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By William Gleason

Since 2004, Dave Kanagy has served as the executive director and chief executive officer of SME. In that role, he has worked with 22 SME Presidents, traveling the world to represent the Society. His prestigious one-million-mile status with United Airlines is a testament to these efforts. He has been to six of seven continents while leading the Society on a journey from a struggling association in 2004 to the largest and arguably the most influential professional mining society in the world. In the following pages, some of those past SME Presidents reflect on their time with Kanagy and paint the picture of a visionary leader who was willing to make the hard decisions for the betterment of the Society while remaining open to new ideas and opportunities. One of his first accomplishments as the executive director was to streamline the SME Boad of Directors from 29 members to nine, making it much more effective. With a keen financial sense, he was able to add value while cutting excess to expand the Society in every measure. As the leader of SME, Kanagy helped facilitate much of the Society’s growth and innovation as the world’s largest mining related organization. He has a B.S. degree in industrial education from the University of Maryland, an M.S. degree in technology education from Eastern Illinois University and is a certified association executive by the American Society of Association Executives. Under his leadership, several unique programs were created or advanced, including OneMine.org, the world’s foremost online mining research library. He enhanced legacy programs and increased collaboration with international organizations. Kanagy is the recipient of prestigious awards, including the Colorado Society of Association Executives’ Professional of the Year award and the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America’s Gold Medal award.

Feb 1, 2026

By N. X. Feng, S. G. Zhou, X. L. Wu, J. P. Peng, Y. Z. Di

"Szaibelyite–suanite type ore is rich in magnesium oxide and boron oxide. We propose a new method to extract both metallic magnesium and valuable residues rich in boron by reduction using metallic aluminium.Thermodynamic analysis of the reactions between aluminum and MgO, Mg2B2O5, and Mg3B2O6 was carried out. The effects of CaF2 addition, temperature, mass of Al, and pellet formation pressure on the extraction of magnesium were also investigated experimentally.The results indicate that the magnesium oxide phase can be displaced from 2MgO-B2O3 and 3MgO·B2O3 by CaO in the reduction system. The reduction ratio of magnesium oxide was 38% without calcium fluoride addition, increasing to 94% with 5.1% calcium fluoride. The reduction ratio increased with increasing temperature and mass of Al. To obtain a higher reduction ratio, the reduction pellet should be formed under a reasonable pressure.IntroductionBoron and its compounds are widely used in textiles, borosilicate glass, metallurgy, fertilizers, and nuclear shielding. Boron resources are mainly found in Turkey, the USA, Russia, and China. In Liaoning, China, there are abundant szaibelyite–suanite type ores that are rich in magnesium oxide and boron oxide. Szaibelyite and suanite ores are used to produce borax by a carbon dioxide– soda process. Annually, 2 Mt of waste materials containing 3–20% B2O3 and 2–25% MgO are produced during the process. It is necessary to make use of these waste materials containing high concentrations of boron oxide and magnesium oxide to avoid environmental problems as well as for economic reasons (Ozdemir and K1pcak, 2007)"

Jan 1, 2016

By Jacek Paraszczak

L?exploitation rentable des gisements de type filonien constitue un problème important dans le contexte actuel de l?industrie minière québécoise. Les études effectuées depuis 1994 ont indiqué, que la technologie d?abattage mécanique utilisant l?outil hydraulique appelé « éclateur radial-axial » constitue une alternative intéressante par rapport aux méthodes conventionnelles par le forage et sautage. Les essais du prototype de l?éclateur ont prouvé qu?il est en mesure d?abattre les roches dures dans un environnement minier, mais sa performance dans les termes de masse du roc abattu dans une unité de temps a soulevé certaines doutes. Pour cette raison, une étude de préfaisabilité de l?éclatage en tant qu?une technologie d?excavation souterraine a été réalisée. Cet article présente quelques résultats des travaux effectués dans le cadre du contrat octroyé à l?Université Laval par le Ministère des ressources naturelles du Québec. Leur objectif principal consistait à comparer, pour les conditions des gisements filoniens, la productivité et les coûts des méthodes d?exploitation souterraine utilisant l?éclatage par rapport à celles conventionnelles. Deux variantes proposées de cette méthode ont été comparées avec la méthode conventionnelle sur le plan du coût (par tonne de minerai) et de la teneur de coupure de minerai d'or. Les études ont démontré que l?application de l?éclatage représente un potentiel de réduire ce coût, surtout dans les situations où l?abattage sélectif pourrait avoir lieu. Pour le cas de base on a trouvé, qu?il serait possible de réduire la teneur de coupure par la marge d?environ 16 ? 26%. Toutefois, les études de sensibilité ont démontré, que le coût dépend de façon important de la productivité d?éclatage, qui, pour sa part, varie beaucoup en fonction de paramètres du massif rocheux devant être abattu.

