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Terrane?s Canadian Assets Mt. Milligan, British Columbia Copper, gold (100%) Berg, British Columbia Copper, molybdenum (100%) Howards Pass, Yukon/NWT border Zinc (Option payments, and Royalty interest) Maze Lake, Nunavut Gold (Joint venture with Laurentian Gold Fields)

May 1, 2010

By J. K. Szymanski

"RÉSUMÉPour maintenir de bonnes performances technique et économique dans l’exploitation par chambres vides (open stope) il est primordial d’assurer un contrôle efficace des limites réelles des chantiers d’abattage. C’est pour cette raison que, de plus en plus souvent, les opérateurs miniers utilisent un dispositif de laser (Cavity Monitoring System: CMS) qui permet de mesurer les dimensions réelles de chantiers en vue de calculer principalement la dilution et les pertes du minerai ainsi que d’autres paramètres. Malheureusement, il n’existe présentement aucune méthodologie commune, qui permettrait d’interpréter ces résultats selon les mêmes critères pour faciliter d’évaluations juste et précise de la réalisation par rapport à la planification en vue d’en apporter de corrections, dans les différentes opérations minières, si nécessaire. Dans la première partie du présent article on discute les principales séquences d’exploitation utilisées dans l’extraction par chambres vides. Par la suite, à l’aide des sections transversales et longitudinales on illustre toutes les phases des travaux miniers. Ceci en vue de permettre au lecteur de comprendre mieux c’est qui peut se passer effectivement dans les chantiers d’abattage. Par après on donne les définitions générales de principaux facteurs de performance technique. Finalement, l’exemple numérique, élaboré à partir des résultats de l’arpentage au laser effectué par la mine Bousquet 2 dans un chantier d’abattage, donne les détails concernant les définitions ainsi que les valeurs de nombreux facteurs de performance technique, qui pourraient être utilisés, par après, par les opérateurs miniers dans le suivi de leurs exploitations souterraines."

Jan 1, 1997

By F. Pinto, J. V. Lemos, A. Sousa, L. Ribeiro e Sousa

The Rossio railway tunnel was built in 1890 crossing several formations involving limestones, basalts and also sandy and clayey formations. Due to the fact that it is an old underground structure rehabilitation and repair works were performed, namely at Km 0,900 and in a zone crossed by a new tunnel from the Lisbon Metro. Reinforcement support systems were designed in the Rossio tunnel in order to prevent its stability. In this paper, repair works and anchor tests performed at km 0,900 are presented, as well as the monitoring system implemented in order to observe the structural effects induced by the construction of the works. For the interpretation of the obtained information complex 3D models was built, permitting the simulation of the sequential excavation scheme used, non-linear behaviour of the different formations, and the support systems used. Der 1890 erbaute Rossio Eisenbahntunnel durchoertert mehrere Formationen, einschliesslich einer Kalkstein-, Basalt- sowie einer sandigen und tonigen Formation. Auf Grund des Alters des unterirdischen Bauwerks wurden Instandsetzungs- und Reparaturarbeiten im Bereich km 0,900 sowie im Kreuzungsbereich mit einem neuen Tunnel der Lissabonner U-Bahn durchgeführt. Aussteifungssysteme wurden entworfen, um die Stabilität des Rossio Tunnels zu gewährleisten. Im Folgenden werden die Instandsetzungsarbeiten und Anker Tests im Bereich km 0,900 sowie das Messystem zur Ueberwachung der strukturellen Auswirkungen der Bauarbeiten dargestellt. Zur Interpretation der gewonnenen Informationen wurden komplexe 3D Modelle entwickelt, die eine Simulation des Bauablaufs und die Anwendung nichtlinearer Stoffgesetze fuer die verschiedenen Formationen und Aussteifungssysteme ermöglichten. Le Tunnel ferroviaire du Rossio a été construit en 1890, traversant des différents terrains comme des calcaires, des basaltes et aussi des formations limoneuses et sableuses. Dû à l’ancienneté de l’ouvrage, des travaux de réhabilitation et réparation ont été faits, nomment au km 0,900 et dans la zone traversée par le nouveau tunnel du Metro de Lisbonne. Des systèmes de support renforcé ont été conçus pour le Tunnel du Rossio de façon à rassurer sa stabilité. Dans ce papier, on présente les travaux de réparation et les essais d’ancrage réalisés au km 0,900, et aussi, le système d’auscultation mise au point pour l’observation des effets structuraux induits par les travaux. De façon à interpréter l’information résultant de l’observation, des modèles 3D complexes ont été utilisés, permettant la simulation de la méthode séquentielle de l’excavation, du comportement non - linéaire du terrain et, aussi les systèmes de support utilisés.

