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By Joseph P. Hodgson

JOSEPH P. HODGSON.-As to ".Safety First," I did not deal with that, but I will say that in 1913, the number of .men killed was nine, and that year the "safety first" program was commenced; the next year, 1914, the number was reduced to five. In 1915, I am pleased to say that the number was reduced to two in the Copper Queen's entire property, and we have none so far this year. THE CHAIRMAN (G. F. G. HERMAN, Bisbee, Ariz.).-I can say, further, that we have from eight to nineteen men per month incapacitated for more than 14 days. Those are classified in this State as serious accidents. The number of men injured has apparently increased, -but that is clue to our improved method of recording and classifying accidents, no matter how slight. C. W. GOODALE, Butte, Mont.-The importance of cooperation among the members of the staff of an industrial organization is well brought out by Mr..Hodgson's paper.

Jan 12, 1916

By Walter Miller

The remarkable strides which have been made in recent years in the art of petroleum refining are not fully apparent until we attempt to compare the scientific status of the industry today with the basic conditions existing a decade or so ago. The spotlight has played so strongly on the development of cracking that many of the wonderful steps brought about in other departments have crept upon us unawares. A number of causes have contributed to this highly accelerated rate of progress. Constant effort by both companies and individuals to obtain the honors and prizes rewarding new discoveries has played its usual important part in our industry as in others. Competition has applied its continuous pressure on the refiner to reduce costs and losses and increase the proportionate yields of the higher-valued fractions. Advances in the engineering professions and growth in chemistry and allied sciences have contributed much. But there are other factors which deserve particular mention. The rapid development of the internal combustion engine, with the rigorous quality requirements and large quantity consumption of both fuel and lubricants has been a tremendous influence in adding impetus to natural progress. The teaching of petroleum principles and practices in many of our best universities and technical schools, and the calling into the industry of ever greater numbers of scientifically trained men to supplement the efforts of the practically trained operators, as well as to apply at close hand the fundamentals of science as a life work, has had and is having an incalculable influence. Important Improvements Let us consider briefly some of the most important improvements: First, distillation, which constitutes the greatest single phase of refinery operations, even with cracking excluded; that phase of distillation being handled as an individual subject in this symposium. Today we are distilling crude oil and redistilling by-products at a rate very much faster than was possible with the lesser knowledge of the art which we possessed

Jan 1, 1927

By G. M. Ritcey

The design of the plant facilities together with the necessary equipment required for the operation is at an optimum only for the specified plant with its peculiar priorities and preferences. Because many alternatives in design are possible to suit a particular plant, each plant designer and contractor must choose carefully in the selection of the site, design and choice of materials of construction, as well as the type of equipment necessary for the process. Basic factors as efficiency, dependability, simplicity, and safety must be considered early in the construction; while the choice of equipment, materials of construction, possible corrosion problems, automation, maintenance, effluents disposal and tailings dam construction can greatly affect the plant costs. While existing plants are in operation, the know-how gained from the operating experience of those plants can be invaluable in the new plant planning, design, and construction.

Jan 1, 1978

By Paul H. Lu

This paper proposes an unconventional, simple, and practical method of measuring mining-induced ground stresses with hydraulic borehole pressure cells. The method is a direct ground stress measuring technique. It does not require the value of deformation modulus for back-calculation of stresses; instead, it directly measures the ground stress in situ. The applicability and practicality of the technique are shown by two case studies. The technique may be applied to monitoring a stress buildup that may lead to mine roof failure or to rock and coal outbursts.

