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JUST as I have told you that it is impossible to give an exact rule for the bell scale, so I say the same concerning the clappers. Yet, if one wishes the bell to sound well, it is necessary that it have a proportioned blow; for if it is struck with a clapper that is lighter than it should be, it will not give out all the sound that it contains, and if it is struck with a heavier one than it can support, it is forced and the sound is made crude and harsh, in addition to the danger of breaking the bell. Therefore-the clappers must be made so that they bear a certain proportion to the bell, and in order not to proceed by chance, I have diligently tried to find the method as well as possible. I have found that experienced masters [99] have given to bells weighing ten pounds a clapper of one and a half pounds [and, to larger ones, clappers as tabulated on the next page].* Larger numbers than these I have not found because, in truth, few of the extraordinarily large ones are made in our regions. In my opinion, the masters should not be limited to these rules for the differences in clappers but should proceed according to the kind of bell, using a certain discretion for it is not possible to give a definite rule.

Jan 1, 1942

By Raymond Mancha

WHEN calculating the pressure-volume characteristics of projected mine-ventilat-ing circuits by orthodox methods, certain basic assumptions are required in order to employ the various available empirical data. It is assumed, for example, that the mine air is an incompressible fluid subjected to isothermal flow, an assumption suffi-ciently accurate for practical purposes since pressure and temperature differentials are small throughout the average circuit. A more erroneous assumption, however, is that all air is accounted for as it travels throughout the mine. No attempt is usually made to evaluate stopping leakage as it occurs; instead, the air volume required at the last crosscuts is assumed to enter the mine, travel the vari-ous intake air courses intact, sweep the workings and travel out by the return air courses to the point or points of exit from the mine. Actually, there is a leakage of air from intake to return at every stopping, the quantity of this leakage depending upon the tightness of the stopping and the pres-sure difference across the stopping. Unfortunately, a lack of empirical data and knowledge of the condition of individ-ual stoppings makes an exact analysis of underground stopping leakage impossible. Generally, leakage is most severe through the old stoppings outbye the circuit. These are also subjected to higher pressure differ-ences than the newer inbye stoppings. Therefore the circuit air volume diminishes at a decreasing rate progressing from out-bye to inbye the circuit.

Jan 1, 1940

By Walter Wood

The specifications for locomotive-cylinders, which are given in a separate paper at this meeting, have been prepared so that castings (upon the successful use of which so much depends) shall be made to conform to standards that will yield good results. After the essentials, which go with a sound and perfect cauting, the requirements to be borne in mind are those concerning the quality of the material. These have been determined from the actual practice of the largest users,—representatives of the American Locomotive Company, the Baldwin shops, and the Pennsylvania Railroad being upon the Committee. The results called for by the test-bar have been carefully checked by actual experiment upon metal that has given satisfactory service in cylinders.

Jan 1, 1905

PRESIDENT BENJAMIN B. THAYER,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. PAST PRESIDENTS JAMES F. KEMP,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. CHARLES F. RAND,2 NEW YORK, N: Y. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT SIDNEY J. JENNINGS,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. TREASURER GEORGE C. STONE,1 NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY EMERITUS ROSSITER W. RAYMOND, NEW YORK, N. Y. SECRETARY BRADLEY STOUGHTON NEW YORE, N. Y.

Jan 12, 1914

Jan 1, 1945

Seventy-one delegates, representing 74 organizations with a membership in excess of 105,000, attended a conference of technical societies, in Chicago, Apr. 23-25. It was called by Engineering Council, and unanimously adopted a resolution urging Congress to establish a Department of Public Works. This would include the services and bureaus having to do chiefly, with matters of engineering and architecture. Among the bureaus, services, and activities, which logically belong to a Department of Public Works, are the following: Bureau of Public Roads; the United States Reclamation Service; the Alaskan Engineering Commission; the Construction Division of U. S. Army; a Bureau of River, Harbor and Canal work, including such functions as are now exercised by the Mississippi River Commission and the California Debris Commission; a Bureau of Architecture; a Bureau of Surveys, including the Coast and Geodetic Survey; a Bureau of Mines; the Geological Survey; the Forest Service, at least until the same is divorced from the supervision of water powers and road building; and the Bureau of Standards. Later, the following resolutions were unanimously adopted: RESOLVED, That this conference be known as the Engineers, Architects, and Constructors Conference on National Public Works; that it continue in existence until dissolved by its own action and that its officers and committees be empowered to further the organization and development of a National Department of Public Works. RESOLVED, That for the purpose of furthering the passage of a bill for the creation of a National Department of Public Works there be set tip by this Conference an Executive Committee, a Committee on Text of Bill, and a Campaign Committee. The Executive Committee shall have the power to create a Finance Committee and other committees and to add to its own membership or to that of its committees.

