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By Cornelius Kelley

I HAVE been asked to discuss "What Can be Done to Revive the Mining Industry," particularly from the standpoint of the copper industry. It is impossible to consider this problem, if in fact there can be one, from an isolated position. The mining industry is but a part, although a very important one, of that exceedingly complicated machine characterized as commerce, which comprises within its operation and functions the-multitudinous activities that, combined, make up the sum total of the production, manufacture, distribution, sale and utilization of goods and products resulting from the agrarian, industrial and commercial effort of mankind. We survey a world today with its disturbed mass of humanity permeated with discontent, passions loosened by brutal combat not yet brought under control, class hatreds aroused, national prejudices in a state of stimu-lated excitement, governments for the most part enfeebled, some destroyed to their foundations, with fragile structures raised in place of those that seemed enduring, and which have disappeared. A burden of indebtedness incurred in defiance of all economic law exists, to meet the exactions of which, levies of taxation that constitute a grievous burden upon effort and industry are exacted by the needs of those nations that are most favored, while printing presses are busy manufacturing currency that either has, or approaches, a negative value among those less favored. This picture, while not pleasant, is one that should be looked at squarely and carefully appraised in estimating the immediate future. For four years the world marshalled, and exerted without stint, its combined endurance, vitality and resource in an effort of destruction, which violated no less the orderly working of physical and economic laws than it did the conventions of social and civic relations. To have imagined that without travail the orderly processes that governed the relations of mankind could at once be reestablished and begin functioning, was, as has been demonstrated, fallacious; perhaps no more so than the error that is committed today by those opportunists who fail to take cogni-zance of basic conditions which must be remedied be-fore the world can resume its progress to a universally prosperous and satisfactory condition. Please do not gather from this somewhat unpleasant recital that I regard the future with gloomy foreboding or entertain pessimistic doubts, for, emphatically, I do not.

Jan 2, 1922

By Henry S. Poole

This field is geologically of much interest. It is small, hut with some seams of unusual thickness, the main one being as much as thirty-eight feet thick. The quality of the seams, as also of the associated beds of shale and sandstone, in several instances changes to a remarkable degree within short, distances. The strata dip at inclinations that carry the coal to depths of 3000 feet or more; heavy faults cut up the district, and the New Glasgow conglomerate, of disputed age, separates it from the Upper Carboniferous measures, in which no seams of workable thickness are known. This coal-field offers to the geologist much ground for study and peculation. The commercial value of the field is affected by its restricted area, the varied quality of its coal, and its advantageous position in the mainland, with railway connection and home markets, offset by the physical difficulties which make the cost of production high. It has been so long a habit with us to speak of our resources of coal as boundless, that any adverse comments, or insinuations that avoidable loss in working is a national loss, hare hitherto fallen on idle ears. While it is not my purpose to underrate the riches we do possess, yet I deem that no good end is served by echoing exaggerated estimates which encourage a national indifference to wasteful

Jan 1, 1886

By R. C. Canby

The American water-jacket furnace is the outgrowth of lead-smelting at Eureka, Nev., subsequently developed in Utah and Colorado. Early smelting in Virginia, New England, or the Missouri-Kansas-Illinois district seems to have had no direct influence in the development of this furnace. First Decade, 1870 to 1880. In 1870, the draft-furnace was used in Nevada, coincidentally with the first crude sandstone blast furnaces, which were 2 or 3 ft. sq., with Sturtevant fans or small Roots blowers, and sheet-iron or water-cooled tuyeres. Stetefeldt, Liebenau, Albert Arents, and 0. H. Hahn mere the early metallurgical leaders. Arents's siphon-tap and the re-establishment of the furnace-bosh mere the most important improvements of the decade. Second Decade, 1880 to 1890. At first there were ,many small local plants; but by the time Eureka had reached its maximum production of lead-ore, two custom works (the Eureka and the Richmond) were treating all the ore, the miners having learned the economy of smelting at larger and well-constructed plants. In the early eighties, most of the features of modern practice were already discernible at Salt Lake, Leadville, Denver, and Pueblo. The small square sandstone furnaces had been replaced by rectangular water-jacket furnaces, mostly 36 in. wide, and from 60 to 80 in. long at the tuyeres, which entered between cast-iron water-jackets. Subsequently, Franz Casin, at the Holden works, Denver, put the tuyeres in the middle of the jackets, and many other improvements were made by him and others, so that the cast-iron jacket became the favorite, until the possibility of

