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By Paulo F. T. Sachs

ERP systems have been widely implemented nowadays in several industries. However, ERP was originally designed to fit former MRP and MRP II users, and most of the ERP research has been focused on discrete manufacturing . On the other hand, process industries ? and mining in particular ? present many peculiar characteristics, which are difficult to comply with ERP systems standard functionalities. Again, very limited research has been developed covering enterprise management systems in mining. The objective of this paper is to identify, through an explanatory study that includes a case study methodology, how ERP systems manage the functional areas of the mining industry, and how they fit into the mineral value chain IT requirements. A secondary objective is to identify the gaps between ERP?s functional capabilities and the mining industry business requirements, and to point out the perceived benefits they generate to the companies.

May 1, 2004

By R. J. Wasilewski

The variation of elastic modulus with terrzperature between -150° and 600°C has been investigated. Compounds close to equiatomic cornposition exhibit very low modulus values and very high damping near room temperature. The modulus rises steeply with both decreasing and increasing temperature. The modulus minimum and the high damping are believed to be connected with a martensitic transformation of TiNi. In bulk material this transition takes place slightly above room temperature quite rapidly and reversibly, with a hysteresis of some 30°C, depending on the Ti:Ni ratio. Oxygen impurity affects the reaction time. THE inter metallic compound TiNi has been reported to exist in an ordered CsCl (B2) structure,l-6 the homogeneity range varying rather markedly with temperature.7 Some investigators reported this compound to decompose peritectoidally to Ti2Ni and TiNi, between 650° and 800°C,3 or below,',g the latter workers also suggesting the decomposition to be strain-sensitive. Purdy and Parr were the first to report a structural transformation to a new, possibly hexagonal, structure at 36°C,7 a temperature indubitably too low to allow the significant amount of diffusion necessary for a peritectoid reaction. Mechanical-property investigations of compositions close to TiNi just above room temperature have qualitatively shown remarkable anomalies, particularly with respect to clamping,' and to a "memory" effect, that is, plastically deformed material returning to its original shape on being heated through the "decomposition" temperature.9 The original explanation of this effect—based on the apparent experimental observation of Ti2Ni or TiNi, formation in the material subjected to tensile or compressive stresses, respectivelp—does not appear plausible. It appeared more probable that the change involved may be a martensitic, diffusionless structural transformation, similar to those observed in other B2 structures such as 0 brass,'' AuCd,ll and AuZn.12 The existence of such transformation has been established recently,', although the symmetry of the low-temperature structure is not yet known. The present paper describes the elastic modulus and damping behavior of polycrystalline TiNi in both structures. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 1) Specimens. All the specimens to be investigated were prepared from premelted electrolytic nickel and iodide titanium by nonconsumable arc melting and casting in a water-cooled copper mold. The cast billets were canned in mild steel, extruded, and swaged to approximately 0.375 in. diam. The cans were then removed by pickling or machining. Preliminary material balance checks indicated no significant weight losses on melting (less than 5 mg on a 50-g button); hence nominal compositions have been used throughout. In agreement with previously reported observations7 no single-phase material was obtained at—or close to—Ti 1.00 Ni1.00 a small amount of finely divided second phase always being present. It was found that most of the oxygen impurity was associated with this minor phase, which was identified as oxygen-bearing Ti2Ni—possibly Ti,Ni,O. The amount of this phase—at any given Ti:Ni composi-

