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By Sean Harvey

One of the manifestations of the dynamically induced failures in deep coal mines is the violent ejection of coal from the ribs. A possible protection against such failures is the use of a specifically designed dynamic support system with reinforcement units having the sufficient capacity to absorb the kinetic energy of the dynamic failure and a skin support that can adequately contain the disintegrated coal. With this method of mitigation in mind, a recently introduced yielding rock bolt, trade name Roofex, has been identified (Harvey and Ozbay, 2009) as a possible energy absorbing component of a dynamic support system. According to the manufacturer?s specification, the Roofex bolts can yield 300 mm (or more) displacement while holding 80 kN pull load. In order to assess the performance of this support unit in coal ribs, a series of in situ pull tests performed in two coal mines in Colorado. The results show that, under conventional pull test loading conditions, Roofex yielding bolts perform very close to their claimed specifications, thus showing a potential for their use as the main energy absorbing component of a dynamic support system. Further studies are required to confirm the in situ performance of these bolts under dynamic loading conditions and also to develop a containment component for a dynamic support system for the mitigation of dynamic coal rib failures.

Jan 1, 2009

Fire-clay blocks lining the combustion chambers of zinc concentrate flash-roasting, furnaces operating at 1,000-1,200° C. have suffered moderately rapid deterioration due to slagging. The attack is accentuated by high temperatures, and is probably caused by lead oxide volatilized from the roasted concentrate.Resistance of refractories to attack increased with increasing alumina content from 30 to 45 per. cent but at 90 per cent alumina spalling was troublesome. Magnesite bricks were'subject to some spalling, but some types may lie satisfactory. Chrome and chrome-magnesite bricks spalled seriously.Material thought to be suitable for use as a monolithic lining slagged badly and an alternative may be tested.INTRODUCTIONThe Electrolytic Zinc Company of Australasia Ltd. uses two multi-hearth furnaces and four flash or suspension roasting furnaces for the roasting .of zinc concentrates at its Risdon Works. The hearth roasting plant has been described previously by Forster (1949).A brief descriptioI1 of the first three flash roasters was given by Gordon and Forster (1955). A fourth flash roasting furnace began operation early in 1957. This furnace is somewhat larger than the earlier furnaces, and the designed capacity is also higher, auxiliary equipment being altered to suit. An important structural difference between the older furnaces and the fourth flash roaster is that the walls of the combustion chamber of the new furnace are lined with high alumina fire-bricks instead of fire-clay blocks. Thischange was made because the fire-clay blocks in the older flash roasters had shown s-evere wastage due to slagging by lead derived from the concentrate.

Jan 1, 1959

By A. L. Edwards

A two-year study focused on current noise exposure levels in the South African mining industry, aimed at helping the Mine Health and Safety Council of South Africa meet its milestones for eliminating noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Methods A multi-task methodology was adapted from international baseline studies to determine the exposure to noise in both large-scale and small- to medium-scale mines. Results On average, 66.7 per cent of the employees sampled in year 1 and 78.4 per cent in year 2 were exposed to noise levels of above the 85 dB A legislated occupational exposure level. Conclusions Information obtained through the study could be developed into a national personal noise exposure database, including audiometric results, equipment noise emission levels and initiatives for noise engineering control by mines and equipment manufacturers to facilitate targets of eliminating NIHL. Keywords Noise exposure levels, mining industry, noise-induced hearing loss

Jan 1, 2011

By Hao Li, Allan Moss, Richard K. Brummer

At the Palabora Mine, the transition to caving 400 m below the bottom of the 800 m deep pit resulted in a slope failure of the North wall that began in 2003, and is still mobile. This failure can be explained by the daylighting into the cave zone of a prominent joint set. The failure was modelled by the 3-dimensional code 3DEC, which is capable of modelling the nonlinear behaviour of discontinuum materials with large displacement.