Jan 1, 2003

By Rimas Veitas, James Panton, Erich Steinlechner

"Ductile Iron Piles (DIPs) are a proven, viable alternative to conventional piles, and for the past five years have been successfully used throughout New England. The installation process of DIPs lends itself to both large and small projects. Because of their installation efficiency they provide a substantial cost savings over drilled micro piles. Several New England projects (both end bearing and friction) will be evaluated, focusing on the installation and design procedures.BackgroundThe driven ductile cast iron pile (DIP) is a simple, fast and highly effective pile system. Over the last 30 years over 10 million feet of this pile system has been installed worldwide predominantly in Europe. DIPs are a prefabricated driven pile system utilizing high strength ductile iron pipes which are manufactured using a spun-cast process having outside diameters of 4 5/8” and 6 5/8 inches. The standard pile lengths are 16.4 feet long. The pipes are manufactured with a tapered socket with an internal shoulder for full engagement at the top and a tapered spigot at the bottom. The individual pile sections can be connected with this Plug and Drive® connection to drive a pile of any length.(see figure 1)The DIP system’s inherent advantage is the simplicity of the installation process. The piles are driven to refusal or to a required penetration depth with the use of a high-impact highfrequency hydraulic hammer (ie. Breaker hammer). In most applications the hydraulic hammer is mounted on an appropriately sized excavator (see Photo 2). At the completion of driving the pile, the pile is cut off (see photo 5) and the remaining section of pile is fitted with the appropriate driving shoe and serves as the lead section for the next pile. Being able to reuse the cut off section, yields minimal if any pile shaft waste. The pile is then fitted with an appropriate pile cap plate to receive the load from the superstructure."

Jan 1, 2017

By Victor J. Lynch

The Andover-Sulphur Hill mines are 12 miles northeast of Andover and 5 miles southeast of Newton, in Sussex County, N.J. The property is situated on the Lehigh Valley and Hudson River Railroad and half a mile east of U.S. Highway 206. It is connected with the main highway by a hard-surfaced county road. (See fig. 1.) Howard J. Hewitt of Lafayette, N.J., has under lease the Sulphur Hill tract, consisting of 28 acres, and has an option on the Tar Hill tract of 106 acres. The Tar Hill property adjoins the Sulphur Hill on the northeast. (See fig. 2.) The Andover-Sulphur Hill property is owned by the Lenape Corp. of Andover, N.J., while the Tar Hill tract is owned by the Crane Iron Co. of Phillipsburg, N.J. These mines produced iron ore during a period of about 100 years but have not been operated since 1880. Zinc and lead sulfides occur mixed with iron ores in the lower workings of the old mines. A diamond-drilling program was recommended to determine the extent of the sulfide mineralization in depth and also to explore further the iron-ore deposits on the property. The project was started October 6, 1942, and finished November 25, 1942.

Dec 1, 1947

By Martial P. Corriveau

Almost everyone agrees that coal and oil shale are the only fossil fuel resources in which the United States is self-sufficient. Of the two, only coal has a technology sufficiently developed to be of intermediate term benefit. Since it takes at least 20 years to bring advanced technology into practice, it seems logical that the major focus on energy developments should be aimed at coal. Meanwhile, we need to trade-off between actions to meet our immediate needs and the various political regulations and social demands that are disrupting the coal industry and the industries dependent upon it. The largest single user of coal is the electric power generation industry. Over 300 million tons of coal are presently being consumed each year. In view of the 5-to 7-years lead time to bring in a base-load fossil-fuel fired generating station, our requirements for double this tonnage in 1980 are already well forecast; that is, if the coal companies are allowed to mine and the utilities are allowed to burn the coal.