Jan 1, 1965

By Ragnhild E. Aune, Mark William Kennedy, Shahid Akhtar, Jon Arne Bakken

"In the present study classical induction design tools are applied to the problem of heating nonmagnetic metal billets, using 50 Hz AC. As an example of great practical industrial interest, the induction heating of aluminum billets is addressed specifically. The predicted work piece power is compared with the measured work piece power for a long and a short coil, using well established methods, such as those of Burch and Davis, introduced in 1926/28, Dwight and Bagai in 1935, Baker in 1944/57, Vaughan and Williamson in 1945, and by Tudbury in 1960. A calculation methodology based on a combination of the available tools is also introduced and discussed. The method has proven to give an error of <10% of the actual work piece power. An equation for Tudbury's work piece shortness correction factor is disclosed for the first time.IntroductionInduction heating of metal billets is a practical problem, with a geometry suitable for solution using analytical methods. This paper will examine solutions related specifically to round work pieces in round coils, although the methods presented can be extended to other regular shapes of work pieces and coils[l]. The methods can also be extended to ferromagnetic materials with slight changes[2-3]. It is assumed that the coil and work piece have a consistent diameter over their entire length and that the work piece is at least as long as the coil. Correction factors can be derived for the cases where the work piece is shorter than the coil.The study of induction heating by coils began in the late 19th century with theoreticians like Heaviside[ 4]. The work of Burch and Davis[ 5-7] in the 1920' s greatly improved the theoretical understanding of induction applied to metallurgy. Many investigators in the 1930's-1950's: Dwight and Bagai[8], Baker[l-2, 9], Vaughan and Williamson[3, 10] and others[l 1-12] added to our understanding with clearer mathematics, solutions for specific applications, semi-empirical modifications and practical design tools. Much of the accumulated knowledge is available in books, such as Tudbury's practical text or Simpson's engineering guide from 1960[13-14]. Perhaps the best description and derivation of the theoretical and semi-empirical solutions can be found in Davies[15]."

Jan 1, 2011

By J. Matos e Silva

The paper refers two examples of structures located in seismic areas (Cases 1 and 2). The first one (Case 1) is the Torroal Bridge, located about 100 Km South of Lisbon, in the road Troia-Grandola. The horizontal loads due to the seismic actions were mainly carried by an anchor curtain connected, to the abutments, by reinforced concrete struts-ties. For the some purpose diaphragm walls were also placed under the pile caps of the column foundations. The second one (Case 2) refers to a building located about 50 Km South of Lisbon, at Sesimbra, near a cliff. To reduce the horizontal displacements of the structure due to seismic actions, in order to prevent the endangering of the cliff stability, an anchor curtain was adopted and connected, to the structure, by prestressed anchors.

Jan 1, 1996

By C. C. Clark, P. W. Patton, B. M. Stewart

Handling materials in underground mines continues to be a major safety problem. To help reduce materials-handling injuries, researchers at the Spokane Research Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health are investigating those materials-handling tasks in underground mines that appear to generate a high number of injuries. Data from the Mine Safety and Health Administration for the years 1989-1999 were studied to find out if there were any trends in materials-handling accidents and if so, to determine what tasks were involved and the sources of injuries. Several underground coal and metal mines were visited to document innovative materials-handling technologies. Considerations for safety training and mechanization needs for continued reduction in materials-handling injuries are described.

Jan 1, 2002

YOUR Excellency, Fellow Members of the Australasian Institute of Mining Engineers and Gentlemen:-Nearly a decade has passed since our Institute first met in New Zealand. May I, at the very outset of this second gathering, congratulate the Institute on the great progress that has been made in the interval. At the first meeting in New Zealand in the year 1903, I understand that less than 20 persons were present, and now in the large concourse before me I believe there are not fewer than 140 persons, while if every member of the Institute to-day where here there would be over 500 with usagreat change from a membership of only 250 in 1903. I feel deeply appreciative of the honour you have conferred upon me by electing me your President for the year 1911. In return for the compliment, may I ask you to believe that I shall do everythingin my power to further the interests of the Institute throughout the coming year.It is a great regret to me to realise that soon my work in New Zealand will be over. However, I trust that the new...

Jan 1, 1912

By S. Zendejas-Mendivil, E. Pérez-Segura

The Cananea porphyry copper-deposit is the site of the second largest mining operation in Mexico. Mineralization is related to quartz-monzonite Laramide stocks that intrude volcanic and volcaniclastic Mesozoic rocks. The ore deposit is a stockwork and breccia-pipes system with Cu-Mo sulfides and pervasive quartz-sericite hydrothermal alteration. A study was made of the arsenic distribution in the mine and the ore-dressing plants. The arsenic (As) in the mine is related to a feldspathic quartz-porphyry type rock associated mainly with the breccia pipe structures (100-700 ppm As in the Veta 7 Breccia). There is vertical zoning, with As decreasing in the deepest part of the breccias. This As mineralization corresponds to a later sulfide hydrothermal stage. The concentrates are made of Cu, Fe and Mo sulfides and some minor quantities of As minerals. The most important copper minerals are chalcocite-covellite, bornite and chalcopyrite. Some of these minerals have 390-880 ppm As. The main As mineral is enargite[ [Cu2.97Fe0.06(As0.90 Sb0.01Pb0 01 )0.92 S4 051 and there are traces of stibioluzonite-luzonite I Cu, .95(Aso.4vSbu.49)0.9rfS4.07-Cu2 93(Aso.H4Sba.10)0.94S4.13] and of another stibioluzonite mineral type with substitution of As by Bi[Cu,96(Ascr,,&apos;Sb0ccrB&apos;OJ3jI~6S] These minerals contribute 80% of the As in the concentrates.