Oct 1, 2001

By R. Asamoah, P. Forson, S. Xu, W. Skinner, M. Zanin

In most auriferous hydrothermal deposits, gold is preferentially associated with pyrite and arsenopyrite minerals, with higher economic gold values noted for the latter and arsenian pyrite minerals. In this paper, surface (Cryo-XPS) and solution (EDTA extraction) analysis were used to characterise pyrite and arsenopyrite minerals under different aqueous conditions involving electrokinetic study and collector interactions to better understand ways of improving the separation of pyrite and arsenopyrite. The evidence showed higher surface oxidation at solution pulp pH values in the range of 4-11 for arsenopyrite relative to pyrite. The observed highest ratio of pyrite to arsenopyrite selectivity was 1.7 at collector concentration of 50 g/t and decreased with an increase in collector concentration. Keywords: EDTA extractable iron, selectivity index, differential flotation, grade engineering

Jan 1, 2020

By James A. Crookston, William D. Fitzpatrick

Committee C-8 of the American Society for Testing and Materials defines "Refractories" as "Material, usually nonmetallic, used to withstand high temperature," and it defines the term "Refractoriness" thus, "In refractories the capability of maintaining the desired degree of chemical and physical identity at high temperatures and in the environment and conditions of use." The ability to withstand high temperatures is critical to classifying a material as a "refractory." However, as the foregoing definition of "refractoriness" implies, the refractory material may be subjected to and is expected to resist not only high temperatures but a variety of other destructive forces incident to its use. These include abrasion, impact, thermal shock, chemical attack, and high level loads at high temperatures. The various industrial applications of refractories represent an infinite variety of combinations and degrees of severity of these destructive forces, including high temperatures. Naturally, such a variety of application conditions leads to a need for a wide variety of refractory products to satisfy those conditions. The number of refractory products available is great enough that some form of classification is necessary to a discussion of refractories. Refractories may be classified in several ways, but the most suitable one is based on their general compositions and to lesser degrees on their physical condition and distinctive properties. The primary types of brick include aluminosilicate brick (fire clay and alumina), basic brick (magnesia and chrome ore, alone and in various combinations), silica brick, insulating brick, and special refractories (carbon, Sic, ZrO,, zircon, borides, and nitrides). Brick are, of course, preformed and are usually heat treated at high temperatures before use, but are in some instances unburned and/or chemically bonded, including the relatively new class of tar-bonded magnesia and/or dolomite brick. In addition to preformed refractories, another broad category includes the so-called specialty refractories, which are usually made in the same types as itemized for brick-bonding mortars and high temperature cements, hydraulic setting castables or refractory concrete, plastic firebrick, and ramming mixes. Refractory grains, such as fire clay and high alumina calcines, dead-burned magnesite and periclase, and dead-burned dolomite are also considered refractory products. Brick are also classified on the basis of physical dimensions, as standard sizes and special shapes. The standard sizes are those which are of definite shape and design and are designated as 9 x 4 ½ x 2 ½ in. and 9 x 4 ½ x 3 in. straights and series. All other brick of non- standard sizes are referred to as special shapes. These come about as a result of a particular need for a given furnace or for a particular application.

Jan 1, 1975

By Ron L. Schmiermund

The Ferris-Haggarty underground mine was abandoned circa 1910, and portal discharge has since resulted in degradation of a trout fishery in the receiving waters of Haggarty Creek. Although tunnel discharge varies dramatically in volume throughout the year due to infiltration of snowmelt, compositionally it is a nearly constant low-TDS, pH-neutral, low-sulfate, copper-silicate dominated water. Between infiltration events, components of ARD accumulate in unsaturated, oxygenated environments within upper workings and are delivered to the main haulage level by the subsequent annual snowmelt flush. Mixing with non-ARD mine waters results in neutralization, dilution, and precipitation of amorphous copper carbonate and silicate phases. These mechanisms, combined with variations in the water balance, control the composition of the portal discharge. Understanding the chemical and hydrologic control mechanisms was critical to the design of a passive treatment system to decrease effluent copper concentrations.