Jan 1, 1913

By H. De Cizancourt

AS in former years, Pechelbronn, in Alsace, was the most important producer in 1936, with 484,453 bbl., of which 283,151 from drilling and 201,302 from mining showed a slight increase in comparison with the preceding year. Gabian, in France and Tliouanet, in Algeria, are nearly exhausted. At Gabian, four wells drilled in intermittent exploitation produced during the year 2893 bbl. Four wildcats, one of which is producing, constituted all the activity in research on French territory. In Morocco, some wildcats have been drilled in search for new fields and exploratory drilling has been done in Tselfat and in Djebel Bou Draa in known fields, but the results have been inconsiderable. In Tunisia there was a gas outburst in Kebir 1, which is the first practical result obtained. In Madagascar, the Andrafiavelo region has been left and a new region has been tried in Folakara with the Tsimororo. In French Equatorial Africa, one drilling is in progress.

Jan 1, 1937

There are no data available of shipments until 1858, and then estimated, when railroad service became available. By reason of the iron made in the county, and the large amounts of salt, the tonnage used locally was quite large, and until 1860 these are estimated from the probable salt and iron production. After 1859 the tonnages shipped by rail are partly estimated from the total shipments of the Allegheny Valley Railroad from four counties. It is believed that the totals are below, rather than above, what the actual production was. While considerably larger for the same years than figures given by the Secretary of Internal Affairs and census reports, these data were always too low in those days, partly because of lack of facilities for gathering them, but more largely because of the strong prejudice existing in those days against furnishing such data to any governmental agencies.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

UNTIL recently, practically all geophysical prospecting in Australia was conducted by government departments, either by the Aerial, Geological and Geophysical Survey of Northern Australia or the New South Wales Department of Mines. At present, in addition, the Shell company is carrying out an extensive geophysical campaign in South West Queensland. The Northern Australia Survey has now been in operation for over six years, its work being carried out principally in the northern and central parts of Australia over an area of about a million square miles. At present this Survey is being brought to a conclusion but it appears certain that the geophysical section will be transferred to a Commonwealth Government department on a permanent basis. At present the officers of the Geophysical Section are preparing or have issued some 150 reports on their field work and also a special technical report on the geophysical practice of the Survey.

Jan 1, 1942

HAVING previously shown you how ores are found and mined, and also how they are prepared and disposed for smelting, and then how the blast furnaces and other furnaces are made for purging their earthiness, all this would be as nothing if I did not proceed to show you the method of smelting them. Therefore, in the present chapter I wish to show you how you must proceed in this very important operation, telling you all I have seen and also how much work with this kind of blast furnace I have done or directed. For this reason I tell you first to take by weight or measure the quantity of ore that you wish to smelt and, particularly if it is a kind that contains silver, break it into small pieces about the size of [52v] beans. If the ore had previously needed evaporation by fire or cleaning by washing, you will have had this done well and have had it properly prepared by a master sorter or others. A layer of this is arranged on a bed of planks, bricks, or flat stones in front of the blast furnace and its companion is placed on top, then a quarter part of galena or a third if you can obtain it. Then an equal part of crushed iron slag or slag from the same or different ore is added. These materials are spread in layers one above the other. When the blast furnace has been constructed as taught above, correct in all its parts, and is full of well-kindled burning charcoal, then fill it up with charcoal and admit water to the bellows machine. When you see that it is well kindled again from this wind and that the flames begin to come out forcefully on top, work it down with a little rake and fill it up again. Then the pannier is filled with new charcoal, the blast furnace heaped full, and another basketful of the said composition of ore is also put on top. Proceed in this way, continually adding charcoal and ore as long as you have any, or as long as you wish to keep up the work, maintaining the blast furnace always full, or continuing in this way until the bottom of the blast furnace is filled with melted materials. Decide this by judgment, or by seeing through the mouth of the tuyère where the wind of the bellows enters that they are level with this. Then with an iron tool open the hole that was left as an outlet in front of the blast furnace and allow all the metal with its slag to run out. These two things, flowing through the chan-

