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By Jerry B. Newby

The outstanding features in Pennsylvania and New York during the past year were the buying of acreage for water-flooding in other Pennsylyania fields than the Bradford and Allegany districts, the wide adoption and use of the five-spot plan of development and water-flooding in the Bradford and Allegany districts, the discovery of gas production in the Onondaga lime in southwestern New York and the opening of the T. W. Phillips Gas & Oil Co. Fifth Sand pool in Butler County, Pennsylvania. Water-flooding has occurred in many other fields than the Bradford, Pa., and Allegany, N. Y., fields. In some the flood was a natural encroachment of edge water, in others the water was introduced into the productive sand through wells either accidentally or intentionally. Most of these floods have not been commercially successful. There has been some interest aroused in the Clarendon field, Warren County, Pennsylvania, by a new and apparently successful flood and other floods have been begun. Five-spotting in the Bradford and Allegany fields is the plan of water-flood development under which the area to be drilled is laid off in a grid of equal-sized squares with water intakes located at each corner of the squares and oil wells located in the centers of the squares. So far there are two five-spot water floods that are, beyond doubt,, commercial successes. There were 600 acres under five-spot flooding at the end of 1928, as against 150 at the end of 1927. By the end of 1929 there will be a total of between 1200 and 1500 acres five-spotted unless a low market for Pennsylvania grade crude oil develops. An increase of 6000 bbl. in average daily production is expected to accompany this development in 1929. The Belmont-Quadrangle Drilling Corpn. found the Onondaga lime or a higher strata at 3995 ft. north of Bolivar, Cattaraugus Country, N. Y., and a number of miles from any other important gas production. When drilled to 4006 ft. the well yielded 3,500,000 cu. ft. of gas and when shut in 1700 Ib. rock pressure. The one oil pool opened in 1928 was in Buffalo township, Butler County, Pa., in October, when the T. W. Phillips Gas & Oil Co. completed a wildcat well in the Fifth sand at 700 bbl. a day, which by the end of

Jan 1, 1929

A prize awarded by the SAIMM for outstanding academic achievement by 4th-year and 5th-year diplomates at technikons was instituted several years ago. The Senior Vice-President, Mr J.D. Austin, accompanied by the Institute's Secretary, Mrs D. Gardner, attended a prize-awarding function in the form of a luncheon at the Hotel School of the Technikon Witwatersrand on the 25th May.

Jan 1, 1984

By Ray Soper

Important progress has been made in developing the K-Process as an alternative to cyanide as a method of recovering gold from ores and other materials.

Jan 1, 1998

By Hiroyuki. Fukuyama

The pseudo-binary phase diagram of the cuspidine (3CaO2?SiO2?CaF2) - CaF2 system has been studied by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). To prevent fluorine loss in the form of a HF gas by a reaction of CaF2 with water vapor at elevated temperatures, the equilibrium experiments were conducted with the sample hermetically sealed in a platinum tube. By employing this technique, it was successfully revealed that cuspidine exists as a stable phase and congruently melts at 1684 ± 1 K, and the cuspidine - CaF2 system presents a simple eutectic type of phase diagram, of which eutectic temperature has been estimated to be around 1540 K, corresponding to the composition of 40 mass% 3CaO?2SiO2 - 60 mass% CaF2?