Jan 1, 1992

By R. L. Balmer

This information circular, which describes the methods and costs of sinking a small underground shaft with steel supports at the Keystone mine of American Smelting and Refining Co., near Crested Butte, Colo., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on current shaft-sinking practices in various mining districts of the United States. Preparations for sinking a combined exploration, development, and production shaft from the lowest level of the Keystone mine began early in 1957. This vertical, three-compartment, 6-1/4-by 16-foot rectangular shaft was to be sunk in separate stages or lifts so as to correspond with the progress of an associated lateral exploration and development program. The first section of the shaft was collared and sunk to a depth of 209 feet between September 1957 and April 1958. Because of the depressed base-metal market, the mine was shut down as soon as the initial phase of the exploration and development program had been completed and before any deeper sinking could be attempted.

Jan 1, 1962

By T. Tholana

South Africa hosts some of the world?s largest known resources and reserves of minerals that are strategically important to the global economy. The country?s mining industry contributes significantly to the national economy in terms of gross domestic product, export earnings, corporate tax receipts, remuneration earnings, and employment. Platinum, gold, and coal are significant minerals because they make the largest individual contributions to these economic indicators. Several factors impact the cash cost performance of operations that mine these minerals, thus affecting the future sustainability of these operations, which are generally ?price-takers?. It is therefore important that the cash cost performance of operations for these key minerals is analysed. Commercially available industry cost curves can be used for such analysis. However, some companies may not be able to afford to purchase these curves. This paper presents a simple Microsoft Excel® algorithm for constructing the curves. It also demonstrates how the constructed industry curves were used to analyse the cash cost performance of South African mining operations for the three selected minerals for the period 2007 to 2011, which included the 2008 global financial crisis. The analysis revealed that the operations were affected by several global and local factors during the review period. The work reported in this paper is part of an MSc research study at the University of the Witwatersrand. Keywords cost curve algorithm, economies of scale, cash cost performance

Jun 1, 2013

By Louis R. Iverson

Analysis of seed numbers present in topsoils (a grazed area, an ungrazed area, and two stockpiles) indicated that seeds of the most prevalent colonizers (e.g., Kochia scoparla, Setaria virdis, and Salsolo collins) were not present in the topsoil upon respreading but rather appeared by immigration from the surrounding areas. The grazed site had a seed density of over 7,700 seeds m-2 (of which 43% were from weedy species) and the ungrazed site had 3,900 seeds m-2 (of which 7% were weeds); the stockpiled topsoils had very low seed densities (255 and 520 seeds m-2). Seed densities and diversity decreased with depth on both the grazed and ungrazed sites; this was especially true on the grazed site where 94% of the seeds were found in the surface 7.5 cm. Several species were present in the seed bank (e.g., Hedeoma hispida, Artemesia ludoviciana, A. frigida, and A, abslnthlum) which were also found on the three and four year old mined sites in the aboveground vegetation survey. Seeds from these species may germinate after several years of dormancy, thereby starting populations on mined sites and enhancing plant diversity. Seed bank analysis was also undertaken on mined sites ranging in age of 2 to 6 years (plus an unmined site). Mined site seed densities ranged from 1630 to 3980 seeds m-2, with the four year old site having the greatest density (largely because of high Melilotus spp. populations); unmined site and stockpiled topsoil sample had lower seed densities. A significant positive correlation between total viable seed content and soil-water saturation percentage indicated that soil texture may influence seed viability/ dormancy (the. finer the material, the higher the seed population). As with the previous part of this study (and other studies), there was a poor correlation between the aboveground flora and the belowground seed composition.