Jan 1, 1942

By G. W. Imholz

The effect of new discoveries and development of other pools recently discovered is reflected in the increase in production from 586,000 bbl. during 1940 to 758,000 bbl. during 1941 in Coleman County. The States Oil Company's No. I Hudson, Coleman County, was the discovery well of the Silver field, with a total depth of 3540 ft.; initial production, 10,000,000 cu. ft. of dry gas and 60 bbl. of oil per day from the Gray sand, topped at 3482 ft. The first well drilled in the new Jim Ned field was the Merry Bros. and Perini No. I Greer, also in Coleman County. It had a total depth of 3937 ft. and an initial production of 152 bbl. of 42" gravity oil in 6 hr., through I-in. choke, from Gray sand encountered from 3909 to 3937 feet. J. E. Farrell's No. I Rose, Haskell County, was a new discovery, around which no additional wells have been drilled. Total depth was 3002 ft., plugged back to 2780 ft. to test an oil sand encountered from 2663 to 2685 ft., which when perforated with 76 shots at that depth was good for 85 bbl. of 40" gravity oil. In Fisher County, General Crude drilled its No. 12 Flanagan to a total depth of 6746 ft. After plugging back to 4578 ft. to test a sand encountered from 4515 to 4528 ft. it was abandoned as a dry hole. The top of the Ellenburger was reported as 6094 feet. Interest in Jones County continued unabated, largely through the development of the Wimberly pool in the southern part of the county, where five Cisco sands are producing. At present the pool has been defined on the south and the southwest. The structure has 170 ft. of closure; the lower limestone pays producing on top of the structure and the fist pay encountered, the Akard sand, producing on the flanks of the structure. Five deep wells were drilled in Stonewall County (H. and T.C. survey)—the Shell Oil Company's No. I-A Patterson, in block D, with a total depth of 6827 ft., dry and abandoned; the Shell Oil Company's No. I Rutherford, block I, with a total depth of 6239 ft., dry and abandoned; the Leader Oil Company's No. I Bilberry, block D, with a total depth of 5700 ft., dry and abandoned; Forest Development Company's No. 2 Boyd, block D, with a total depth of 4753 ft., dry and abandoned; and the Hunter et al. No. I Boyd, block D, total depth 4757 ft., dry and abandoned. J. E. Farrell drilled his No. I Tipton south of a well that produced from a Strawn sand for some time, to a total depth of 5202 ft., where it was abandoned. The well is in the southwest corner of sec. 43, block 19, T. and P. survey, Nolan County.