Jan 2, 1974

THE committee in charge of arrangements for the meeting of the Institute in September has com-pleted its program. The headquarters of the meeting will be at the Palace Hotel, San Francisco, and the registration committee will be at the hotel all day on Sunday, Sept. 24, and from 8 a.m. until noon on Monday. On Sunday afternoon, automobiles will be available for sightseeing trips around the city. Monday will be devoted to technical sessions. In the morning, there will be sessions on Mining and on Iron and Steel; in the afternoon, sessions on Mining and Milling. At these sessions, in addition to the papers mentioned in the tentative list printed in August, there will be presented three papers on the geology, mining and milling of the Comstock lode; one on the Aztec mine, Baldy, N. M.; one on the Colombian oil fields; and one on charcoal precipitation of cyanide solutions. The luncheon on that day will be Dutch Treat, for men only, at the Engineers Club. On Monday evening, there will be an informal buffet supper at the home of F. W. Bradley. On Tuesday morning, a party of 50 men will leave for Hetch Hetchy. During the four days of the trip, the party will see the Priest tunnel and earth dam under construction by steam-shovel and hydraulic-fill methods, the Big Creek shaft and tunnel, early intake power plant and tunnels and the Hetch Hetchy dam under construction. For those who remain in San Francisco, Tuesday will be "San Francisco Day." There will be motor trips to the Presidio, Cliff House, Golden Gate Park, and other points of interest, and shopping trips to Chinatown. On Wednesday, "University of California Day," the party will be guided through the university by members of the Mining Association, the affiliated stu-dent society, and will see the Greak Theatre and not-able buildings. Thursday will be "Leland Standford, Jr. University Day." Automobiles will leave the Palace Hotel at 10 a.m., and will return from the university at 4.30 p.m. Friday has been reserved for trips to the Selby Smelter, to Mt. Tamalpais, or to other points of interest. Arrangements will be made to visit the mines or gold dredges in California, if members desire to do so, but such trips must of necessity be considered special trips and arrangements will have to be made to suit the convenience of the individual or party. The Golf Committee will make arrangements for those who wish to play golf.

Jan 9, 1922

By Joseph W. Town

The Bureau of Mines conducted studies related to SO2 air pollution to determine attritioning rates, SO2 sorption rates, and sulfur loads that could be obtained on commercial alkalized alumina sorbent pellets. Fluidized-bed attritioning rates ranged from 0.025 pct/hr for alkalized alumina with a crushing strength of 4 kg to 0.075 pct/hr for 0.5 kg crushing strength mate¬rial. Airlift attritioning rates ranged from 0.50 pct/hr for 3 kg crushing strength alkalized alumina to about 3 pct/hr for 0.5 kg material. Attritioning rates for the commercial alkalized alumina were comparable to those obtained for sorbent pellets prepared in the Bureau of Mines laboratory. Sorption rates were related to S02 concentration in flue gas, temperature, and presence of nitrogen oxides in the gas stream. Sorption rates at 300° C were 0.35 X 10-6 gS/gp/sec (grams sulfur per gram pellet per second) in 0.045 pct so, gas, 5.1 x 10-5 gS/gp/sec in 0.34 pct SO2 gas, and 65 X 10-5 gS/gp/sec in 10 pct SO2 gas. For the 0.34 pct S02 gas, sulfur loads of 0.10 gS/gp (the projected load for regeneration) were obtained in 47 min at 130° C and in 116 min at 300° C. The presence of either NO or NO2 in the 0.34 pet S02 gas increased the SO2 sorption rates 2 to 3 times at 300° C, but had no effect at 130° C.

Jan 1, 1969

By E. H. Cho, P. K. Dai

An acid mine drainage sludge sample, containing 3.6% Mn, 0.18% Ni, 0.15% Co and 0.39% Zn, was obtained from central West Virginia. The sample was leached at room temperature with a pH 3 sulfuric acid solution. Air was then bubbled through the leach solution at pH 4.5 to precipitate the iron. The leach solution contained 258 ppm Zn, 105 ppm Ni, 90 ppm Co and 2050 ppm Mn. Three solvent extraction studies were performed to selectively extract these metal ions in a sequential operation with DEHPA. Cyanex 272 and Lix 84. The A/O ratio was one, and the extractants were diluted ten times with kerosene. A study of solvent extraction with DEHPA showed that Zn could be extracted without Ni or Co up to a pH of 2.75. A pH of 2.75 is considered to be the optimum pH to maximize the selective separation of Zn from Mn. The separation factor of Co over manganese suggests that the two metal ions should be extracted together by Cyanex 272. The separation factor of Co over Ni indicates that these two metal ions can be separated most effectively around pH 5.3. Also, Ni can be effectively extracted by Lix 84 above pH 5.5.