Jan 1, 1999

By Michael Gauna, William J. Gray, Joseph C. Zelanko

Mechanized mining in the underground coal industry has continued to evolve since the introduction of the remote control mining machine. Remote control continuous mining machines without an onboard operator’s compartment are now the norm in the industry. Extended cuts in excess of 30 ft (9.1 m) are commonplace. Unfortunately, machine operator positioning has become an often unrecognized safety concern, particularly when remote control continuous mining machines excavate a turn (turn a crosscut). From January 2001 through July 2004, remote control continuous mining machine operators or helpers have been involved in ten roof fall fatalities and eight machinery crushing fatalities. The machinery crushing incidents occurred when machines were being repositioned or moved to another place. Of the ten roof fall fatalities, three occurred while a crosscut was being turned and a fourth fatality occurred while mining was being conducted adjacent to the crosscut. The operating time associated with turning crosscuts is a relatively small part of the mining cycle. In recent years, however, a disproportionate number of fatal incidents appear to have been associated with this activity. Procedures for reducing the incidence of operator fatalities while turning crosscuts are discussed. These techniques include: minimizing the number of turn cuts, limiting turn cut depth, establishing no work zones and using visual warning devices to designate them, installing more roof/rib support in the vicinity of the turn cut, using notch cuts prior to initiating a full turn cut, and positioning the remote control miner operator in nontraditional locations.

Jan 1, 2005

By O. Bilharz

The rules laid down by Peter von Rittinger in his classic Lehrbuch der Aufbereitungskunde (Berlin, 1867, p. 513) concerning the designing of dressing-works still possess authority for such works and their operation. Nevertheless, some modifications and additions suggested by practice may be of value at the present time. Rittinger says: "I. Choose the apparatus and machines which can be, under the existing con-' ditions, easily constructed and kept in running order!' This rule contemplates the construction of apparatus (mostly of wood) on the spot, with the command of good sbops and especially of good workmen in wood. But in many cases, particularly for the sake of a prompt supply, the construction of apparatus is now left to special manufactories, which pay more attention in the choice of materials to durability and strength than to easy manipulation and erection. Nevertheless, here,as in many other instances, simplicity of construction and solidity of execution are to be recommended. Especially important is the convenient and cheap replaceability of

Jan 1, 1894

By João Guilherme Dessi

Neste trabalho estudou-se a microestrutura e a interface de um tubo bimetálico cladeado por centrifugação, constituído externamente em aço API 5L X65Q e internamente pela superliga de Ni-Cr Inconel 625, ambos vazados pela mesma posição relativa no tubo. O vazamento do Inconel 625 causou erosão no aço que diminuiu de intensidade do lado de vazamento (região mais quente) para a o lado oposto (região mais fria), onde a região de interdifusão não se apresentou mesmo uniforme. Nas regiões mais quentes (lado vazado e meio do tubo) ocorreu o cladeamento completo, com uma interface continua entre ambos os materiais constituintes, enquanto que na região mais fria a interface apresentou descontinuidades. O aço apresentou microestrutura ferrítica-perlítica com a região adjacente a interface descarbonetada, com grãos ferriticos nanométricos em uma região estreita de 3 µm. O Inconel 625 apresentou uma microestrutura de dentritas de austenita Ni-cfc com fases de Laves interdentríticas, devido a aumento do teor de Fe, com alta densidade de discordâncias na região adjacente a interface livre de precipitados.

Aug 8, 2018

By O Ostrovski

Direct iron smelting reduction has been examined using a modified 50 kg induction furnace. The furnace was equipped with continuous raw material feeding, a top oxygen lance, argon bottom bubbling, and sensors for measurement of gas and bath temperatures, gas composition and other parameters. In the base case, iron ore was charged at the rate of 1.5 kg/h, coke flowrate was adjusted to maintain a char fraction in the slag at 30 wt per cent, the oxygen flowrate was 100 Nl/min and the post-combustion ratio (PCR) was 60 per cent. The PCR was varied from 45 to 75 per cent by changing the lance height relative to the bath surface. Smelting reduction of Whaleback iron ore was investigated at different post-combustion ratios and iron ore feedrates using coke and coals with different volatile matter. The rate of iron oxide reduction increased with increasing iron oxide concentration in the slag, with a slight deviation from a linear function. The post-combustion ratio affected iron ore reduction and partitioning of elements between phases in the smelting reduction furnace. The high volatile coal investigated was found to be unsuitable for iron smelting reduction in the laboratory furnace.