Jan 1, 2006

By L. Lacerda

Spray-on ground support membranes (GSM) or thin support liners hold today perhaps as much potential to impact underground (u/g) ground support operations as dry and later wet-mix shotcrete when introduced to mining in the latter part of the 20th century. This emerging technology has come a long way from the time the first single component experimental coatings were tested in the mid-1980s. Due to a number of factors, including occupational health risk and mine safety regulations, it has taken quite some time for the development of non-hazardous membrane products. However, at this junction most existing u/g mines that employ more conventional forms of ground support could benefit from evaluating GSM technology as a means of improving safety and the bottom line. The same is especially true for future mine developments. This paper describes Master Builders Inc.’s CS1251 GSM product and its implementation. It discusses the situations in which GSM may replace other forms of ground support. Furthermore, it evaluates GSM costs & safety issues and looks at present applications and the potentially bright future of this technology.

Jan 1, 2002

A simple process for making filter aids from coal by controlled carbonization at 800-1200·C is described.Several possible variations in reactor design have been used experimentally, involving fluidized beds of carbon or inert material, reaction of the particles while entrained in air, and a combination of entrainment and fluidization.Product yields depend upon the composition of the parent coal but are always less than the sum of the ash and fixed carbon values determined by the proximate analysis. The product yield also depends on the air-to-coal ratio, which affects the amount of coal substance burned and the temperature attained. Particle residence time and reactor temperature affect the degree of devolatilization of the product and hence its wettability. The filtration behaviour of carbonaceous filter aids is greatly influenced by the size distribution, shape and physical properties of the particles-parameters which are largely determined by fue type and particle sizing of the coal used.Carbonaceous filter aids are distinctly different from other types commonly used and extensive industrial applications are anticipated in a wide range of industries ranging from food to mineral processing.

Jan 1, 1970

Research on Reduction-Magnetic Separation of Bayan Obo Ore

Sep 13, 2010

By A. V. Roschin, N. V. Malkov, V. N. Karnoukhov, V. E. Roschin

Reduction interactions in solid phases are widespread and occur in most complex metallurgical processes. Among these processes, reactions between oxides and carbon have a special importance. The authors conducted experiments for comparison of reduction by different reducing agents of impregnated chromite ores, in which grains of the reducible chromite spinel are isolated from direct contact with the reducing agent by layers of non-ore material. The results of the experiments have revealed that the beginning of reduction is preceded by thermal and impurity order-disorder transformation of the oxide lattice whilst the transformation of the oxide lattice into the metal lattice takes place as a result of removal of oxygen anions from the zone of metal germ nucleation. Since anions are charge carriers, increase of their mobility can be monitored by changes in electrical conductivity of oxides. Respective measurements of electrical resistance of ores of different metals and a number of pure refractory oxides under heating have indicated that the beginning of reduction coincides with the time of drastic (tens of thousands times) increase of conductivity of the oxides. Besides, the temperature of the beginning of carbon-thermal reduction is in line with the Tammann temperature, i.e. the temperature of transition from the predominantly surface diffusion to volume diffusion. Segregation of metals from the oxide lattice occurs as a result of merging of anion vacancies with defect electrons on defects of the oxide lattice. The transformation of the oxide lattice into the metal lattice requires a certain concentration of anion vacancies and inflow of electrons from the reducing agent to the site of metal segregation. Such inflow has no difficulties due to the mixed anion-electron nature of high-temperature conductivity of oxides. Thus, the reduction is not determined by oxygen diffusion, it is determined by oxygen vacancies diffusion whose speed exceeds the speed of oxygen diffusion by orders of magnitude. This determines that the kinetics of reduction considerably exceeds the kinetics of oxidation at similar temperatures since oxidation proceeds by means of mass transfer of oxygen through the layer of the generated oxide.

Jan 1, 2004

The variation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen utilization with the amount of the reductant in the blast furnace bosh gas was investigated for the No. 4 blast furnace at The Broken Hill Proprietary Co. Ltd.iron and steel works. Newcastle. The degree of CO utilization decreased with increasing CO in the bosh gas; the H., utilization increased with the H., content of the gas. Empirical relationships for CO and H., utilization are proposed.H2, is 3-6 times as effective a reductant as CO at present levels of CO (34-39 per cent) and H2 (6-10 per cent) in blast furnace bosh gas. H2, gas injection into the blast furnace is proposed as a means of lowering the coke consumption, and the economics of H2 injection are evaluated.