Jan 1, 1995

By Richard Moldenke

Note.—At the request of the American Society for Testing Materials, this paper wau presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1923, in connection with the "A. S. T. M. Tentative Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron" and The Physics of Cast Iron and Its Bearing on All Cast-iron Products and Specifications for Cast Iron," by William R. Webster. The discussion of this paper was not published by the Institute, having been referred to the American Society for Testing Materials, as these papers were again presented for discussion at the meeting of that Society at Atlantic Cit;, June, 1923. The result of these discussions is shown in the following abstract from the Committee A3 report on cast-iron specifications: During the past year, the adaptability of the tentative specifications for pig iron for the steel and the malleable foundry, in addition to the iron foundry proper, have been studied and suitable changes and rearrangements are being made which appear to cover the situation properly. In spite of the experience of foundrymen to the contrary, there is a persistent call from consumers of castinga for defixute compositions for given lines of castings. To respond to this call for information desired by the consumer—information every modern foundryman should have and guide his procedure with—the committee has requested the Sub-committee on General Cast!rigs to take up this matter with a view of constructing tables of analyses rang? for Important lines of foundry product. These analyses ranges however, are to be given as "recommendgd practice" and not intended for actual spkcification. In this way, the consumer of the foundry product will get the information he wants; the furnace-man will be gulded in the production of his pig irons to prepare for analyses ranges which are more closely standardized and have less of "freak" requirements made by Inexperienced metallurgists; and the foundryman will not be bound by chemical requirements he knows will not work out well with his particular reglonal supphes of melting stock. Doctor Moldenke's paper is published in full as it shows clearly the good results of the Institute's work in 1895 and a comparison of the same with the present knowledge of the metallurgy of cast iron—Bradley Stoughton, Chairman, Iron and Steel Committee. In MaRch, 1895, William R. Webster contributed a carefully prepared scheme for the study of the physics of cast iron to the American Institute of Mining Engineers at its Florida meeting. This summary of the interrelation of the chemical and physical characteristics of cast iron with the operations of daily foundry practice caused a wide discussion of the then little understood though universally used material. Mr. Webster has requested the author to bring the subject up to date and, while glad to comply, he must pay that with all the knowledge that has been gained in the quarter century that has passed since the subject was brought to the attention of the Institute—and we now are pretty familiar with cast iron in all its aspects—there is practically noth-

Jan 1, 1923

By Richard Moldenke

Note.—At the request of the American Society for Testing Materials, this paper wau presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1923, in connection with the "A. S. T. M. Tentative Specifications for Foundry Pig Iron" and The Physics of Cast Iron and Its Bearing on All Cast-iron Products and Specifications for Cast Iron," by William R. Webster. The discussion of this paper was not published by the Institute, having been referred to the American Society for Testing Materials, as these papers were again presented for discussion at the meeting of that Society at Atlantic Cit;, June, 1923. The result of these discussions is shown in the following abstract from the Committee A3 report on cast-iron specifications: During the past year, the adaptability of the tentative specifications for pig iron for the steel and the malleable foundry, in addition to the iron foundry proper, have been studied and suitable changes and rearrangements are being made which appear to cover the situation properly. In spite of the experience of foundrymen to the contrary, there is a persistent call from consumers of castinga for defixute compositions for given lines of castings. To respond to this call for information desired by the consumer—information every modern foundryman should have and guide his procedure with—the committee has requested the Sub-committee on General Cast!rigs to take up this matter with a view of constructing tables of analyses rang? for Important lines of foundry product. These analyses ranges however, are to be given as "recommendgd practice" and not intended for actual spkcification. In this way, the consumer of the foundry product will get the information he wants; the furnace-man will be gulded in the production of his pig irons to prepare for analyses ranges which are more closely standardized and have less of "freak" requirements made by Inexperienced metallurgists; and the foundryman will not be bound by chemical requirements he knows will not work out well with his particular reglonal supphes of melting stock. Doctor Moldenke's paper is published in full as it shows clearly the good results of the Institute's work in 1895 and a comparison of the same with the present knowledge of the metallurgy of cast iron—Bradley Stoughton, Chairman, Iron and Steel Committee. In MaRch, 1895, William R. Webster contributed a carefully prepared scheme for the study of the physics of cast iron to the American Institute of Mining Engineers at its Florida meeting. This summary of the interrelation of the chemical and physical characteristics of cast iron with the operations of daily foundry practice caused a wide discussion of the then little understood though universally used material. Mr. Webster has requested the author to bring the subject up to date and, while glad to comply, he must pay that with all the knowledge that has been gained in the quarter century that has passed since the subject was brought to the attention of the Institute—and we now are pretty familiar with cast iron in all its aspects—there is practically noth-