Jan 1, 1984

By Joseph C. Buchen

IN principle, production of salt from sea water is a simple operation. Sea water is trapped in ponds, the sun and wind cause evaporation of the water, and what is left is principally salt. Commercial production of solar salt, however, requires a careful consideration of many factors. Obviously, sufficient evaporation must take place throughout the making season to produce an economically adequate crop. Other factors are density of soil, contour of ground, height of ground above sea level, minimum dilution from fresh-water streams, and distance from market. Unfortunately, in the United States the localities of greatest evaporation, allowing for the other factors, are not the most suitable for the manufacture of sea salt by solar evaporation. The south end of San Francisco Bay most

Jan 1, 1937

By Samuel S. Wyer

The installation of the gas-producer power-plant in America has been so unusual that all engineers have viewed it with interest; a large majority, however, regard it with a lack of confidence and many with positive distrust. Despite the fact that

Jan 1, 1906

By Immo H. Redeker

Abstract-North Carolina is the leading state in the US in lithium mineral production. Spodumene is mined in open Pits and concentrated by flotation by the two companies, Lithium Corp. of America and Foote Mineral Co. North Carolina State University has a mineral research laboratory in Asheville, N. C., with trained personnel, batch and pilot plant facilities to assist in the state's mineral development. The NCSU Minerals Research Laboratory assisted both lithium-producing companies with spodumene concentration problems and has lately worked closely with Lithium Corp. of America to develop the best flowsheet for spodumene and byproduct recovery. The concentration of North Carolina spodumene and byproducts from pegmatites is presented and illustrated with figures.

Jan 4, 1979

By Leo Horvitz

PETROLEUM and natural gas are composed principally of the saturated hydrocarbons ranging from methane, the lightest, to nonvolatile liquids and solids containing approximately thirty-five carbon atoms. A technique for locating buried accumulations of these hydrocarbons before drilling obviously requires that some of the hydrocarbons leave the deposit and migrate toward the surface of the earth where they may be detected in their original form. Earliest attempts to link near surface hydrocarbons to petroleum at depth were apparently made by Laubmeyer1 in Germany and by Sokolov2 in Russia. These investigators collected samples of soil air from boreholes one to two meters deep and analyzed them for traces of hydrocarbons. They found that soil air over producing areas is richer in these constituents than is soil air over barren areas.

Jan 12, 1954

(Under this heading will be published notes sent to the Secretary of the Institute by members or other persons introduced by members.) Member, also Assoc. Mem. Am. Soc. of C. E.; excellent technical education, and best of references covering 12 years in responsible charge of work; experienced in surveys, construction, prospecting, mine

Jan 12, 1917

By Northcutt Ely

A year ago the petroleum code was in effect, and Congress had before it bills with powerful backing designed to extend and put on a permanent basis the Federal authority impliedly recognized in the petroleum code. Those men in the industry who were convinced of the unconstitutionality of Federal regulation, who believed in conservation, and who were seeking accomplishment of a conservation compact among the oil-producing states, were at that time encountering difficulties in bringing about such an agreement. Since then there has been a shift in the center of gravity. Today, by virtue of the Supreme Court's Schechter case decision, the petroleum code is not in existence, the industry is not operating under an oil administrator, and the Federal-control bills are not on Congress' calendar. In view of what the Supreme Court has said in the Schechter case and the Hoosac Mills case about the local character of mining and manufacturing, the problem today is not whether the Federal Government or the State Governments ought to regulate oil production, but how effective we can make the devices that are available to us under the constitution for the conservation of the nation's oil resources. The interstate oil conservation compact ratified during the past year by Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, Colorado and Illinois, approved by Congress, but not yet in effect in California, is the mechanism now at work. Interstate Oil Conservation Compact What is this interstate compact? The basic theory is simple and logical. It has four elements to it. The first point is that in order to effect the maximum recovery of our oil arid gas reserves it is necessary for some governmental authority to regulate the way in which those resources are taken out of the ground, so that the reservoir energy is efficiently used, and used equitably by the various owners of the pool. Second, that the state, as distinguished from the national government, possesses the police power necessary to protect the public interest and to protect the correlative rights of the common owners of the oil pool. Third, that the state governments ought to cooperate with each other through an interstate advisory commission so that orderly production in one state is