Jan 1, 2000

By L. A. Roe

The year 1867 marks the first year of commercial production of phosphate rock in the United States. South Carolina produced almost all of the domestic output of mineral phosphate until phosphate mining began in Florida in 1888. During the period 1868 to 1949 the total marketed production of domestic phosphate rock was about 186 million long tons of which 71.5 percent was produced in Florida, 18 percent in Tennessee and 7 percent in South Carolina (1). From 1949 through 1960, Florida phosphate rock production has ranged Prom 71 to 77 percent of the total domestic production. Since three-fourths of the domestic phosphate production is from the Florida field, and since most of the phosphate from the Tennessee and Western fields is not processed, but used directly as electric furnace burden, this paper will concern itself almost entirely with water requirements for mining and processing ore from Florida. Figure 1 summarizes phosphate rock production for Florida vs. total United States production over the period 1947-1960.

Jan 1, 1962

By George R. Mitchell

It is a common observation that objects having, different; temperatures exchange energy by radiative transfer. The quantity of radiant energy emitted by an object is a definite function of its temperature. Therefore, a measurement of emitted radiation, by means of a calibrated radiometric instrument, provides a temperature measurement without contacting the emitting object. The physical laws describing radiant energy transfer and their application to remote temperature measurement form the substance of this paper. The energy radiated by bodies having temperatures up to 4000°C is largely in the infrared spectral region. The infrared spectral region is that part of the electro-magnetic spectrum having wavelengths longer than visible light and extending to the microwave region. The wave-lengths range from 0.7 micron (1 micron = 10-4 cm) to 1000 microns. In general, infrared radiometry deals, with the methods of measuring energy flux in the 1 to 15 micron region of the infrared spectrum.

Jan 1, 1960

At the present time, cyanide is the most widely used reagent to extract gold from its ores and concentrates. However, its use in mining has become the focus of intense attack by various groups throughout the world; as a consequence, a renewed effort has been launched to find suitable alternative lixiviants to recover gold. Chlorination was the most popular process to extract gold, before it was rendered obsolete with the advent of the cyanidation process at the turn of the last century, not least because it required the use of potentially hazardous and costly chlorine to oxidize/complex the gold. The PLASTOL® process, originally designed to recover the platinum group metals (PGM?s) from their ores and concentrates, provides an alternative to cyanide for gold ores. The process generates oxidizing conditions in the autoclave capable of forming the AuIII ion, and gold chloro-complexes result from the addition of small quantities (~5-10 g/L) of sodium chloride to the autoclave. The principles of the PLASTOL® process are briefly described, and several applications of the process to gold concentrates are presented. Various options available to recover gold from PLASTOL® leach solutions are also discussed.

Jan 1, 2003

During the intial two years (1972 - 1974) of exploration at Telfer, water require- ments were limited to supporting a 50 man camp and diamond drilling to verify thickness and grade of the stratabound ore deposit. Water bores were drilled to intersect the Middle Vale Reef down dip from its outcrop about 70 metres below surface. The MVR reef is an oxidized pyritic horizon which contains 30% - 65% sulphide below the zone of oxidation and forms a highly porous leached gossanous zone to a depth of 100 metres. Surface run-off water from the low hills associated with the Main Dome structure have led to annual re- charge of this extensive aquifer which MAP AREA Lake Waukarlyearly Permian rocks Precambrian basement - - ~;; rocks Sand d.n.s pò. _ « Drainage sg 1 qo~ (`-~.~ ? ò;+ Palaeochannel and 1 d {- subsurface drainage % GLENN BOREFIELD PASSMORE FAULT ;òTsI1. G-OId MIns BOUNDARY oChr~st as t .` Pool 4, 1 j`` Lake Dora òt ~daN 22' 0, 50 Niter KILOMETRES Fig 1. Telfer district map, Great Sandy Desert, Western Australia.