Jan 1, 1923

By Lebeau M., P. Duguay

"The cost of occupational injuries and diseases in the mining industry in Quebec was estimated for the period of 2010 to 2012. The method used takes into account the financial and human costs assumed by employers, workers, and the community. To better direct research and prevention toward issues with the most significant consequences, the results are presented in various ranking tables, which stakeholders might find useful.RÉSUMÉ Le coût des accidents du travail et des maladies professionnelles dans l’industrie minière au Québec a été estimé pour la période 2010-2012. La méthode utilisée prend en compte les coûts financiers et humains endossés par les employeurs, les travailleurs et la communauté. Afin de mieux orienter les recherches et la prévention vers les problèmes ayant les plus graves conséquences, les résultats sont présentés dans divers tableaux de classement, qui seront d’une grande utilité aux parties prenantes. INTRODUCTIONThe mining industry is much safer today than it was 30 or 40 years ago, mainly due to a more qualified workforce, the use of automated equipment, and a corporate culture more focused on occupational health and safety (OHS); however, the number and the severity of occupational injuries and diseases continue to make this industry one of the most hazardous. In the province of Quebec, the mining industry accounts for approximately 0.4% of paid workers but is the source of 4% of fatal work accidents. It is, therefore, important to continue the prevention efforts already underway in the mining industry.The difficult global economy, which has affected the mining industry in the last few years, is an opportunity to reaffirm that sound management of OHS can have a positive impact on companies’ productivity and profitability. Occupational injuries and diseases are costly for the companies concerned and for society as a whole. Reducing their occurrence makes it possible to reduce not only the size of workers’ compensation board contributions but also several other financial and human costs."

Jan 1, 2018

By Landy A. Stinnett

Coal mines in the United States are the most productive in the world in terms of efficient labor employment. This is because of an abundance of workable coal beds, large infusions of capital, improved management practices and continuing competitive pressures. The standard unit of measurement for labor productivity is expressed as tons/manshift, although for underground mines, operators often refer to tons per machineshift. Articles written concerning labor productivity generally focus on measurement techniques, safety considerations, application of technology and training. This article will illustrate by example the impact of labor efficiency (or inefficiency) on the ultimate selling price of coal, f.o.b. mine site. During the past several years, the coal industry has seen significant improvement in labor use. Figure 1 shows the trends in productivity for all active mines in the United States from 1985 through 1994. Productivity in 1985 was 20.1 t/manshift (22.1 st/ manshift). This factor has increased almost linearly throughout that period to 37.5 t/manshift (41.2 st/manshift). This is a 7.2% annual compound growth rate.

Jan 1, 1995

By W. B. Agocs

"AbstractThe airborne magnetometer data of the Marmora iron ore deposit at Marmora, Ontario, have been used as an example to show the mapped results obtained by the use of line spacings of from 1 mile to 14 mile. The maps are illustrative of the results which could be obtained from such line spacings for any type of geophysical survey, and they show the probability of 'missing' a feature of economic value if the line spacing is too coarse.The probability equations are given for the crossing of randomly oriented features whose maximum dimension is less than the spacing of the control lines for circular, elongate, and rectangular outlines. The equations are P = D/S; P = 2L/S; P = 2(L+W)/,.S; P = A/,.S; P = (2L(S+T)-L2),.ST; and P (D(S+T-,.D)) ST, respectively; where P is the probability; D is the diameter; L is the length; W is the width; and S and T are line spacings.IntroductionTHE EFFECT of station spacing, and the effect of the distance between the plane of observation and the plane of the source of the potential field anomalies, have been studied by geophysicists in the past.The purpose of this paper, however, is to illustrate the effect of line spacing •on the resultant mapped magnetic anomaly for a known magnetite mass, and to present the elementary probability equations for determining the optimum control spacing for detecting a particular type of feature. The effect of line spacing which is illustrated by the magnetic maps presented herewith would be comparable to results which would be obtained by any geophysical survey, since the contours between lines are of necessity interpolated."