Jan 1, 1936

By Northcutt Ely

A year ago the petroleum code was in effect, and Congress had before it bills with powerful backing designed to extend and put on a permanent basis the Federal authority impliedly recognized in the petroleum code. Those men in the industry who were convinced of the unconstitutionality of Federal regulation, who believed in conservation, and who were seeking accomplishment of a conservation compact among the oil-producing states, were at that time encountering difficulties in bringing about such an agreement. Since then there has been a shift in the center of gravity. Today, by virtue of the Supreme Court's Schechter case decision, the petroleum code is not in existence, the industry is not operating under an oil administrator, and the Federal-control bills are not on Congress' calendar. In view of what the Supreme Court has said in the Schechter case and the Hoosac Mills case about the local character of mining and manufacturing, the problem today is not whether the Federal Government or the State Governments ought to regulate oil production, but how effective we can make the devices that are available to us under the constitution for the conservation of the nation's oil resources. The interstate oil conservation compact ratified during the past year by Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, Colorado and Illinois, approved by Congress, but not yet in effect in California, is the mechanism now at work. Interstate Oil Conservation Compact What is this interstate compact? The basic theory is simple and logical. It has four elements to it. The first point is that in order to effect the maximum recovery of our oil arid gas reserves it is necessary for some governmental authority to regulate the way in which those resources are taken out of the ground, so that the reservoir energy is efficiently used, and used equitably by the various owners of the pool. Second, that the state, as distinguished from the national government, possesses the police power necessary to protect the public interest and to protect the correlative rights of the common owners of the oil pool. Third, that the state governments ought to cooperate with each other through an interstate advisory commission so that orderly production in one state is

Jan 1, 1936

By B. F. Fackenthal

The earliest history shows that, in the reduction of iron-ores, natural draft was used to supply the blast, and that, when artificial blast was first used, it was supplied by leather bellows, usually made of skins, which were worked by the feet or hands, the blast entering the furnace through one tuyere or nozzle. The prehistoric bellows and its tuyere or nozzle are still in use in some form wherever iron is made. The original Durham furnace, built in 1727 at Durham, Pa., which was one of the earliest blast-furnaces in this country, was blown with a bellows, the power being supplied by a waterwheel. The old records show the purchase of leather at various times to repair the bellows, and mention the freezing of the water-wheel as one of the causes for going out of blast. In the early days of our iron manufacture but one tuyere was used; in fact, a cousiderable number of charcoal-furnaces continued to use but one tuyere down to recent years. I am

Jan 1, 1899

The volumes of Transactions, which are published annually, contain the list of officers, rules, etc., the Proceedings, and the papers revised for final publication. (In this revision, after the preliminary publication, authors are permitted to use the largest liberty; and the changes and additions made in papers are sometimes important. It should be borne in mind by those who study or quote a paper in the preliminary edition, that they may not have in that form the ultimate and deliberate expression of the author's views. It should be added, however, that in the majority of cases there are no important changes.) These volumes are for sale as follows, in paper covers:

Jan 1, 1917

By W. P. Blake

FORGING under the hydraulic press, which was introduced by Haswell in the year 1861, at the machine shops of the Imperial State Railway Company of Austria, has since been greatly improved, so that at the present time there are very few parts of machines which cannot be produced in this way, and at no greater cost than iron castings. The process is now used at Vienna chiefly for such parts of locomotives as cross-heads, link-bars, axle-box frames, etc., especially where the form is intricate, and there are many angles and projections. These objects weigh from 50 to 150 lb. or more, and it is claimed for them that they are not only much cheaper than ordinary forgings, but are much more regular in form and stronger. The results which Mr. Haswell has attained, after years of patient experimenting, were well shown in the Austrian Department of the Vienna Exhibition by a collection of the pressed objects in iron and steel, just as they left the moulds, with some of them cut asunder longitudinally and the surfaces etched, so as to show the internal structure or direction of the grain. Through the courtesy of Mr. Haswell and his son I saw the hydraulic presses in full operation at the works, drawing down large Bessemer ingots, cutting them up into blocks of convenient size, and forming various parts of locomotives. They have two large hydraulic presses in use; the largest, with a piston 24 inches diameter, gives 1200 tons pressure, and the second, with an 18-inch piston, gives 600 tons pressure. The pressure in the pumps is 600 atmospheres. The action is vertical ; the piston descends upon the work, and for forging ingots is armed with a hammer-like head. An ingot of No. 7 soft Bessemer steel, which was forged in my presence, weighed 2030 lbs. One end being placed upon the anvil, the piston is brought slowly down and crowded into the mass as if it were putty or dough, forcing it each way, but chiefly in the direction of the length of the ingot, this being the narrowest section of the anvil and hammer. The piston is then raised and the ingot is moved forward for a second squeeze, and so on, until the first half of the ingot has been reduced in thickness, when it is turned on edge and the operation is repeated. The ingot is then turned end for end and forged until the whole length has been re-

