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By Ronaldo Esteves Ribeiro, Jefferson Felipe Faria Clemente, Carlos Victor Francisco dos Santos, José Herbert Dolabela da Silveira

n recent years, the market for thick plates has been highly competitive, in this scenario the plates quality is a critical success factor. In this process, the quality of the cut in thick plates is one of the important requirements for the customers, by the visual aspect as well as the technical aspect of the plate application. In the shear line, the cutting is done by shearing to trim tips, subdivide plates, trim side edges, remove samples, eliminate defects, etc. The cut is obtained by the penetration of the upper knife in the plate, causing plastic deformation in a certain region and hardening. If the clearance between the knives is adequate, the cracks will be close to the centre of the plate thickness and will result in a good cut quality. This work will present the theory of cutting of thick plates, the types of shearing, the quality of the edge in the cut, the types and the main characteristics of the knives.

Oct 1, 2019

By Carlos Renato Inchoste Meure, José Ernesto Boff

Nowadays, many companies have the idea where to be occupied is to be productive, this work aims to show with practical tests that to get the best performance of the machine with tools of high performance and yield is the best option for a company to become productive and economic at the same time . The company targeted for this work began its activities in the Metallurgical branch more than 75 years, Metisa Metalúrgica Timboense serves the national and international market with several product lines. Due to its large backlog of overdue hours, a job was started in the tooling sector to make the process faster and more economical. In this context, this work has as general objective the restructuring of the critical processes of the tooling sector, aiming at a better functioning of the organization and greater satisfaction of its direct clients. In addition, this work has specific objectives, such as (1) application of high performance tools, (2) analysis and improvement of existing processes, development and application of new processes, (3) (High Speed Machining) (4) production monitoring and technical support for maintenance of new processes. Thus, after the implementation of the process improvements, it was possible to obtain a reduction of 81% in the final cost and 80.5% in the process time. In addition, with some of the new processes deployed, there was a reduction in the use of personal resources and better management of machine hour load and a significant gain in the sector response time.

Nov 22, 2018

By Jorge Luis Braz Medeiros

As ligas de Alumínio ASTM 2014, caracterizam-se por apresentarem elevada resistência mecânica, quando comparadas a demais ligas de Alumínio. Este comportamento está associado ao tratamento térmico de Solubilização e envelhecimento, sendo que no envelhecimento artificial existem diferentes curvas de avaliação do limite de resistência, limite de escoamento, alongamento etc. Neste trabalho serão apresentados os efeitos da cura de revestimento de Politetrafluoretileno, realizado a 230ºC, nas propriedades mecânicas e na dureza, destas ligas, após a condição preliminar de solubilização. O Politetrafluoretileno confere baixo coeficiente de atrito e acabamento diferenciado, sendo comparado seu efeito com processos de anodização.

Aug 7, 2018

By Stanislas Mauuary

Price pressure is a real challenge on the stainless steel market. With market globalization, increase production capacity and exorbitant raw material, the margins are squeezing for stainless strip producers. Primetals Technologies offers a wide range of advanced technological solutions to secure the margins of our customers. Our solutions, implemented with professional project management, allow an optimum coil to market time, securing then the return on investment for the investor. Among the possible lever used to optimize the production route, one drastic step can be made to cut rolling time and cost by replacing the common 20-Hi mill stand reversing process by state of art high capacity X-HI® stands in continuous rolling line. Other source of savings can be implemented by integrated several process steps together (rolling, annealing, pickling, skin passing), achieving then savings on stocks and logistics while coil processing is reduced to fraction of hour. Additional solutions can also be implemented on the new, as well as existing line, like maintenance free solid state laser welder, skin-pass and tension levelers, in-line inspection system coupled with process and quality management system.

Aug 17, 2017

By Delvaux Carlos de Miranda Sobrinho, Hegler Zurick Arantes Assunção, Marco Venicio Mendonça de Souza, Luciano Toledo Ribeiro

This paper aims to present the development of a 600mm U-Pile that was done in Gerdau’s Ouro Branco Heavy Section Mill in order to feed the local market with a product.The focus of this study is to show the developmental process the Mill went through until it was prepared for hot trials. All roll pass and guide designs were developed by our own team. Analytical tools like Finite Element Analysis and reduced scale lead trials will be shown and how these tools impacted on the development timeframe and accuracy of the final results on steel.