Jan 1, 1982

By William C. Cooley

This report includes a review of all relevant data on underground hydraulic coal mining technology collected during Phases I and II of the contract. Data collection and analysis procedures are discussed. Information is included on past and existing underground hydraulic coal nines in the USSR (27 mines), Poland (1 mina), Germany (1 mine), Japan (1 mine), Canada (1 mine), China (1 nine), as well as underground tests conducted in the United Kingdom (2 mines), and in the United States (5 mines). Data is also included on Czechoslovakia and New Zealand. In all operational hydraulic mines, coal is transported underground in flumes. In most cases, bituminous coal is broken by monitors with nozzle diameters larger than 16 mm (0.63 in.) and jet pressures of 50 to 125 atm (710 to 1780 psi). Technical design and performance data are included on all key types of equipment and components which have been developed for, used in, or which could be potentially be used in hydraulic coal mining systems. Data sheets are presented on 180 types of equipment, divided into 24 major categories. Where available, sketches, drawings, photographs, and price estimates are included. Data are included on pitching coal seams in the United States which potentially can be mined by hydraulic methods. Preliminary conclusions are presented, subject to revision as a result of economic feasibility studies to be completed during Phase III. An outline is presented of the final report, which will include economic studies and recommendations for research and development.

Jan 1, 1975

By Jürgen F. Brune, R. Karl Zipf, Michael J. Sapko

Seals are barriers constructed in underground coal mines throughout the United States to isolate abandoned mining panels or groups of panels from the active workings. Historically, mining regulations required seals to withstand a 140-kPa (20-psig) explosion pressure. However, the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act (“MINER Act”) requires the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to increase this design standard by the end of 2007. This report provides a sound scientific and engineering justification to recommend a three-tiered explosion pressure design criterion for new seals in coal mines in response to the MINER Act. Much of the information contained in this report also applies to existing seals. Engineers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) examined seal design criteria and practices used in the United States, Europe, and Australia and then classified seals into their various applications. Next, the engineers considered various kinds of explosive atmospheres that can accumulate within sealed areas and used thermodynamic calculations and simple gas explosion models to estimate worst-case explosion pressures that could impact seals. Three design pressure-time curves were developed for the dynamic structural analysis of new seals under the conditions in which those seals may be used: unmonitored seals where there is a possibility of methane-air detonation or high-pressure nonreactive shock waves and their reflections behind the seal; unmonitored seals with little likelihood of detonation or high-pressure nonreactive shock waves and their reflections; and monitored seals where the amount of potentially explosive methane-air is strictly limited and controlled. Figure 1 is a simple flowchart that illustrates the key decisions in choosing between the monitored or unmonitored seal design approaches and the three design pressure-time curves. For the first condition, an unmonitored seal with an explosion run-up length of more than 50 m (165 ft), the possibility of detonation or high-pressure nonreactive shock waves and their reflections exists. The recommended design pressure-time curve rises to 4.4 MPa (640 psig) and then falls to the 800-kPa (120-psig) constant volume (CV) explosion overpressure. For unmonitored seals with an explosion run-up length of less than 50 m (165 ft), the possibility of detonation or high-pressure nonreactive shock waves and their reflections is less likely. A less severe design pressure-time curve that simply rises to the 800-kPa (120-psig) CV explosion overpressure may be employed. For monitored seals, engineers can use a 345-kPa (50-psig) design pressure-time curve if monitoring can ensure that (1) the maximum length of explosive mix behind a seal does not exceed 5 m (16 ft) and (2) the volume of explosive mix does not exceed 40% of the total sealed volume. Use of this 345-kPa (50-psig) design pressure-time curve requires monitoring and active management of the sealed area atmosphere. These design pressure-time curves apply to new seal design and construction.