Jan 6, 1919

The following list contains the names of members of whose deaths notices have been printed in MINING AND METALLURGY during the year ending April 1, 1939. Biographical sketches published in MINING AND METALLURGY are indicated in the last two columns.

Jan 1, 1939

By H. A. Doerner

METALLURGICAL problems relating to manganese and chromium ores have striking similarities. Ferroalloys, essential to the steel industry, are produced from both ores. Most of these alloys are obtained from imported ores, as domestic deposits have not yielded enough ore of metallurgical grade to meet more than a small fraction of vital needs. A survey of domestic manganese and chrome de- posits reveals numerous small, dispersed bodies of fairly good ore, none of which appears to be capable of yielding significant amounts of marketable products. To stimulate development of such deposits and to increase Government stockpiles, General Services Administration is offering $115 per long ton for limited amounts of chrome ores and $110 per long ton for 48 pct manganese ores that meet metallurgical specifications, with bonuses or penalties for grades above and below specifications.

Jan 4, 1953

By John V. Beall

W hen the blasts went off on West 11th St., just off 5th Ave. in New York City, James Michaels, editor of Forbes magazine, was in his office a few doors away reviewing color layouts with his production manager. Having once been a reporter, he grabbed his trench coat and dashed for the street to be con- fronted by the demolished townhouse which had been turned into a bomb factory by youths. To Michaels, this shocking episode supplied the exclamation point to thoughts he was formulating that an era had ended and a new one was beginning in the economic and social climate of the U. S. "For twenty years corporate profits, the stock market, middle income pay have gone up and up. . . The illusions of twenty years are in confrontation today with changed needs," he said. "International omnipotence is economically beyond our means, . . The anti-pollution and community renewal people are not nuts in tennis shoes who will go away. . . That corporation presidents can report an increase in earnings every year is an illusion that will be dropped. . . There has been a $200 billion shrink in value of stocks and bonds since Nixon came into office" were some indicators Michaels mentioned.

Jan 1, 1970

By Arthur F. Taggart

ENGINEERING is the art of control of men, matter, and energy in timely concert to provide economically the material needs of man. Control requires knowledge of the thing to be controlled and of proven methods of controlling. Knowledge of man comprises understanding of what he is and of his reactions as an individual and in the mass to his surroundings and to other men. Knowledge of matter comprises understanding of its fundamental nature, its methods of combining into multitudes of animate and inanimate forms, the properties of these forms and their various utilities, their sources and availability. Knowledge of energy constitutes knowing what is meant by the term, its various forms and sources, the laws of convertibility, and the methods of transformation and transmission.

Jan 4, 1950

By Oliver Bowles

ALTHOUGH Oliver Bowles retired as chief of the nonmetal economics division of the Bureau of Mines last year, that retirement has not lessened his active interest in the field of nonmetallic minerals, in writing, nor in his hobby, cultivation of African violets. Excellent co-ordination of the timing of a professional meeting and a flower show permitted him on at least one occasion to attend technical sessions and take in the African violet exhibition which happily arrived simultaneously in one city. Dr. Bowles celebrated his seventieth birthday on Jan. 10, 1947, and