Jan 1, 1988

By S. Markstrom

The Boliden AITIK copper mine is located 100 kilometres north of the Arctic Circle in northern Sweden. A pre-feasibility study was conducted in 2005 with the aim of increasing the capacity of the existing processing plant. After analysis, options to upgrade the existing plant were abandoned in favour of building a new processing plant, with higher capacity and therefore greater profitability. A new plant could be designed with greater flexibility to make potential future expansions easier. A feasibility study for a new 36 Mt/y processing plant including fully AG grinding circuits and flotation was completed in 2006. The project was approved by the Boliden board shortly thereafter. Construction started in the beginning of 2007 and was completed during 2009. Commissioning of the new plant was undertaken in the first half of 2010. The grinding circuit consists of two lines with each line consisting of a 22.5 MW AG mill and a 10 MW Pebble mill in closed circuit with a spiral classifier. The nominal production level is 2 200 t/h for each grinding line. This paper presents the start-up and operation of the grinding circuit.

Jan 1, 2012

By L. Weaver

THE Tennessee Copper Co.'s mines are in the southeast corner of the state of Tennessee. Polk Co., in the well-known Ducktown copper basin. Their new circular production shaft will eventually be the only ore hoisting shaft, and is located for handling ore from Boyd, Calloway, Mary, and Cherokee mines. A circular, rather than a rectangular, shaft was decided upon because: 1-The circular shaft section is stronger when lined with concrete. Reinforcing steel was not required, thus reducing lining cost by one- quarter. 2-Water sealing was desired; it was thought it could best be done with a concrete lining followed by pressure grouting to eliminate water seeps. 3-The shaft labor saving equipment could best be used in a large opening, so the round section was made for economy, sinking, mucking, concreting and water sealing. Less shaft steel is used than could have been possible with steel sets. There are no posts required; center beams and Tee plate assembly placed at 10 ft hold the 100 lb steel guide rails. The shaft is 12 ft 7 1/2 in. ID of the concrete walls. This is large enough for two 10-ton hoisting skips and a ladder compartment. One of the skip compartments is for hauling equipment. The grouting equipment was a 2%xlO-in. Gardner-Denver grout pump, air powered and developing 1000 lb pressure. A grout mixer, also air driven, fed the mixed solution into a tank coupled to the pump suction. Grout materials used were mostly water and Portland cement. Some Bentonite was used to seal porous ground near the surface.

Jan 11, 1950

Charles Mather MacNeill, President of the Utah Copper CO. and of the Chino Copper Co., and a life member of the Institute since 1899, died at his home in New York on March 17, after a very brief illness with pneumonia. Mr. MacNeill was born at Oak Park, Ill., in 1871, and began his connection with mining enterprises immediately after graduating from high school, his first position being that of cashier with the Pueblo Smelting and Refining Co. He later went to Aspen, Colo., as manager of the Holden lixiviation plant. In 1893, he went to Cripple Creek as manager of the Lawrence Reduction Works, in which Mr. Holden and the late Capt. J. R. DeLamar were large owners. It was at this plant that Mr. Jackling became associated with him. The plant was destroyed by fire and, early in 1894, Mr. MacNeill became associated with Messrs. Spencer Penrose and Charles L. Tutt in a plan to finance and erect a chlorination plant at Colorado City, Colo., for the treatment of Cripple Creek ores. This plant was erected and was known as the Colorado-Philadelphia Reduction Works. Mr. MacNeill was general manager of the plant, Mr. Tutt having been president and Mr. Penrose, secretary and treasurer. The plant was very successful and was expanded, hally being reorganized under the name of the United States Reduction & Refining Company. Late in 1903, or very early in 1904, D. C. Jackling called the attention of Messrs. MacNeill and Penrose to the copper properties in Bingham Cañon, Utah, which have since become the main properties of the Utah Copper Co. After extended examinations and milling tests, these properties were bought, Mr. MacNeill becoming president of the Utah Copper Co., Mr. Penrose, secretary-treasurer, and Mr. Jackling, general manager. Mr. MacNeill remained president of the company to the time of his death. Mr. MacNeill was also a director, a member of the executive committee, and was largely interested in the Ray Consolidated Copper Co.; he was also president and a member of the executive committee of the Chino Copper Co. He had a variety of other mining interests, but the ones mentioned were distinctly the meost important. He was a director