Jan 7, 2007

By N. M. Safaya

Moderate to acute deficiency of plant available phosphorus is very common in western coal mine spoils and topsoils. Although some of the spoils are known to contain seemingly adequate amounts of total phosphorus, the plant available phosphorus is so low that it constitutes a serious plant growth limiting factor in the mined lands. For the revegetation of these spoils, the use of species, varieties and ecotypes exhibiting greater efficiency for P uptake and utilization, or conversely, lesser susceptibility to P deficiency would be highly desirable. To identify such plants, quick and adequate methods of screening germplasm should he available. In the present growth chamber study several plant species were screened using continuous flow culture and spoil culture systems to provide information on their relative susceptibility. In flow cultures, P was maintained at 0.25, 2.5, and 25 moles; while in spoil cultures it was applied at 0, 25, and 75µg/g to a P-deficient spoil. Phosphorus deficiency symptoms appeared in alfalfa cultivars, birdsfoot trefoil, emerald crownvetch and yellow sweetclover within 7-10 days upon transfer of their seedlings to U.25 or 2.5 µM P solutions. Burning bush and Russian thistle, found abundantly as pioneering species on mine spoils, showed no deficiency symptoms; their shoot dry matter yield in the 0.25µM P treatment was 24% and 36%, respectively of their maximum yield obtained with 25 µM P. However, the percent increase in the dry matter yield of legumes with 0.25 µM P ranged from 7-13% over their maximum yield. With the increase in solution P concentration, the root dry weight ratio in the legumes increased from an average of 0.22 to 0.43, while in the weeds from 0.14 to 0.30. The low susceptibility of Russian thistle to P deficiency was also demonstrated in the spoil culture experiment. Legumes showed greater response to P-fertilization on the spoil than did the two weeds. With increasing concentrations of P in the solution, the root weight ratio of all the species decreased. At 25 µM P, weeds invested only 14% of their total dry matter yield in the root fraction, where as legumes and grasses invested as much as 24% and 33% respectively. Weedy species averaged higher P concentrations than the legumes and grasses. The mean P concentrations of alfalfa cultivars were the lowest among legumes. In general, P concentrations increased with the increase in P supply. In the flow culture system, P supply increased the Ca levels of legumes. The mean Mn concentrations were highest in the weedy species. The increases in P supply decreased Zn levels in all of the species. File effects of P fertilization on the tissue concentrations of Mn and Zn in spoil culture were similar to that of flow culture system. From this preliminary study, it may be concluded that the continuous flow culture system is efficient in rapid screening of a large number of species under controlled conditions for their efficiency in adapting to mineral stresses.

Jan 1, 1982

By Robert A. Harrow

This report documents the results of the development and installation of an illumination system for an underground coal mine Shortwall Mining Section. Also presented are the techniques used for the above ground test and evaluation of the lighting system prior to installation underground which resulted in the issuance of a Statement of Test and Evaluation (STE) from the Mine Safety and Health Administration, Technical Support, Beckley, West Virginia.

Jan 1, 1979

By Danny Riley, Brian Curry, Sandya Govindaraju, James Bain

Hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) affects industrial workers exposed to long term hand-transmitted vibration from powered-tools. Peripheral neuropathy is a major component of the symptom complex of HAVS. Long term exposure to vibration causes myelin damage in peripheral nerves and reduces nerve conduction velocities in rats1. This study addresses the effects of acute vibration at constant acceleration of 49 m/s2 on myelinated fibers in peripheral nerves in Sprague-Dawley male rats using the ‘rat-tail vibration model,’ which simulates hand-transmitted vibration2. Methods Male Sprague-Dawley rats (~300 g) were assigned to vibration groups: 1 hr continuous vibration at 60 Hz; 4 hr continuous exposure at frequencies of 30, 60, 120 or 800 Hz; immediate and 24 hr following a 4-hr cumulative exposure of continuous and intermittent vibration at 60 Hz. Unanesthetized rats were restrained in cages on a nonvibrating platform with their tails placed on a vibrating stage accelerated by a B&K motor type 4809 and vibrated. Intermittent vibration was delivered in bouts of 10 min vibration alternating with 5 min rest periods repeated over 6 hr. Sham controls were restrained without vibration. After vibration exposure, the rats were anaesthetized, and the ventral nerve trunks from the proximal tail segment 7 were fixed in glutaraldehyde, embedded in epon-araldite and sectioned at 0.5 µm thickness and stained with toludine-blue for morphological quantitative analysis. The total number of myelinated axons in each cross-section of the nerve was counted using the Image J software. Myelin damage was identified by focal increase in area and intensity of toludine-blue staining and unraveling of the myelin sheath. Statistical analysis for comparing sham and the different vibration groups was done using Dunnett’s test. Animal treatment and all surgical procedures were approved by the institutional review board and compiled with the Laboratory Animal Welfare Act. Results The rats tolerated continuous vibration very well and exhibited no behavioral signs of stress. When exposed to intermittent vibration, there was increased vocalization, a startle reflex at the beginning of each bout of vibration, deposition of porphyrin around the eyes and transient hypersensitivity to touch.

