was an important task in the plant (1). The working part of an operating ball mill is the ball load inside, whose properties govern the grinding performance. Its size distribution affects the efficiency greatly and the capacity is nearly proportional to its weight. When a ball mill operates for a long period of time with a constant and consistent addition of renewal balls, wear and renewal of balls are balanced, and an equilibrium ball load is formed. A stable equilibrium load is the primary requirement for a stable ball mill operation. However, renewal ball size would be the most influential factor affecting efficiency and capacity of operating ball mills. To improve efficiency, to increase capacity, or to get finer product, attempts to find out the optimum size assortment of renewal balls should be made. When re-

Jan 1, 1976

By C. E. Lawall

ONE of the most important developments in the coal industry during 1940 was the continued uptrend in the production of bituminous coal. Estimated production for the year is 450,000,000 tons, with an additional production of anthracite of 50,000,000 tons making a total of approximately 500,000,000 tons. This is an increase of 12.5 per cent over 1939. Despite an estimated decrease of about 3.5 per cent in anthracite production, all of the major coal-producing states had increases in production for 9140. The national defense program, with the consequent increase in industrial activity, undoubtedly had an important effect on the increased demand for coal.

Jan 1, 1941

PRESIDENT L. D. RICKETTS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS BENJAMIN B. THAYER,1 NEW YORK, N, Y. WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS,2 NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W.. RAYMOND NEW YORK, N. Y SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 6, 1916

By Kichizo Niwa, Toshio Yokokawa, Mitsuo Shimoji, Yoshihiko Watanabe, Satoshi Kado

A LTHOUGH a systematic research on diffusion in liquid metals has not been carried out, partial studies have been developed by various workers in several systems. A few recent papers among them have shown that this line of approach is quite useful for understanding the structure of the liquid state. Furthermore, it has been found in kinetic

Jan 1, 1958

By Frederic Brunton

I. INTRODUCTION THE smelting plant of the British Columbia Copper Co. at Greenwood, B. C., now closed because of the decline in the price of copper due to the European war, is of special interest to metallurgists for several reasons. It was successfully smelting in blast furnaces the lowest grade copper ore of all plants in America. In order to do so, it had to run at&apos; very high efficiency, which necessarily required a large tonnage per square foot of hearth area, together with the minimum amount of labor and other costs. The furnaces smelted daily 2,250 tons of ore (6.62 tons per sq. ft. of hearth area), carrying 0.85 per cent. of copper, at a smelting cost of $1.18 per ton. The entire plant required 130 men to operate it and keep up repairs, showing a labor efficiency of about 17.5 tons per man per day. In the present paper, the method of obtaining these results is shown. Most of the information contained in this description I obtained as Assistant Superintendent, during the two years preceding the present shutdown. Other sources of information to which I am indebted are: The British Columbia Copper Co., Ltd., by Alfred W. G. Wilson, in The Copper Smelting Industry of Canada; Greenwood Smelting Works, by J. E. McAllister, Engineering and Mining Journal, vol. xci, pp. 1011 to 1015 (May 20, 1911); and Description of the Copper Smelter of The British Columbia Copper Co., by W. L. Bell, in Transactions of the Canadian Mining Institute, vol. xvi, pp. 151 to 154 (1913).

Jan 7, 1915

For the year ending February, 1918 PRESIDENT PHILIP N. MOORE, ST. Loves, Mo. PAST PRESIDENTS , WILLIAM L. SAUNDERS NEW YORK, N. Y. L. D. RICKETTS, . NEW YORK, N. Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON, NEW YORK, N. Y.

Jan 10, 1917