Jan 1, 1955

By J. L. Moriarty, Irving Johnson, H. M. Feder

The crystallization of ternary alloys has been studied as a coprecipitation phenomenon by measuring the substitutional carrying of trace metals with CeCd11 precipitating from liquid cadmium. The Doerner-Hoskins logarithmic distribution law has been found to apply in all cases; the coprecipitation coefficients obtained were: 1.48 (La), 1.06 (Th), 0.63 (Pr), 0.24 (Gd), 0.17 (Sm), 0.13 (U), 0.10 (Er), 0.09 (Sr). Li, Na, K, Ba, Y, Sc, and Zr were not measurably carried. It has been observed that coprecipitation was most extensive for those tracers which form with cadmium an intermetallic compmdnd isostructural with CeCd11 or closely related thereto. For these tracers an inverse relation between Solubility in cadmium and coprecipitation coefficient was noted. THE partition of impurities between the liquid and solid phases of a metal or a congruently melting intermetallic compound has been extensively studied by the methods of zone melting.' However, when the composition of a liquid alloy and of the solid phase crystallizing from it differ grossly, partition of an impurity cannot be investigated in this manner. Partition of the impurity under equilibrium conditions may be studied by investigation of the appropriate phase diagram and partition under nonequi-librium conditions may be studied by observation of coring in the solidified alloys.2 The nonequilibrium case is of special interest in metallurgical practice because many complex alloys are cooled too rapidly to permit the uniform diffusion of impurities throughout the crystallizing phase(s). With this in mind, the present study was undertaken to obtain quantitative data on the phenomenon of coprecipitation via substitutional solid solution in certain metallic systems. It will be noticed that rather than adopting metallurgical ter- minology we have chosen to refer to the partition of impurities during alloy crystallization as coprecipitation.3 In the terminology of coprecipitation the impurity is referred to as the tracer and the precipitating phase as the carrier. From aqueous solution, coprecipitation may occur as a result of adsorption on the surface of the carrier, by occlusion of the liquid within the crystals, or by solid solution of the tracer in the carrier. By slow cooling of liquid metallic solutions it is relatively easy to form large, regular crystals of the carrier; the effects of adsorption and occlusion may be minimized and the influence of substitutional solid-solution formation may be made to predominate. Previous studies of the crystallization of some intermetallic compounds4 and of copper, silver, and gold5 have shown that the coprecipitation or partition behavior of trace metals is entirely analogous to that observed in aqueous systems when ionic substitution occurs, e.g., coprecipitation of Ra++ with BaSo4. The precipitation of CeCd11 from liquid cadmium was chosen for study. This choice was influenced by the following consideration. If the relative atomic sizes of the tracer atom and the atom for which it substitutes determine the tendency to coprecipi-tate, then a lattice having a substitutional site of well-defined size would be desirable. In CeCd116 (structure type cubic BaHg117) the cerium atom is completely surrounded by a cage of twelve nearly equidistant cadmium atoms. Thus, atoms much larger or much smaller than cerium should be poorly accommodated in this cage. The choice of a lanthanide central atom allowed the testing of the size hypothesis with a number of lanthanide tracers which differed in size but not in valence or electro-negativity. EXPERIMENTAL The general technique of this investigation was to prepare a slightly undersaturated solution of carrier in liquid cadmium to which a tracer was added. The concentration of tracer was always so low that saturation over the entire temperature range investigated was never exceeded. The solution was cooled in a stepwise fashion. After each step a por-

Jan 1, 1964

"Developing markets for western metallurgical coal have continued to stimulate considerable exploration activity in the Rocky Mountain foothills and to influence major segments of a wide-ranging carbonization R&D pro-gram. Adjunct studies have included expanded petrographie investigations.Coal preparation has• been principally directed toward utilization of prepared small coal and was, like much of the year's combustion work, strongly influenced by concern over atmospheric pollution. Particular attention has been given to desulphurization and to the suppression of pollutants in combustion systems.In the area of non-fuel utilization of coal, interest has centered on plant nutrients and on a series of coal-based carbons which, inter alia, possess utility as filtration media.Other projects included the development of improved sampling and analytical methods, investigations into the effect of storage on coal proper-ties and R&D in solids pipelining. In addition, a significant volume of basic 'uncommitted' research has been maintained."