Oct 1, 2019

By Talita Gama de Sousa

Determinadas aplicações de magnetos pulsados ocorrem sob a ação de campos magnéticos elevados, (= 100 T). Esses campos provocam efeitos tais como, elevadas tensões tangenciais (hoop stress) produzidas pela força de Lorentz e conversão de parte da energia elétrica em calor (efeito Joule) que deterioram o material. Assim uma combinação de alta resistência mecânica (> 1 GPa) e alta condutividade elétrica (mínimo de 70% IACS International Annealed Copper Standard) é necessária por parte destes materiais. No presente trabalho, foram desenvolvidos fios condutores para possível utilização em magnetos pulsados. O cobre e a liga nióbio-titânio foram escolhidos por possuírem boa condutividade elétrica e boa resistência mecânica, respectivamente; além de serem imiscíveis na temperatura ambiente. Inicialmente foram utilizados fios de cobre puro e Cu/NbTi, os quais foram convertidos em fios por trefilação. Após o processamento, os fios foram introduzidos em tarugos de cobre OFHC (Oxigen Free High Conductivity) e reprocessados. Foram produzidos 2 compósitos variando os tratamentos térmicos. Os compósitos obtiveram uma satisfatória interação matriz/filamento, o que melhor combinou propriedades mecânicas e elétricas foi o que atingiu limite de resistência de 547,8 MPa e condutividade 85,98% IACS.

Oct 30, 2017

By Luca Tommasi

Danieli complemented its wide range of production plants for the iron and steel industry with a further step upstream into iron ore pelletizing and beneficiation. Danieli has engineered and constructed a state of the art and fully automated pilot plant facility – pot grate and sinter box – at Altos Hornos de Mexico S.A. (AHMSA) Pelletizing Plant, Monclova, Mexico. Installation and commissioning were completed in October 2009. Key features of the pot grate include the avoidance of the need for operator intervention during the test, automatic system preheat, absence of dead time, heat recuperation system with an air/air heat exchanger, oxygen control in preheating and firing with zirconia oxygen analyzer, possibility to test deep beds up to 625 mm. A series of projects have been accomplished by AHMSA availing of the pot grate facility with the aim to enhance pellet plant productivity and to reduce operating costs. The results obtained by use of Danieli pot grate combined with the experience and skill of plant operators has shown significant technical and economical benefits thus fully justifying the initial investment made by AHMSA and confirming the importance of having an in-house testing facility in order to optimize industrial plant operations.

Aug 16, 2017

By Luiz Bruno de Oliveira Araujo, Luciano Morais Teixeira, Luiz Gustavo Pedrosa de Melo, Altair Lúcio de Souza

The off-line simulation of the metallurgical process in an industrial line brings several benefits such as: evaluation of the influence of the main parameters that affect the results of the process, comparison between different set ups, greater assertiveness in operational adjustments, process optimization and reduction tests for development of new products. With this objective, a software for offline simulation of the hot strip mill process of Gerdau Ouro Branco was developed based on the logic of calculations implemented in the online model. The software results in important process variables such as mill pass scale, load, torque, and power at each pass, temperature and the hot mean flow stress of the simulated material. During rolling mill process the strip presents different temperatures and time between passes for different points along the length, which directly influences the hot strength of the product and consequently in the calculated variables, thus the calculations executed by the software were divided to three points of the strip, head, body and tail bringing the individual results to each of these positions.

Oct 1, 2019

By Wolfgang Oberaigner

Primetals Technologies has always been a driver of innovation in steelmaking, especially by providing sophisticated process expert models for continuous casting machines. This capability is demonstrated by recent advancements in automation solutions that include: DynaPhase, Dynacs 3D, and DynaGap. This state-of-the-art suite of dynamic secondary cooling and soft-reduction packages take into account thermodynamic effects such as shrinkage and phase transitions, and thereby significantly contribute to direct quality improvements during the solidification phase in the continuous casting process. Speed Expert calculates an optimum casting speed for every casting situation, and additionally recommends a strand speed so that the point of final solidification is positioned at the end of a segment for optimum soft reduction. In the case of steel grade changes, the Intermix Expert precisely calculates the chemical properties of the mixed steel, thereby minimizing losses due to deviations from required specifications. The Nozzle Expert is a new model that detects clogged nozzles and broken hoses in secondary cooling systems. The first installations were highly successful and customers are pleased with impressive reductions in maintenance costs and improved steel quality. This paper describes these innovative process automation solutions and gives an overview about the successful results achieved within the first installations.

Aug 16, 2017

By Daniel Suarez

Over the last few years the mining industry has continuously been facing increases in capital and operating costs for new projects; plant expansions and also significant increases in the operating costs of existing plants. To counteract such trend the industry is seeking technologies such as the Vertimill as an option to lower the operating costs of grinding circuits. The benefits the Vertimill offers in terms of lower energy consumption and lower media consumption are well established and documented; such benefits can significantly improve the viability of a new project, plant expansions or upgrading grinding mills that need to be replaced. The paper briefly describes the operation of the Vertimill, recent regrind applications in processing Iron ores where the impact of lower energy and grinding media consumption is very significant because of the large tonnages involved, and also applications as a tertiary and secondary grinding stages of grinding circuits. The paper also highlight the expected role the Vertimill can play in secondary applications and the expected impact on the overall economics of the project.