Jan 1, 2000

By M. S. Seltzer

In a previous paper1 it was shown that activation energies for steady-state creep in lead sulfide single crystals varied with the concentration of electronic defects. For n-type lead-excess crystals, values for the creep activation energy, Qc, decreased from 2.9 to 2.2 ev as the carrier concentration increased from 1017 to 1017 electrons per cu cm, while Q, increased from 1.6 to 2.3 ev for p-type sulfur-excess crystals as the concentration of holes increased from 6 X 1017 to 1018 per cu cm. It was also shown in Ref. 1 that the Q, values could best be correlated with the sum of the self-diffusion activation energies in PbS, i.e., for a given concentration of electrons or holes Q, = QPb + Qs, where Qpb and QS are the activation energies for diffusion of pb210 and s35 in PbS. This result suggests that creep rates are controlled by at least two atomic defects, one for lead migration and one controlling sulfur transport. It would be most desirable to interpret these creep energies in terms of an atomic defect disorder model for lead sulfide. Studies of creep rates as a function of sulfur pressure2 indicate that the defects controlling creep rates are singly ionized lead and sulfur vacancies, VPb and Vs. This hypothesis can be more firmly established by determination of Q, under conditions of constant atomic defect concentration rather than constant electronic defect concentration as has been previously done. Therefore, several measurements have been made of Q, on crystals whose con- centration of lead vacancies or sulfur vacancies has been fixed by equilibration under appropriate sulfur pressure and temperature. It was indicated in Ref. 2 that high-temperature isotherms are available which show how the concentrations of various atomic point defects in PbS vary with composition over the entire homogeneity range for the compound. Two such isotherms are shown in Fig. 1 for 900" and 1000°K. Utilizing these isotherms the concentration of a given defect, say Vbb, may be held constant over a particular temperature range by adjusting the sulfur pressure as the temperature is changed. Thus the concentration of one defect suspected of controlling creep rates may be held constant while other defect concentrations vary. The apparent activation energy for formation of these defects can be obtained from the isotherms giving their concentration as a function of sulfur pressure. Activation energies for creep obtained under conditions of constant defect concentration can then be compared with defect formation energies and certain possible atomic defects can be eliminated as creep-controlling species. We have performed creep experiments as a function of temperature at a stress of 244 g per sq mm under conditions which fixed the lead vacancy concentration, V', at 1016, 3.2 x 1016, and 3.2 x 1017 cm-3, and one were the sulfur vacancy concentration, Vs, was held at lo17 cm-3. The results are presented in Fig. 2 as creep rate, k, vs reciprocal of absolute temperature, 1/T. Specimens 34, 35, and 36 were deformed under constant lead vacancy concentration while specimen

Jan 1, 1969

Edward K. Landis, Philadelphia, Pa.: In studying Mr. Thackray's paper it seemed that a critical comparison of the results from different methods therein reported would he of interest. For this purpose Table I. was constructed by grouping all determinations made by the same method, and the probable errors were calculated. In this table all chemists titrating with permanganate (A1, E, F, G and 0 of Mr. Thackray's paper) are classed under "Emmerton;" those titrating with nitric acid (C, J, S and Y) under " Handy; " those re Probable error of result: a, ±0.0008996; b, ±0.000694; c, ±0.00107; d, ±0.00115; e, ±0.000674; f, ±0.000473; g, ±0.003675; h, ±20.0007959; i,0.000.5098; k, ±0.0008303. Probable error of single determination: a, ±0.001989; b, ±0.001547; c, ±0.00214; d, ±0.0023;e, ±0.00116;f, ±0.000818;g, ±0.0019;h, ±0.00224; i, 40.00143; k, ±0.00234. The formula for calculating the probable error is 0.6745, where N (N— 1)' S is the sum of the squares of the differences from the mean and N is the number of determinations.

Jan 1, 1897

By Daniel L. Murphy

The iron ore province of Quebec and Baffin Island trends from the southern shore of Baffin Island northeasterly through the Labrador Trough to Matonipi Lake, approximately 185 miles northwest of Seven Islands, but future geologic field studies will very likely extend the limits of the province to include the ferruginous and associated rocks of the Lake Mistassini area. Recent improvements in the beneficiation of low-grade iron ore have stimulated widespread exploration for deposits amenable to concentration, particularly along the southwest extension of the Trough. GENERAL LITHOLOGY Pleistocene and recent deposits of clay, sand, gravel and erratic boulders cover roughly 60% of the land surface. All of the bedrock is of Precambrian age (Table I). Paragneisses and paraschists together with metasedimentary iron-formation, marble and quartzite are abundant and, for the most part, appear to be metamorphic equivalents of the relatively unmetamorphosed rocks of the Labrador Trough to the north beyond the "Grenville Front." Bodies of amphibolite are widely scattered. A large portion of the metamorphic rock shows some degree of permeation by granite material as well as alteration by hydrothermal solutions. The youngest bedrock consists of a complex containing slightly altered ultramafic to monozonitic intrusives.