Jan 1, 1968

By J. L. Arola

Since start-up of fluxed pellet production in August: 1987, the Minorca Mine has made a number of process changes to improve pellet quality and productivity. Quality improvements include: 1. Installation of a contraction t:ester. 2. Installation of on-line calcium and silica analyzers. 3. Process autocation changes. Productivity improvements include: 1. A second fluxstone storage bin and feeder. 2. A new vacuum pump and disc filter. 3. A filter aid addition system. 4. Enclosing the filter cake reclaim feeder. 5. A new grate bar cleaner.

Jan 1, 1989

By Karl J. C. Harries

"The following is an outline or check sheet of some things that might be looked at when considering the concept of a royalty or royalty provisions. It is not intended as a guide to what is right or wrong (that is for the parties to decide). It does not replace the discussions in this work and is not intended to be a complete or exhaustive compilation of matters to be considered. It presumes that you are familiar with the basic concepts of royalties and has been included as an aide memoire only. Use it as such, with caution and common sense, and amend it to suit your needs. Remember also that brevity can result in inaccuracy or imprecision. This is a danger in many points below.The section references are for the sections where the matter is the main subject of the section – see the index for other sections.Royalty TypesNet Proceeds [§§ 5.8.; 11.4.]• No accepted or understood meaning within industry.• Literal meaning, if not defined, would imply “net operating profit”.• Often defined as net profit with revenue base of proceeds from sale of product.• Should not be used without detailed and clear definition. Net Operating Profit [§§ 5.8.; 11.4. – referred to only]• Net profit without recoupment of pre-production expenditures.• Revenue base: usually proceeds from sale of product.• Operating costs deductible.• Some reserves may be permitted.• Recoupment of some post-production capital expenditures may be permitted.• Not often seen as basis for royalties in Canada."

Jan 1, 2003

By R. D. Hamer

"The Atlantis II Deposit comprises metalliferous sediments (Zn+Cu+Ag+Au) accumulating in a composite, axial basin, 2,000m beneath the surface of the Red Sea. The basin contains warm, highly saline water. It is located approximately half way between Jeddah and Port Sudan within the Exclusive Economic zones of Saudi Arabia and Sudan. The Deposit was discovered in 1963 and evaluated by drilling in the 1970s and 1980s. This phase defined an initial resource of approximately 90Mt. More recent estimations have refined this figure to an Inferred Resource of approximately 80Mt (CIM compliant).The Mining Licence to develop and extract the Atlantis II Deep Deposit was granted to Manafai International Trade in 2010 by the joint Saudi-Sudanese Red Sea Commission. Manafai is poised to embark on a renewed phase of exploration and evaluation, including the completion of a Definitive Feasibility Study (DFS) and leading to the successful exploitation of the Deposit in a safe, environmentally sound, economically viable and socially responsible manner.The Deposit is forming in a complex basin adjacent the median rift, where sea floor spreading has operated during the last 5Ma. It is a Hydrothermal-sedimentary Deposit. The mineralised sedimentary rocks rest directly on sea floor basaltic rocks. They are produced by the exhalation of metal-rich, hydrothermal brines from fissures associated with the central rift and cross-cutting fracture zones. Up to 25m of metal-rich sediments have accumulated over an area exceeding 57km²."

Jan 1, 2017

By J. A. Cavallaro

This Bureau of Mines report describes the preparation characteristics of 10 coal samples collected from the significant coal-producing mines of Lucas, Mahaska, Marion, Monroe, and Wapello Counties in Iowa, with special emphasis on physical desulfurization. All 10 samples were of high sulfur content as received, ranging from 4.2 to 10.4 percent; the organic sulfur content ranged from 0.8 to 3.8 percent. The pyritic sulfur content of the samples could be appreciably reduced by crushing and washing and provided pyritic sulfur reductions ranging from 36 to 75 percent. Crushing to 3/8-inch top size and removing the sink 1.60 specific gravity material would provide float coal products containing 3.5 to 6.0 percent sulfur. However, these coals could be burned at utility plants utilizing SO2 removal processes with efficiencies ranging from 70 to 88 percent and still be in compliance with the current Federal SO2 emission regulations for stationary sources.

Jan 1, 1973