Aug 1, 2018

By Daniel Antonio Kapper Fabricio

O módulo de tenacidade é um parâmetro que representa a energia absorvida por um material até a ruptura, e é uma variável importante para avaliar se o material sofrerá fratura quando em serviço. A tenacidade é determinada através da área sob a curva tensão-deformação de engenharia, a qual é difícil de ser calculada analiticamente. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe a utilização de métodos numéricos para o cálculo do módulo de tenacidade através de planilhas eletrônicas. Como resultados são apresentados o procedimento desenvolvido e os valores obtidos na estimativa da tenacidade de uma amostra, assim como a comparação do resultado com o valor calculado analiticamente e com o valor calculado através de um método simplificado. Conclui-se que o valor numérico calculado é tão próximo do verdadeiro quanto maior o número de pontos obtidos na curva tensão-deformação de engenharia, viabilizando a utilização desse método na estimativa da tenacidade de uma ampla gama de materiais. Além disso, o método numérico pode ser usado na determinação de outras propriedades calculadas através da área sob curvas.

Aug 7, 2018

By Georg Keintzel

The origin and elimination of 3rd octave mill chatter is a frequently investigated topic since tandem cold mills are in operation. So far only chatter monitoring systems have been successfully deployed, but this implies speed reductions and therefore a significant loss in mill output. Primetals Technologies has developed a new system using active injection of damping in order to eliminate 3rd octave mill chatter. The new hydraulics-based ChatterBlock® Control has now been proven successfully in mill operation. 3rd octave mill chatter, typically occurring in a frequency range between 90 and 150Hz, is a self-excited vibration phenomena typically occurring in the rear stands of tandem cold mills. It can produce significant gauge variations and even cause strip breaks. 3rd octave mill chatter is characterized by a quickly diverging vertical vibration of the rolls for specific rolling conditions (material, mill speed, forces, gauge etc.). Its occurrence requires immediate speed reduction of the mill in order to avoid strip breakage and/or strip quality degradation. This phenomenon thus severely limits mill productivity. The first step to proof the industrial feasibility of the new system was its installation on stand no. 4 of a 5-stand tandem mill. The development process and first results of the industrial implementation will be presented in this paper.

Aug 16, 2017

By Armando Fernandes da Veiga Rodrigues

Itabirito é um minério de fero encontrado no Brasil. As reservas futuras de Itabirito requerem moagem para atingir o grau de liberação necessário para concentração. Os circuitos convencionais de cominuição adotados em projetos de Itabirito consistem de três estágios de britagem seguido de moinhos de bolas. Estes circuitos demandam uma alta frequência de manutenção e uma grande área de construção. Por esta razão um estudo de bancada e piloto foi conduzido para entender a rota de cominuição de Itabirito utilizando moinhos autógenos (AG ou FAG) e semi-autógeno (SAG). Os testes piloto demonstraram que moinhos SAG e AG são apropriados para a cominuição de Itabirito.

Aug 1, 2018

By Herynson Nunes Nascimento

Este trabalho investigou a possibilidade de gerar informações, para subsidiar a Samarco no aproveitamento futuro de materiais considerados estéreis pelo elevado teor de PPC e P. Foram feitos testes de caracterização tecnológica, simulando em bancada os processos de beneficiamento da Samarco Mineração. Observou-se que as amostras estudadas requererem maior consumo energético na moagem primária, implicando em uma menor produtividade. Essas apresentam índices inferiores de recuperação na deslamagem e flotação convencional. Entretanto apresentaram boa cinética de flotação e o grau de liberação do quartzo maior que 90% para todas as frações granulométricas. As amostras também apresentaram baixa produtividade na moagem secundária e granulometria grosseira para o atendimento da meta de Blaine praticada atualmente. Não foi possível a obtenção da especificação final de sílica no concentrado após a remoagem. Os testes de sedimentação não indicaram problemas. Foram realizados também ensaios em escala de bancada para separação magnética utilizando Minimag (WHIMS) que provaram que os materiais estudados apresentam comportamento paramagnético.

Aug 1, 2018

By Rafael Lopes

O rendimento metálico é um dos principais indicadores de processo de laminação de longos, uma vez que tem influência direta na redução do custo de produção, sendo fundamental no atual cenário econômico da siderurgia brasileira. Em função disso faz-se necessário identificar as principais causas de perdas metálicas para aumentar o índice desse indicador, utilizando a metodologia DMAIC. Como resultado houve o aumento de 1,22% alcançado pela otimização dos parâmetros de processo do tratamento térmico, redução do comprimento do descarte da cabeça e cauda da barra na tesoura e melhoria na automação das válvulas do sistema de têmpera e autorevenido.