Jan 1, 1942

By G. W. Imholz

The effect of new discoveries and development of other pools recently discovered is reflected in the increase in production from 586,000 bbl. during 1940 to 758,000 bbl. during 1941 in Coleman County. The States Oil Company's No. I Hudson, Coleman County, was the discovery well of the Silver field, with a total depth of 3540 ft.; initial production, 10,000,000 cu. ft. of dry gas and 60 bbl. of oil per day from the Gray sand, topped at 3482 ft. The first well drilled in the new Jim Ned field was the Merry Bros. and Perini No. I Greer, also in Coleman County. It had a total depth of 3937 ft. and an initial production of 152 bbl. of 42" gravity oil in 6 hr., through I-in. choke, from Gray sand encountered from 3909 to 3937 feet. J. E. Farrell's No. I Rose, Haskell County, was a new discovery, around which no additional wells have been drilled. Total depth was 3002 ft., plugged back to 2780 ft. to test an oil sand encountered from 2663 to 2685 ft., which when perforated with 76 shots at that depth was good for 85 bbl. of 40" gravity oil. In Fisher County, General Crude drilled its No. 12 Flanagan to a total depth of 6746 ft. After plugging back to 4578 ft. to test a sand encountered from 4515 to 4528 ft. it was abandoned as a dry hole. The top of the Ellenburger was reported as 6094 feet. Interest in Jones County continued unabated, largely through the development of the Wimberly pool in the southern part of the county, where five Cisco sands are producing. At present the pool has been defined on the south and the southwest. The structure has 170 ft. of closure; the lower limestone pays producing on top of the structure and the fist pay encountered, the Akard sand, producing on the flanks of the structure. Five deep wells were drilled in Stonewall County (H. and T.C. survey)—the Shell Oil Company's No. I-A Patterson, in block D, with a total depth of 6827 ft., dry and abandoned; the Shell Oil Company's No. I Rutherford, block I, with a total depth of 6239 ft., dry and abandoned; the Leader Oil Company's No. I Bilberry, block D, with a total depth of 5700 ft., dry and abandoned; Forest Development Company's No. 2 Boyd, block D, with a total depth of 4753 ft., dry and abandoned; and the Hunter et al. No. I Boyd, block D, total depth 4757 ft., dry and abandoned. J. E. Farrell drilled his No. I Tipton south of a well that produced from a Strawn sand for some time, to a total depth of 5202 ft., where it was abandoned. The well is in the southwest corner of sec. 43, block 19, T. and P. survey, Nolan County.

Jan 1, 1942

By F. E. Lucas

This paper is offered with considerable diflidence, since some of the statements made may not agree with the opinions of other members of the Institute. What I give is the result of some years of experience in the operation and construction of coke-ovens, and observation of plants in America and Europe. Although my title is " The Manufacture of Coke," I have found it impossible to do justice to the subject without touching on a number of points which, while not strictly involved in the making of coke, yet are of paramount importance from an economic standpoint. There are, indeed, many points of interest, on each of which a separate paper of considerable length might be written, but the scope of my paper will permit me only to touch lightly some of them, in the hope that what I say will promote a full discussion on the whole question. Those of us who are interested in the manufacture of coke are under an obligation to the American Institute of Mining Engineers, which has opened its meetings to the discussion of this subject. I do not believe that there is any question to-day more worthy or more in need of discussion. When geologists and mining-men tell us that, at the present rate of consumption, our coal-fields will be exhausted in a few generations, me should welcome any means that will conserve these deposits as far as possible, and give us the greatest amount of heat or power from every ton mined. I shall try to show that much can be done in this direction through the by-product coke-oven, and that it should stand second to none as an economic factor in the industrial world. I shall here deal exclusively with the by-product oven, except for the comparative statement I hare prepared, showing the saving to be effected by coking in by-product instead of beehive orens. It should be borne in mind that this comparison

Jan 1, 1913

By M. F. Fogler

An attempt to duplicate Rawdon and Mutchler's experiments showing a reversal of hardness with continued rolling gave negative results, indicating that the phenomenon is not general but depends, probably, on local conditions of rolling. IN A recent paper, Rawdon and Mutchler1 gave some exceptionally interesting results on the Brinell and scratch hardness of severely cold-worked metals. In their work, they found that, on continued cold rolling, the metal hardened up to a particular point and then reversed and became softer; this was true for both Brinell and scratch hardness values. The generally reported behavior2 of metals, with respect to Brinell tests on cold-worked material, is that the metals harden up to a certain point and then, on further cold rolling, no change in Brinell hardness occurs. Jeffries and Archer3 state that there is little difference between the scratch hardness of annealed and cold-worked metals; the work of Faust and Tammann4 also indicated no difference between-the hardness of annealed and cold-worked copper. Rawdon and Mutchler found, when they plotted the reduction ratio (initial thickness divided by thickness after rolling) against the hardness value for the cold-rolled material, that the hardness number increased up to a reduction ratio of about 3 and then decreased and became even smaller than that for the annealed metal. This behavior was reported for both scratch and Brinell hardness; Figs. 1 and 2 show their results for Brinell hardness on the metals for which they published data. This is an exceptionally interesting phenomenon, if it occurs under all conditions of rolling, and would have an important bearing on the practice of cold