Jan 1, 1923

Charles Mather MacNeill, President of the Utah Copper CO. and of the Chino Copper Co., and a life member of the Institute since 1899, died at his home in New York on March 17, after a very brief illness with pneumonia. Mr. MacNeill was born at Oak Park, Ill., in 1871, and began his connection with mining enterprises immediately after graduating from high school, his first position being that of cashier with the Pueblo Smelting and Refining Co. He later went to Aspen, Colo., as manager of the Holden lixiviation plant. In 1893, he went to Cripple Creek as manager of the Lawrence Reduction Works, in which Mr. Holden and the late Capt. J. R. DeLamar were large owners. It was at this plant that Mr. Jackling became associated with him. The plant was destroyed by fire and, early in 1894, Mr. MacNeill became associated with Messrs. Spencer Penrose and Charles L. Tutt in a plan to finance and erect a chlorination plant at Colorado City, Colo., for the treatment of Cripple Creek ores. This plant was erected and was known as the Colorado-Philadelphia Reduction Works. Mr. MacNeill was general manager of the plant, Mr. Tutt having been president and Mr. Penrose, secretary and treasurer. The plant was very successful and was expanded, hally being reorganized under the name of the United States Reduction & Refining Company. Late in 1903, or very early in 1904, D. C. Jackling called the attention of Messrs. MacNeill and Penrose to the copper properties in Bingham Cañon, Utah, which have since become the main properties of the Utah Copper Co. After extended examinations and milling tests, these properties were bought, Mr. MacNeill becoming president of the Utah Copper Co., Mr. Penrose, secretary-treasurer, and Mr. Jackling, general manager. Mr. MacNeill remained president of the company to the time of his death. Mr. MacNeill was also a director, a member of the executive committee, and was largely interested in the Ray Consolidated Copper Co.; he was also president and a member of the executive committee of the Chino Copper Co. He had a variety of other mining interests, but the ones mentioned were distinctly the meost important. He was a director

Jan 1, 1923

By J. M. McKenzie

p-n junctions to detect and measure the energy of single quanta of electromagnetic radiation are described. Useful energy range is from 1 kev to several Meu. Achieved energy resolution varies from 30 pct at 6 keu to 0.12 pct at 2 Mev. Parameters affecting the perfornzance of the present detectors and desired of a new material are discussed. DURING the last 6 years semiconductor detectors have been used extensively to detect and to measure the energy of charged particles. These detectors are made from reverse-biased p-n junctions. Electron-hole pairs are created in the depletion region of the junction, Fig. 1. The carriers are separated by the electric field and give rise to a pulse of current in the external circuit. This current pulse is proportional to the number of carriers and hence to the energy deposited in the depletion region by the ionizing event. More recently the discovery of the lithium drift process, first in silicon' and then in germanium,2 has extended the use of semiconductor detectors to the detection and the energy measurement of single quanta of electromagnetic radiation. These detectors now have a useful measurement range extending from the soft X-ray region, about 6 kev, to the hard y ray region of several Mev. Surface-contoured avalanche diodes can be used to extend this range down to 1 kev. There is however a desire for other materials suited to higher operating temperatures, and particularly for those materials with high y ray stopping power. The most important advantage of the semiconductor detector over gaseous and scintillation detectors is the average energy, E, required to form an electron-hole pair. Fig. 2 shows the quantum efficiency for germanium as a function of photon energy.3 At the band-gap energy, 0.7 ev, an electron-hole pair is generated by the absorption of the photon and the quantum efficiency is unity. The quantum efficiency remains constant at unity between 0.7 and 3 ev. It then increases as additional electron-hole pairs are formed by secondary ionization of the initial photoelectron. The rate of increase is about 1 electron-hole pair per 3 ev (actually 2.9 ev for germanium and 3.6 ev for silicon). This figure is constant irrespective of the particle type (electron, proton, a particle, heavy ion) and energy. In an ionizing event an incident particle of energy E will create N = E/e ion pairs. The statistical fluctuation in this number is proportional to &. The fractional energy resolution is therefore proportional