Jan 1, 1975

In order to ensure safe mining and reduce surface damage in shallow multiple-seam mining, the failure characteristics of interburden strata with different coal pillar offset distances between pillars in the upper and lower seams, the distribution characteristics of stress concentration in coal pillars, and the development characteristics of stratum cracks and subsidence were physically investigated and also using UDEC2D software. Meanwhile, the effect of different coal pillar offset distances on the stress concentration of coal pillars and development of stratum cracks were studied. Based on those results, a formula for safe mining and reducing surface damage was established, which provided a theoretical basis for safe and environmentally friendly mining in shallow multi-seams. According to the results of the study, the optimal coal pillar offset distance (the side-to-side horizontal distance of the upper and lower coal pillars) between the upper and lower coal seams was developed to reduce the stress concentration of coal pillars and surface damage. The results of this study have been applied in Ningtiaota coal mine and have achieved good results in safe and environmentally friendly mining.

Jul 28, 2020

By Christian Besson

This article describes the implementation of a new jointing process for use between diaphragm wall panels. This process was initially introduced on the SOCATOP work site in uburban Paris (which involved the closing of the western section of the A86 bypass road), on a tunnel ventilation shaft. This brand new system upgrades the potential offered by other types of joints available and enables both ensuring the continuity of panels for structures over 40 m in depth under the strictest safety conditions and constructing shafts with diameters of less than 15 m. A patent for this process has recently been filed.

Jan 1, 2002

By D Connelly

There is now a new generation of mobile crushing and screening plant systems available which have been developed based on the motivation of reducing truck haulage. Newly designed mobile crushing and screening plant systems have the advantages of mobility, flexibility, economy and reliable performance, making this system very appealing for small- to medium-sized projects or projects where a number of resources are separated by distance.A brief review of the past history and experience with transportable crushing plants provides an insight into some of the issues with transportable plants in mineral processing. A closer look at a simple model based on exploiting small but high-grade orebodies suggests the concept has merit, however there are many more engineering, logistics, legal, technical and management aspects which have limited the application of such a concept in the resource sector. This paper explores the concept in detail and endeavours to analyse the preferred commodities and scenarios under which the concept could be used and the economic and logistical limitations for iron ore. The paper also looks at the risk assessment criteria to be applied in selecting the type of resource projects where the model could be applied successfully. Other aspects considered in this paper are the project planning requirements, technical and economic feasibility, bankability and operability. Reference is made to the operating experience of contractors at a number of sites and feedback from the resource companies as managers of the projects.CITATION:Connelly, D, 2013. Mobile crushing and screening plant applications for small- to medium-sized iron ore projects, in Proceedings Iron Ore 20 13, pp 349-354 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

The purpose of this paper is to cover in a general way the extent, geology, quality of product, working methods and trials of the coal mining industry. of New South Wales from 1946 to the present day, with particular reference to the Western field.It must be clearly understood that any opinions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Joint Coal Board.The extent of the Western coal field at the present stage of investigation may be said to be from a few miles east of Katoomha to a few miles north-west of the township of Ulan, the total distance being 150 miles.To the west of a line from the Western Highway from Lithgow through Wallerawang, PortIand, Tyldesley, Ben Bullen, Kandos and Rylstone, there are no signs of coal except for one or two outiiers in the neighbourhood of Portland. To the east of this line the coal-bearing areas extend to the seaboard approximately 80 miles to the east.GEOLOGY AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COAL SEAMSThe Western coal measures belong to the Upper or Newcastle series, which have been correlated with the Sciritheru or lllawarra, and the North-western or Gunnedah measures. Being close to the margin of the coal basin the Western measures have an average thickness of only 200 ft. to 500 ft., or approximately one-half of the maximum development of the Newcastle measures. They are underlain by Upper Marine beds which in turn rest directly on Devonian rocks.