Jan 1, 1925

By F. F. McINTOSH

STEEL is a general name applied to the alloys of iron and carbon. These alloys always contain , other elements such as manganese, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus. Manganese and silicon are usually considered to be alloying elements. Sulfur and phosphorus are regarded as impurities. Tradition has damned them both and, in addition to classifying them as impurities, has established the general impression that many of the ills of steels are the result of the presence of one or both of these elements. Metallurgists are inclined to question the soundness of this tradition. The fact that one blast-furnace plant is devoted entirely to the production of ferro-phosphorus which is used to rephosphorize basic open-hearth steel, and that sulfur is added to many heats of steel, indicates that these so- called impurities might also be classed as alloying elements, and that the tradition which damns them may not be altogether fair and well founded. A critical search through the technical literature on the effect of phosphorus on steel will disclose many references to its harmful effect. Most of these are general in character, but there has been a strong tendency to accept this traditional belief in the harmful effect of the element.

Jan 1, 1926

By R. W. Raymond

IX the death of William H. Scranton, which occurred at Oxford, N. J., June 19, 1889, the Institute has been called once more to mourn the loss of a name from the fast diminishing list of those who constituted its membership in the first year of its existence. But it loses more than a name—a friendly presence and an intellectual force have departed ; a fruitful life has been cut short. Mr. Scranton was born in Belvidere, N. J., on the 13th of January, 1840. He was the eldest son of Colonel George W. Scranton, the

Jan 1, 1890

By Henry H. Thomas

In Tasmania a tailrace tunnel to handle water discharged from a turbine generator has been successfully driven by a machine tunneling method similar to that described in the July 1962 issue of Civil Engineering. The Hydro-Electric Commission, Tasmania, is constructing a high- head (2750 ft) power project that will utilize the storage in the Great Lake (1,150,000 acre-ft) at an elevation of 3380 ft. The underground power station will house six vertical shaft turbo-generators, each rated at 50,000 kw. The tailrace tunnel, 16 ft diam and 14,600 ft long, was driven through a reasonably homogeneous hard mudstone. It was decided to excavate this mechanically in the hope of saving some money on excavation and a considerable sum on the ultimate lining of the tunnel. Mechanical engineers from Tasmania worked with the firm of James S. Robbins and Associates of Seattle, Wash., which designed and supplied the "mole."

Jan 4, 1963

By AIME AIME

A METALLURGICAL research building is to be erected for the Armour Research Foundation at the Illinois Institute of Technology. It will be located at the corner of Federal and 34th Sts., Chicago, and fully equipped will cost $250,000. It will provide the Middle West with the largest and most complete of facilities for the conduct of developmental and industrial research in this field. The new building will be constructed around an existing foundry and metallurgical research building which has become too small to carry on and service the many research projects contracted for by the Foundation, having to do with steel, alloys, and nonferrous metals. After two bays of the new unit have been completed, the old unit will be torn down and the new one completed.

Jan 1, 1942

By D. B. Gillies

IN 1938 the Republic Steel Corp. announced that it had leased the ore mines and other property of the Witherbee Sherman Corp. at Port Henry, N. Y. The announcement brought forth an interesting reaction. Two questions were asked repeatedly: (1) Is the iron product high grade? (2) Is there a substantial reserve? The answer to both questions was and is a decided and emphatic "Yes."