Jan 6, 2006

By D. J. Burdon, Anthony Caplan

"(1) The radiological appearances of pneumokoniosis on the Kolar Gold Field is described in detail. The characteristic abnormality is the. presence of a diffuse, fine annular and punctate mottling. (2) The frequency of symptoms could not be determined with any degree of accuracy, but it is believed that symptoms are absent and there is no incapacity until profuse radiological mottling is present, i.e., after long exposure to dust. (3) There is an increased predisposition to tuberculosis, which, if it occurs, affects the prognosismost unfavourably.(4) Pathological examination shows that the radiological mottling is due to the presence inthe lung of numerous small dust-cdll aggregates (up to T5 mm. in dia.) deposited around the smaller bronchioles and blood-vessels.(5) The dust-cell aggregates are relatively acellular but when tuberculosis is superadded thereis an excessive cellular and fibrotic reaction.(6) The difficulties of defining the radiological and pathological appearances of early pneumokoniosisare discussed.(7) The incidence of pneumokoniosis in 7,653 workmen with 5 or more years’ undergroundservice was 43-75%, but it is suggested that in future the incidence will be appreciably lower.(8) The methods of- dust production and the chemistry of mine dust are described. It isshown that the free silica-content of air-borne mine -dust is relatively low.(9) The aetiology'of the pneumokoniotic lesion is discussed."

Jan 1, 1947

By M. Al Mukhtar, D. Hoxha, X. Brunetaud, D. P. Do, C. Auvray, L. Michel

"Mechanical behavior of rock joints is often the key factor governing the response of complex structures constructed in fractured rock masses such as underground openings or of objects assembling various stones blocks such as historical building walls or damaged marble statues. This paper aims at developing a theoretical model to describe the behavior of fresh joints based on the description of their morphology. The main idea of the model is to establish a link between the effective contact surface of joints and the frictional coefficient. Beginning from a chosen level of joint surface description where a joint is considered as “smooth”, the model describes the added friction with respect to the increase of the contact surface of the joints and the distribution of stress in these contacts. The model developed initially for asperities with regular geometry is firstly compared with existing models and then applied on fresh artificial joints. For that, healthy artificial joints have been characterised using in one hand classical CNL shearing tests and in another hand the morphology of joints. The joints surfaces are digitized before testing using a high resolution laser scanner (Konica Minelota Vivid 910) allowing to obtain a precision up to 10µm. From these scanned surfaces the morphology of joints is characterised on the profiles running in the direction of shearing and a mean value of friction is calculated using the developed model. This calculated value is then compared with that obtained from CNL shearing test and a good approximation is notedINTRODUCTIONThe role of the mechanical behavior of rock joints on the overall response of fractured rock masses is well established in many fields of engineering activity going from the stability of underground constructions (Souley M, Hoxha D, Homand F 1999), rock slope stability (Einstein H.H. Veneziano D., Baecher GB., O’Reilly K.J, 1983, Jaeger 1971), various rehabilitation of masonry construction, damaged stone artworks restoration (Michel L., Do D.P, Coignard B, Hoxha, 2014) and so on. In the same time the characterisation of the behavior of joints and their modeling is nowadays a dynamic field of research or/and investigations and many alternative approaches have been proposed (Barton, N.R. and Choubey, V. 1977, Tatone, S.A. Bryan, Grasselli Giovanni 2010, William C E. 2007). While empirical relations of shear strength with various parameters of the joint morphology are the most used in practice because of their simplicity (Barton. and Choubey, 1977, Barton 1973, Bandis S., Lumsden A. C. and Barton N. R. 1983) many other models of joint strength are developed based on mechanistic considerations (Haberfield CM, Johnston IW. 1994), multiscale approaches (Yang Z.Y., Di C.C., Yen K.C. 2001, Fardin N., O. Stephansson, Lanru Jing 2001) or micromechanical ones (A. Serrano, C. Olalla, R.A. Galindo 2014) to mention just a few of research trends on rock joints modeling."