Jan 1, 1954

By D O’Dea, B Godel, T Honeyands, B Ellis, T Harvey

X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a non-destructive technique that allows the exploration of the internal structure of solid objects in 3D. Over the past ten years, the combination of XCT with more conventional 2D techniques and quantitative 3D image processing and analysis (commonly referred to as digital rocks) has allowed us to address some of the most challenging problems in ore deposit studies. The range of X-ray energies used in XCT allows the X-rays to be transmitted through complex and dense materials including iron ores (eg sinters, lumps, granules). Recent high-resolution XCT scanners have the ability to generate multiscale (25 down to 0.3 µm voxel size) imaging of a given sample enabling the characterisation of 3D textures across a range of scales. This paper will focus on the application of digital rocks to iron ore sinter particles (using filtered polychromatic X-ray beam). The paper is divided into three parts and includes: i) details on the methodologies including their benefits and limitations and the effect of spatial resolution; (ii) the quantification of pore network topology and pore characteristics (eg open versus closed pores, pore size distribution and pore morphologies; degree of connectivity of the pore network and its tortuosity); and (iii) the evaluation of the technique to characterise various phases within the material and quantify 3D mineral textures.CITATION:Godel, B, Ellis, B, O’Dea, D, Honeyands, T and Harvey, T, 2017. Digital rocks for iron ore sinters – towards a D quantification of sinter textures, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2017, pp 529–534 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 24, 2017

By P. Bhakta

The U.S. Bureau of Mines developed an alkaline oxidative pretreatment leaching procedure to increase the recovery of gold from arsenopyrite (FeAsS) ores. The best solution compositions for arsenopyrite dissolution were determined using cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry. Initial arsenopyrite dissolution occurred at -0.20 V versus standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) in a sodium hydroxide (Na0H) solution. Leaching of a high-grade arsenopyritic ore containing, in percent, 28.2 As, 25.3 Fe, 19.9 total S, and 1.0 Sb and, in troy ounces per short ton, 1.6 Au and 5.5 Ag resulted in >90 pct As extraction at 1000 C, 40 psig O2,4 h, and 2M NaOH solution in a 2-L autoclave. Cyanidation of the leach residues resulted in 90 to 93 pct Au and 60 to 80 pct Ag extractions, compared with only 5 and 15 pct, respectively, without the pretreatment. The procedure was further tested by leaching a low-grade gold ore and a bulk sulfide flotation concentrate prepared from it. Cyanidation of the leach residues resulted in 70 pct Au and 31 pct Ag extraction. The NaOH leachate was partially regenerated by precipitating the arsenate as calcium arsenate [Ca3As04)2] and the sulfate as barium sulfate (BaS04).

Jan 1, 1989

Rock engineering has now been practised as a discipline for about50 years, and many sophisticated methods of analysis for use in rock engineering design have been developed. However, analysis is only a tool for use in engineering design, and rock masses are often so complex that realistic modelling of them, even with sophisticated methods of analysis, is impossible. At the other end of the scale, rock mass classification methods have been developed to quantify the rock mass. These ?numbers? are now widely used for assessment of stability of underground and surface excavations in rock, for the determination of rock support requirements, and for the estimation of rock mass strength and deformation properties. In considering these areas, the two concepts?design, and prediction of behaviour?will be dealt with. The discussion will be introduced by a consideration of the characteristics of the rock mass, which will highlight the variability in its properties and hence the uncertainty in the behavioural parameters. Examples of real projects will be used to illustrate the discussion.

Jan 1, 2003

By S. G. Gendler

The choice of ventilation schemes in the Northern Mujsky railway tunnel and definition of the nec-essary quantities of air ensuring regulated radiation conditions in the tunnel system has been accomplished. The influence of natural draught on the stability of tunnel ventilation has been estimated. The design of a portal venti-lation gate allowing minimal influence from natural factors is described. The dependence of pressure loss in the sliding ventilation gates on their spanning value of the vehicle tunnel section has been determined. The selection of parameters for an atmospheric air heating system in winter has been carried out. The operation regimes of air heaters, dependent on the temperature of atmospheric air, have been established.