Jan 1, 1943

By Oscar E. Harder

THE TERM "physical metallurgy' is used in the title of this lecture in preference to "metallography ?because the former has a broader meaning with most audiences, some people thinking of the latter as being limited to work with the microscope. This distinction, how- ever, has not been held by the out- standing workers in the field of metallography, such as the late Professor Sauveur. In the broadest sense metallography is essentially the same as physical metallurgy. The American Society for Testing Materials has adopted-the following definition: "Metallography is that branch of science which relates to the constitution and structure, and their relation to the properties of metals and alloys." This definition might be improved by adding after "properties" -"and their industrial and scientific uses." Metallography has also been defined as the science of metals and alloys. Physical metallurgy is to be distinguished from process metallurgy in that the latter relates particularly to the production of metals from the ores.

Jan 1, 1940

The War Department is appealing to skilled workmen and scientifically or technically trained men to enlist in any one of a large number of engineering troops needed for immediate action in France. Any registrant under the selective service law, who has not actually been called to service, may be immediately inducted into an engineer organization at his own request. Application for induction should be made to the Chief of Engineers, giving a complete statement of the applicant's qualifications. Any man who is physically qualified, between the ages of 18 and 21, or between 31 and 40, may voluntarily enlist for an engineer organization, provided he proves to the recruiting officer that he is experienced or skilled in any engineering trade, or is a handy main who is' especially suited for engineering work. There are about 600 recruiting stations in the United States, and an officer at any one of these will enlist a candidate for an engineer organization if he is suitable. Enlistment is in the grade of private. Subsequent promotion to the rank of non-commissioned officer is secured by merit. It is intended to fill many of the vacancies which will occur from time to time among the commissioned officers by selection from the ranks. A few of the special services, of most interest to mining and metallurgical workmen, urgently needed by the army, are as follows: Crane Operating and Maintenance Regiments; Depot Detachments; Electrical and Mechanical Regiments; General Construction Battalions; Mining Regiments; Quarry Regiments; Battalions for the construction, maintenance, and operation of railways; Road Building Battalions; Sapper Regiments; Supply and Shop Battalions; Surveying, Ranging and Map Reproduction Regiments; Water Supply Companies; and many others. All of these organizations will be assigned to such duties as competent

Jan 4, 1918

Data about production are very meager. In this county from the earliest days until after the Civil War, the amount of coal used locally greatly exceeded that shipped on account of the iron produced; for many years the furnaces used raw coal for melting the ore. In 1846 it was stated that in this county one ton of iron required three tons of iron ore and three tons of local coal used raw.1 In 1864, eleven furnaces in Pennsylvania using 102,230 tons of raw coal produced 44,671 tons of iron, or 2.3 tons raw coal per ton of pig iron .2 This was probably as good a record as was made, as nearly all furnaces changed to coke some years later. Neither of these figures include the coal used for steam and other purposes around an iron plant. The Beaver and Erie Canal was opened in 1845 and the shipments shown from then to 1865, inclusive, are of coal received by the canal at Erie, and do not include any used at local points along the canal. From the completion of the Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad in 1864 the tonnage shipped by canal decreased. rapidly, and, while the canal shipments after 1864 are supposed to be those received at Erie by canal only, they may include some rail tonnages. Tonnages on Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad may, and probably do, include some used locally; those on the Jamestown & Franklin Railroad do not. It is likely that both canal and Erie and Pittsburgh Railroad figures include some coal originating in Lawrence County, and possibly a little from Beaver County. These tonnages are not duplicated in the data for either of the other counties. Not all of the railroad reports can be found now.

Jan 1, 1942

By Henry Newton

It may seem somewhat a work of supererogation to present to the American Institute of Mining Engineers, composed largely of gentlemen with whom the subject is so familiar, a paper on iron ores and their distribution. To many of them, however, it possibly will not be without interest, as there may be some, like myself, who hare nowhere found a connected account of the character of the deposits and the circumstances upon which are founded the great iron-producing centres of the world. This blank I have endeavored to fill,