Jan 1, 2015

A physical modelling study has been carried out to simulate the slag-metal dispersion induced by a high-strength bottom gas injection. Water and kerosene were utilized to simulate metal and slag respectively. A water model of CLU (Creusot-Loire Uddeholm)vessel was used with three different nozzle orientations, namely, off-centre, triangular off-centre and centre. The gas flow rates changed from 0.00599 m3/s to 0.01081 m3/s. Height of heavy and light phases was kept fixed at 0.23 m and 0.02 m respectively. The dispersed phase hold-up was determined at various axial and radial distances, gas flow rates, and tuyere configurations. The observations revealed that at a fixed gas injection rate, as the vertical distance increased in the centerline, straight off-centre orientation resulted in greater dispersed phase hold-up values than those of the centre configuration and the triangular off-centre orientation. The dispersed phase hold-up was found to increase with gas injection rate and decreased with axial distance. The variation of the dispersed phase hold-up with the dimensionless axial distance and the gas injection rate was correlated by using the modified Froude number. The experimental values of the dispersed phase hold-up were found to be in reasonable agreement with the correlated values obtained from the modelling equations. The findings of the present study may be utilized in the ferroalloy refining vessels in terms of designing tuyere locations for optimum processing conditions.

Jan 1, 2004

In attempting the predict coal cleat orientation in the subsurface for effective methane degasification of the coal beds in the Warrior coal field of Alabama, approximately 150 rock joint orientations and 45 coal cleat orientations were measured in each of 37 7 ½ minute quadrangles in Tuscaloosa, Walker, Jefferson, Fayette, Winston, Blount, and Bibb Counties. Data from these surface locations, and coal cleat data from eight underground mines was corrected for magnetic declination and titled beds rotated to the horizontal where necessary and plotted on rose diagrams for comparative analysis. Data collected on each joint and cleat consisted of attitude, quality, type, spacing, persistence, lithology, bedding thickness, surface texture, and filling. File data and published and unpublished reports from the State Survey and the State Mine Inspector&apos;s Office were re-viewed. Twenty-seven mining companies, most of which supplied information pertinant to the project were also contacted. The information obtained consisted of crop line information structure, and underground mine outlines, all of which were put on 7 ½ -minute topographic quadrangles. LANDSAT-1 imagery and Skylab photography were compared to dominant joint and cleat trends in the study area. Detailed results can be found in an open-file report entitled "Fracture Analyses in a Selected Area of the Warrior Coal Field, Alabama." A master&apos;s thesis entitled "The Relationship Between Surface Joints and Subsurface Structure in a Selected Area of the Warrior Coal Field" is being prepared to illustrate the relation-ship of the fracture system to the structure in the Warrior coal field. A proposal has been submitted for research on a project entitled "Rock Fracture Systems and Their Affects on the Extraction of Fossil Fuels in the Warrior Basin, Alabama"

Jan 1, 1976

At the inception of the gold-mining industry at Kalgoorlie the small supply of firewood required for steaming purposes was naturally all drawn from the limited local areas, which promised soon to become denuded. With the advent of the railway toKalgoorlie came the ever increasing machinery and steam power, and the accompanying demand for firewood so increased that the fuel contractors began their operations, by following the timber belts along the Yilgarn railway line, and graduallygetting further westward, until at present we find them as far as Woolgangie, 63 miles from Kalgoorlie, and with the regular railway rates, I0. per ton per mile, this maybe considered the limit of payable timber at current rates. Although in the early days the reserve of timber along the railway line must have appeared as incalculable and inexhaustible as that of coal did in Europe a couple of centurys ago, the day is now near us when even this source will fail to meet the demands made upon it, for, although a good two years&apos; supply is available or the areas under the axe, yet it is time to look ahead and find from whence the future supplies are to be drawn. Along the railways we find the zone of felling operations limited for want ofcommunication, and only such portions of the forests as are within six or seven miles of the railway come under the axe at present while virgin forests to the rear remain practically unexploited. It is only in the course of the past sixteen months that the firewood industry has developed...

Jan 1, 1901