Jan 1, 1968

By J. H. Frye, J. W. Caum, R. M. Treco

IT has been suggested that: "Insofar as the hardening due to a solute depends upon the increase of lattice parameter produced by it, it is reasonable to suppose that this hardening might be related to the resistance which the pure solvent would offer to increase in its parameter."' It was further suggested that this hypothesis might be examined by comparing the hardnesses of analogous silver and copper alloys, since the stress necessary to produce a given lattice expansion is quite different in the two metals. Suitable data2,3,4 are now available on these alloys, and we shall proceed to an examination of the hypothesis quoted above. Hardness, Lattice Parameter and Ionic Overlap Increase in ultimate Meyer hardness has been plotted against increase in lattice parameter in Figs. I and 2. It is believed that most of the values are accurate within the limits indicated by the rectangles. These data are also presented in Table I. Ultimate Meyer hardness, P u, is defined by the equation: where L = load, D = diametei of an impression having the same diameter as the testing ball, which in this case is 4 mm. Increase in lattice parameter is defined as the difference between the lattice parameter of the solid solution and that of the pure solvent. The curves in Figs. I and 2 are based on equal solute concentration and an equal degree of plastic deformation pro duced by the testing ball. Hardnesses are corrected to a constant grain size for copper and silver alloys, respectively, and these two grain sizes are approximately equal. Furthermore, all solutes are from the same period of the B subgroup of the periodic table as their solvent. The question arises as to whether Or not lattice parameter is the only factor controlling the hardness of these alloys. There

Jan 1, 1943

By J. H. Frye, R. M. Treco, J. W. Caum

IT has been suggested that: "Insofar as the hardening due to a solute depends upon the increase of lattice parameter produced by it, it is reasonable to suppose that this hardening might be related to the resistance which the pure solvent would offer to increase in its parameter."' It was further suggested that this hypothesis might be examined by comparing the hardnesses of analogous silver and copper alloys, since the stress necessary to produce a given lattice expansion is quite different in the two metals. Suitable data2,3,4 are now available on these alloys, and we shall proceed to an examination of the hypothesis quoted above. Hardness, Lattice Parameter and Ionic Overlap Increase in ultimate Meyer hardness has been plotted against increase in lattice parameter in Figs. I and 2. It is believed that most of the values are accurate within the limits indicated by the rectangles. These data are also presented in Table I. Ultimate Meyer hardness, P u, is defined by the equation: where L = load, D = diametei of an impression having the same diameter as the testing ball, which in this case is 4 mm. Increase in lattice parameter is defined as the difference between the lattice parameter of the solid solution and that of the pure solvent. The curves in Figs. I and 2 are based on equal solute concentration and an equal degree of plastic deformation pro duced by the testing ball. Hardnesses are corrected to a constant grain size for copper and silver alloys, respectively, and these two grain sizes are approximately equal. Furthermore, all solutes are from the same period of the B subgroup of the periodic table as their solvent. The question arises as to whether Or not lattice parameter is the only factor controlling the hardness of these alloys. There

Jan 1, 1943

By David A. Lipton

In the summer of 1985, at the request of the U.S. Forest Service, the U.5. Bureau of Mines examined the 109,000-acre West Big Hole study area to evaluate its identified mineral resources. The study area is in Beaverhead County, about 50 mi west of Dillon, MT. Four lode properties within or adjacent to the study area contain an estimated 452,000 tons of identified subeconomic gold-silver resources. Resources ranged from 900 to 302,000 tons, with estimated grades between 0.02 and 0.23 oz/ton gold and as much as 4.8 oz/ton silver. Gold, silver, and base-metal content in samples of poorly exposed mineralized structures indicate that exploration may identify resources on 18 additional lode properties within the study area and 5 properties adjacent to it.

Jan 1, 1988