Jan 1, 1874

By Herbert H. Kellogg

DEPOSITS of high-silica kaolinite clays occur at many places in central Pennsylvania. These white clays were formed apparently by weathering of argillaceous quartzite and limestone. Their geology, distribution and use have been reported by Leighton.1 The larger deposits have been mined from time to time, and the clay, after washing to remove coarse sand, has found use as rubber filler, foundry clay, and in white cements. In general, the clay from these deposits contains too much grit (quartz) to be useful as paper filler, and the silica content is too high to make it useful as china clay for ceramic ware. Gravity methods for the separation of quartz from these clays have failed because of the extremely fine size of the quartz grains, but by the methods of froth flotation described in this paper these sandy kaolins can be made to yield a purified kaolinite that has a chemical composition close to that of good-grade Georgia kaolins, and is free enough from grit to be used as a paper filler. As by-products of the separation, a fine (-325-mesh) sand assaying 95.5 per cent Si02, and a very fine (-3-micron) clay are produced. The possible ceramic uses of these products are being investigated at The Pennsylvania State College. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The Sample.-The clay sample used in these tests was obtained from a small mine near Tyrone, Pa. It had already been washed to remove coarse sand, and represented the finished product of this small mine and washery. Microscopic examination showed that the clay was composed almost entirely of the minerals quartz and kaolinite, and that the quartz was present mostly in particles larger than one micron, while the kaolinite particles generally were less than 20 microns in size. The kaolinite and quartz particles were physically separable by blunging the clay in water with a suitable dispersant. Preparation of Flotation Feed.-By the addition of NaOH in an amount equal to 3 lb. per ton of solids, the clay was completely dispersed in water. Flotation feed was prepared by allowing a dispersed suspension (10 per cent solids) of the clay to stand for the period of time required for a 2.5-micron particle of quartz to settle from the top of the container to the bottom. After this settling period the suspension was decanted from the settled solids. The settled solids were redispersed in water and the separation was repeated once. The two fine fractions were then combined. Thus the clay was divided into a fine and a coarse fraction by size separation at approximately 2.5 microns.* The fine fraction was found to have a considerably lower sand content than the raw clay (Table I), and was not treated further. The coarse fraction formed the flotation feed for all the tests described in this paper.

Jan 1, 1945

Jan 1, 1929

By W. L. Zeigler

THE Galena mill of the Callahan Zinc-Lead Co. is of 150 tons daily [ ] capacity and is situated at Lake Gulch, 2 miles west of Wallace, Idaho. (Fig. 1. It was constructed during the summer of 1926, work having been started late in June and the plant placed in operation Oct. 15, following.