Jan 1, 1948

Jan 1, 1936

Jan 1, 1936

By Bernard E. Fernow

About eight years ago a comprehensive study of American timbers was begun in the U. S. Division of Forestry with a twofold object. On the one hand, it was desired to deternliiie the working-qualities of our numerous economically important timbers, and to furnish reliable standards of strength. 011 the other hand, it was intended to get a clearer insight into the properties and behavior of wood in general, with a view of establishing more rational methods in its use, and to furnish data for physical inspectioil which would permit an intelligent application of the standards of strength, and place upon a rational foundation the so-called " factor of safety," which is at present a mere baseless guess. The first object, namely, the establishment of standards for any given species, requires a very large series of tests, since Wood is an exceedingly variable substance, so much so that in the same tree a variation of 50 per cent. in strength may be found; hence the greater need of rational data of inspection. So far, the insufficient appropriations and facilities at our disposal have permitted us to establish really reliable standards for five species of southern conifers only. These have been deduced from nearly 20,000 tests. Besides these, 10,000 other tests have furnished indicatious regarding some two dozen other species. This work is now entirely abandoned, waiting for more prosperous times. The study of wood in general, however, can be carried on with smaller means, and has this year yielded not only very interesting, but highly important results, which will soon be published in detail. It is the purpose of this paper to make to the Institute the

Jan 1, 1899

By M. D. Hassialis

THE object of a technical paper is to communicate new technical knowledge, the paper being the vehicle of communication and the existence of new knowledge its reason for being. It follows that the development of information worthy of communication, the criterion being novelty, is prerequisite to exercising the privilege of communication. The act of communication is achieved when the reader perceives the nature of the new knowledge, i.e., when he understands it. A paper achieving this objective is an acceptable technical paper. Development of new knowledge has as one of its purposes the increase of the existing state of knowledge and the enjoyment of the benefits derived therefrom. Technical knowledge is a collection of facts so ordered as to make apparent, relations existing between the facts. When the interrelations have been exposed the facts have been interpreted or explained Three broad, overlapping categories of technical papers may be recognized: papers consisting of (a) a report of facts, (b) an explanation of facts, or (c) a combination of a report and an interpretation. Ideally a technical paper should belong to one of the last two categories but current practice is to accept papers belonging to any of the three categories. Based on a small sample drawn from the scientific and engineering literature, the relative frequency of the three types is a: b: c:: 20:1:14. If the sample be limited to engineering literature, the ratios become a:c::2:1; type (b) being nonexistent. This large departure from the ideal is a consequent of the

Jan 1, 1948

By AIME AIME

A separate room in the suite occupied by the American Institute of Mining Engineers on the ninth floor of the United Engineering Society Building, has been equipped with furniture and telephone extension for the temporary use of members of the Institute or of sister societies, or visitors suitably accredited. In addition to this general accommodation, another room has been similarly furnished as a business headquarters for a single person, and for a limited period. For the conditions of this privilege, inquiry should be made at the office of the Institute. In order that the benefit of this arrangement shall not be restricted to a few members only, the period of continued occupancy will be limited, and applications will be considered in the order of their receipt. A small fee will be required for the use of the facilities furnished.

Jan 1, 1908

By Clyde Evarts Weed

SOME one once affirmed his great belief in luck, adding that he had found that the harder he worked the more luck he had. Clyde Weed is a firm believer in this method of courting the fugitive lady. He is at work early and late, often leaving his staff at Anaconda's offices at 25 Broadway breathless trying to keep up with the ideas teeming from a fertile brain and the actions those ideas entail. Miles ahead of his assistants much of the time, he still manages to be an agreeable fellow to work with, no small accomplishment as many can testify. Mr. Weed arrived in the world at Moorestown, Mich., on Aug. 8, 1890. Sixteen years later he entered Michigan Agricultural College, a lowly freshman. The following year, with the experience and wisdom expected of a sophomore, he transferred his studies from the reaping of a harvest on the surface of the earth to delving into the deeper, unpredictable bowels of the earth, his studies now shifted to the Michigan College of Mines. Last June his alma mater conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Engineering.

Jan 1, 1947

Jan 1, 1954

OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS President and Director AUGUSTUS B KINZEL, '60, New York City Past President and Director GROVER J HOLT, '59, Ishpeming, Michigan President-elect and Director HOWARD C PYLE, '61, Los Angeles, Calif

Jan 1, 1958

Mr. Address - Member is hereby proposed by 'the undersigned, as a Associate Junior Member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Signature of three Members or Associates (not Junior Members). Place of birth Year of birth Education, when, where and how acquired, with degrees, if any. A technical education is not requisite for membership. Dates . . Please give record of experience on following page with dates; for example, in the form used by "Who's Who In America" and similar publications.

Jan 2, 1918