Aug 17, 2017

By Jose Carlos D'Abreu

O presente trabalho se refere a um programa de pesquisa cooperativa Universidade- Empresa, que objetivou analisar a metalização de briquetes autorredutores quando submetidos à redução sólida e quando adicionados a um banho de aço fundido, atendidas as similaridades impostas pelos processos industriais. Focando principalmente a recuperação dos resíduos particulados gerados pela siderurgia integrada, foram formulados sete tipos de aglomerados autorredutores. O presente trabalho considerou duas rotas experimentais: primeiramente, a que realizou a autorredução em fase sólida numa atmosfera de nitrogênio, e a monitoração da conversão reacional resultante através da análise dos gases de exaustão gerados. Em segundo lugar, a que promoveu a autorredução via a imersão dos briquetes num banho de aço carbono, e a realização posterior das monitorações das variações de composição do aço fundido e de sua temperatura, visando comparar o “potencial refrigerante” dos briquetes e das sucatas. Este trabalho apresenta os resultados experimentais relativos a seis briquetes, no caso da rota de autorredução sólida, e de um briquete (tipo A), no caso da segunda rota. Finalmente, com base nos resultados laboratoriais, foi possível concluir pela viabilidade técnica preliminar das duas rotas de reciclagem.

Aug 16, 2017

By Martim Hideki Nakayama Kurauchi

One of the main issues regarding the use of charcoal in metallurgical processes is its mechanical strength, which is much lower than coke. There is no defined standard to determine charcoal compression strength, and the methods described in the literature consist in using a prepared specimen and applying compressing load in the same direction of the charcoal fibres. As charcoal is highly anisotropic, it is proposed a procedure that does not use a specimen and with load applied on a specific direction. Instead, it intends to simulate industrial conditions by randomly dumping charcoal inside a tube, without preferential directional arrangement. This is an attempt to determine charcoal mechanical strength and predict the behaviour of bulk charcoal under a static load, as in a blast furnace. Experiments with controlled loads have been carried out on randomly distributed bulk charcoal with controlled initial size and their effect on the size distribution has been analysed. After compression, charcoal is screened and each size is weighed, determining the particle size distribution of the experiment. This method can therefore be used to evaluate charcoal mechanical strength.

Aug 1, 2018

By Marcelo Souza de Oliveira

Os cilindros de laminação, em conjunto com outras variáveis de processo, exercem influência direta no resultado de qualidade do produto e produtividade da linha de laminação. No caso do Novo Laminador de Acabamento da Usiminas-Cubatão, a especificação original de projeto definiu para utilização, cilindro de trabalho em material aço forjado. No entanto como havia dúvidas sobre a adequação deste material para esta aplicação específica, foi viabilizado teste de cilindro de material ferro fundido. O objetivo deste trabalho é comparar o desempenho entre os dois tipos de cilindros e a influência no resultado de produtividade da linha de laminação do Novo Laminador de Acabamento da Usiminas-Cubatão. Foi considerada a garantia da qualidade do produto final durante os testes feitos com este tipo de material do cilindro.

Jul 30, 2018

By Francisco Morganti

Weight reduction is the main target of all carmakers, which results in a continuous development of new steel grades. Latest 3rdgeneration advanced high-strength steel grades (AHSS) are complex materials with special chemical compositions and multiphase microstructures. The pickling, annealing and galvanizing processes of these grades aresomewhatdifferent due to the changed chemical compositions and microstructures. Therefore, these innovative steel grades place new demands on the plant technology of pickling, annealing and galvanizing lines. The most significant challenges for the pickling process are sludge occurrence during pickling, varying pickling times, weld ability of the materials, changed visual appearance and required high surface qualities. The most important topic concerning annealing line is a precisely controlled and very flexible heating and cooling process in the furnace.One of the new requirements in galvanizing linesis the prevention of surface faults caused by bare spots, which can occur since these materials feature a higher content of alloying elements like silicon or manganese. Prevention is possible with the special pre-oxidation technologies.Due to the higher strength of the material also the mechanical equipment has to be designed differently in these lines. This paper describes the influences of the changed chemical composition and material characteristics of modern steel grades on the pickling, annealing and galvanizing process and gives an overview about the technical solutions.

Oct 30, 2017

By Mateus Costa Corona

A ArcelorMittal Tubarão busca continuamente aumentar a sua produtividade, com isso, é necessário que as áreas de apoio a produção acompanhem este crescimento e sejam capazes de processar todo o volume produzido, sem comprometer a produção, a qualidade dos produtos e os prazos de entrega para os clientes. Os conceitos lean foram aplicados ao processo da Área de Condicionamento de Placas, com foco no aumento da produtividade e redução do lead time de processamento das placas.

Oct 30, 2017