Jan 1, 1928

The ability of activated charcoal or carbon to adsorb complex metal ions has been recognized for many years, but it wasn't until the late 1940s and early 1950s that attempts were made to employ carbon-In-Pulp or C. I. P. processing to the recovery of gold. Early plants using the process were those at the Golden Cycle in Cripple Creek, Colorado, the Getchell Mine near Golconda, Nevada, and at the Idria Mine in Honduras. Recovery of the carbon from the pulp was done by screening or flotation, and recovery of gold from the carbon was done by burning the carbon (a very difficult task) or by sending it to a smelter. Unfortunately at the time, the price of gold was still fixed at $3-5 per ounce and labor costs were rising to the point where these mines were no longer able to operate. Consequently, C. I. P. treatment was temporarily forgotten. In the early 1970s, however, Homestake Mining Company at Lead, South Dakota, were being forced by environmental regulations to discontinue the use of mercury for amalgamation in their 7,500 ton per day plant, and at the same time were encountering high labor costs in the slime circuit of the plant, where over 2,000 tons of slimes were filtered each day in Merrill plate and frame filter presses. Shortly before that, researchers of the United States Bureau of Mines had developed the caustic -cyanide method of stripping gold from activated carbon and an electrolytic cell (now known as the Zadra cell) to recover gold from the carbon strip liquor. Homestake and the United States Bureau of Mines then jointly operated a C. I. P. pilot plant at Lead. Results were immediately favorable and a 2,400 ton per day C. I. P. plant was then built to treat the slime fraction of the Homestake ore. (See Au and Ag Cyanidation Plant Practice, Volume I, SME of AIME, 1975. Later, Homestake built a second plant at Creede, Colorado, to treat the slime fraction of the tailings from a silver-lead flotation plant. Next was Duval Corporation's 3,000 ton per day C. I. P. plant at Battle Mountain, Nevada. Both of these latter plants are described in this volume. C. I. P. operations under construction at the time of this writing are as follows: Pinson Mining Co. , Nevada Gold Freeport Gold Company, Nevada Gold Compania Minera El Indio, Chile. Silver and Gold

Jan 1, 1981

By Fred D. DeVaney

W. O. Philbrook (Carnegie Institute of Technology, Phila.)—Mr. DeVaney's paper is a valuable addition to the growing technology of the magnetic roasting of lean iron ores. His furnace is ingeniously designed to permit close control of the process and to achieve high thermal efficiency by counter-current heat exchange and the withdrawal of both solid and gaseous products at relatively low temperatures. The principle of using a lean reducing gas to avoid over-reduction of the ore even at high operating temperatures (for rapid re-action rate) is thoroughly sound. The gas analyses and flow rates reported, however, are internally incon- sistent and render suspect any details of a heat balance based upon them. While it is entirely proper to consider the entrant gas as a reagent and to account only for the heat evolved by consuming a portion of the gas, many operators are accustomed to a heat balance using the total calorific value of the reagent supplied; and comparison of heat balances made with different bases of calculation can be quite misleading. Since Mr. DeVaney's paper is likely to be cited frequently in future discussions of magnetic roasting processes, it seems worth while to point out the internal discrepancies and to give alternate values of heat requirements for different bases of calculation.

Jan 1, 1954

W. C. MATTESON (communication to the Secretary*).-The criticism and question raised by Arthur Knapp regarding the standardization of nomenclature is most important. Faulty rock classification-is generally the result of carelessness or ignorance on the part of the driller. Two remedies might be suggested. In a field where several large companies are operating on an extensive scale, a geologist from each concern might be assigned to superintend the gathering of well-log data and the classification of samples. The geologists from the several operating companies might then combine their data, which would doubtless give valuable information to all interested parties. At present, coordination is not a big factor, unfortunately, but the time will come when conservation will demand such systematic coordination on the part of competing companies. The second remedy lies in instructing and educating the driller to a thorough understanding of the importance of an accurate log and correct classification of the various formations. The writer does not agree with the statement that "90 per cent. of the logs as taken today are absolutely worthless to any one but the one who has taken the log." While mistakes in nomenclature often occur, the driller is generally able to classify the important water-, oil-, and gas-bearing formations with a fair degree of accuracy. Such information is often sufficient to permit accurate correlation and also constitutes valuable data for projection purposes. It must be borne in mind that to attempt to use well-log data in a strict scientific sense of accuracy is impracticable and impossible. A broad interpretation and a comprehensive knowledge of the practical limits of such' information are essential in applying it successfully. Even experienced geologists do not always agree on rock classification. The question as to what constitutes correct nomenclature should receive the earnest and immediate attention of geologists, operators, and producers. Although standard textbooks on geology give correct definitions and descriptions of the general rock species, such textbooks fail to develop the subject in sufficient detail for the work under consideration. A committee composed of appointed members from the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the Geological Society of America, and the

Jan 6, 1917