Jan 1, 2009

Several Approaches to Enhance the Bioleaching of Enargite Some approaches were investigated to enhance the recovery of Cu from enargite by bioleaching with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans using the galvanic interaction with pyrite and activated carbon, and with thermophilic bacteria, Acidianus brierleyi. Addition of pyrite initially enhanced Cu leaching by the Galvanic effect, but after that the formation of secondary minerals passivated the surface of enargite in inoculated batches. Activated carbon improved Cu recovery from enargite much better than pyrite, when it is contacted with enargite. Recovery of Cu from enargite has been recorded to at largest 2.4 per cent within 30 days in the presence of activated carbon when mesophilic bacteria were inoculated at 25¦C. The recovery of Cu from enargite was drastically enhanced by inoculation of thermophilic bacteria, Acidianus brierleyi, up to 60 per cent within 40 days at 70¦C and still not leveled off after 40 days unless the formation of Fe(III) precipitates occurred. After 40 days dissolved molar ratio of Cu/As is around 5.2, suggesting that metal-deficient sulfides and/or ferric arsenate might be formed on the surface of enargite.

Sep 13, 2010

Deposits of the Reefton Goldfield, West Coast, New Zealand, are hosted on N-NE striking, upright folds of the Greenland Group. High-grade quartz lodes are hosted on axial planar shears, typically have short strike lengths, and form shoots that pitch steeply on the hosting shears. Deposits within the field area of a detailed structural study share these characteristics. Field mapping and microstructural analysis have demonstrated that the Greenland Group was affected by a multideformational sequence. Gold mineralisation is hosted on shears axial planar to the F2 folds, but occurred during a subsequent deformation event (D4). Deformation during D4 resulted from N-NE directed shortening, near parallel to the trend of the F2 folds. This event produced F4 kink folds that were accommodated by layer parallel slip on S2 parallel shears, gold mineralisation during D4 being confined to the dilational hinges of F4 kink folds. The semi-brittle nature of D4 allowed the formation of stockwork veining and disseminated mineralisation within the F4 hinge zones. Most deposits within the goldfield are similar to those within the field area, and are interpreted to have been mineralised during D4. The two largest known deposits within the goldfield, however, are distinct. The Blackwater Deposit, striking parallel to the hosting folds, has a combined strike length of 1 km. The Globe-Progress Deposit is hosted on an E-W striking discordant shear in which a brittle zone of disseminated mineralisation encompasses high-grade quartz lodes. The characteristics that distiguish the Globe and Blackwater deposits may be due to formation before and after D4 respectively. Detailed field mapping in the vicinity of known deposits throughout the goldfield will further refine the relationships between the F2 folds, later deformations and the localisation of ore deposits. Additional mapping may also help constrain the position, orientation and extent of additional orebodies.

Jan 1, 2001

By C. M. Harrer

The location, features, quality, and extent of iron ore deposits are evaluated in this Bureau of Mines report. The results of pioneer beneficiation on Wyoming taconites and their success are discussed along with developments in the iron-ore mining industry, markets, and economics. Market potential, transportation, resource developments, taxation, cost of iron ore enterprises, and the future of Wyoming iron resources are evaluated. Although occurrences of iron ores in Wyoming were known prior to 1870, early production to 1900 was as a nonferrous metallurgical flux and as mineral pigment for paints. In 1901, the Hartville-Sunrise hematite deposits were available to the Western iron and steel industry and in 1962, the first western taconite operation was placed in production at Atlantic City, Wyo. This investigation disclosed the probability of other large iron deposits in Wyoming. Taconite in the Bradley Peak area of the Seminoe Mountains has a potentiality of 100 million tons; that in the Owl Creek Mountains may prove very large also. Pioneer beneficiation testing has been included, and results have been generally encouraging. Research continues on the large titaniferous magnetite deposits of Albany County, Wyo. At present high-density titaniferous magnetite is being mined and processed at Iron Mountain for heavy-aggregate and as a sized coating for underwater pipelines. Ample mineral raw materials needed for mining and processing Wyoming iron ores are available. Investments for iron-ore processing plants will generally be large, particularly for taconite and titaniferous magnetite.

Jan 1, 1966