Jan 9, 1962

By Mathews K. E, Willstead T. V C

Initial glory holing was followed by sublevel stoping, with a small proportion of total production mined by shrink and cut-and-fill methods.The sublevel stoping method was successfully modified to cater for altering ground conditions encountered at increasing depths. At present, 94 per cent of production comes from sublevel stopes. The evolution of this mining method and current techniques and practices is outlined. A combined shrink and,sublevel benching method was also developed to increase the mining rate of narrow orebodies over the standard stoping lift of 380 ft. Pillar recovery and stope filling operations have been continuously modified to suit the relIuirements of a rapidly developing mine.INTRODUCTIONOre production commenced at Mount Isa Mines in June 1931. Since then production has increased from approximately 2,500 tons of lead ores per mine day to the current 11,000 tons of sulphide ores per mine day comprising 3,100 tons of lead ore and 7,900 tons of copper ore. The early planners selected sublevel stoping with ring drilling for ore breaking as the most efficient and economical for Mount Isa conditions: This method satisfied requirements for:1. a low cost mining method for the comparatively low grade ores,2. a stoping sequence allowing development, stope preparation, breaking and drawing of ore to proceed concurrently,3. a method of extraction in which broken ore in the stopes would be kept to a minimum because of adverse effects of oxidation on mill metallurgy and...

Jan 1, 1961

By J. B. Umpleby

PRoduction engineering in 1927 may be characterized by a great. clarification of fundamental conceptions, and many improvements in technique. During the year the profession has received tnarked recogni-tion by the industry and to an extent never before attained has become an integral part of it. History Petroleum production engineering is a new profession. Prior to 1925, when this Institute undertook the work, no forum existed for the open discussion of its technical problems. There was no attempt at a handbook of the subject prior to "Petroleum Production Methods by J. R. Suman, in 1921, and no textbook prior to Petroleum Production Engineering" by L. C. Uren, in 1924. As late as 1926, only six schools and universities offered special courses in petroleum production engineering. Prior to about 1923, engineers engaged by oil companies were used almost exclusively for construction and location work. Two of the leading production engineers in the Mid-Continent field, although with their respective companies more than twelve years, were not definitely assigned to production work until 1924. Both men now head large departments giving almost their entire time to production problems. Because of the newness of the profession, the leading production engineers of today have had their fundamental training in mining, civil, mechanical and electrical courses. Not unlikely this diversified training is in considerable part responsible for the amazing growth of the profession. I believe, however, that recognition is due principally to economic pressure within the industry which has directed attention more and more sharply on costs and efficiency. After all, the justification for the growth and continued development, of the profession is to recover more oil from a given unit of sand at less cost per barrel. In this new profession, it seems to me that greatest progress will result from focusing thought and effort on this single objective, and if I might offer one suggestion to the com-

Jan 1, 1928

NIOSH recommends that exposures to respirable coal mine dust be limited to 1 mg/m3 as a TWA concentration for up to 10 hr/day during a 40-hr workweek, measured according to current MSHA methods (see Section 5.1 and Appendix J). NIOSH recommends that sampling be conducted with a device that operates in accordance with the NIOSH accuracy criteria [Busch 1977; Busch and Taylor 198 11 and the international definition of respirable dust [ACGIH 1994; CEN 1993; IS01993; Soderholm 1991a,b; 1989].* The REL represents the upper limit of exposure for each worker during each work shift. For single, full-shift samples used to determine noncompliance, NIOSH recommends that MSHA make no upward adjustment of the REL to account for measurement uncertainties [NIOSH 1994c] (see also Section 5.6.2). NIOSH further recommends that all reasonable efforts be made to reduce exposures to respirable coal mine dust below the REL through the use of engineering controls and work practices.

Jan 1, 1997

By Oscar Lachmund

DURING the driving of the main haulage level at the Copper Mountain mines of the Canada Copper Corpn., Ltd., near Princeton, B. C., some very rapid driving was clone, though no claim for a world's record is made. Conditions, however, were unfavorable for economical operations. The cost of power was high, for the fuel was of poor grade; besides, during the time the work was in progress, very little other power was needed so that most of the power cost was charged against the footage. The FIG. 1.-DRIFT ROUND USED IN MAIN HAULAGE LEVEL, COPPER MOUNTAIN, B. C. transmission line consisted of No. 4 galvanized iron wire with the result that the line loss was considerable. The voltage transmitted was about 30,000. The plant was operated under a lease, which was due to expire about the same time this work was supposed to be completed; an extension was refused, therefore speed was most important. The plans called for a straight adit 2900 ft. (884 m.) in length. At a point 2800 ft. (853 m.) from the portal, two raises were to be put up to the next nearest workings, a difference in elevation of about 800 ft. (243 m.). One of these was to be a two-compartment hoistway and the other a zigzag ore pass, or muck run. A location for these raises had been determined by a number of diamond-drill holes, but the material to be penetrated by the alit was not known. It seemed imperative to get the tunnel work completed as rapidly as possible, in

Jan 3, 1919

By HASAN SERKAN GOKCEN, SERKAN CAYIRLI

Manufacturers have improved various stirred mill types to be well adapted to fine and ultrafine grinding applications. These stirred mills, which are operated in wet or dry conditions, may be classified as horizontal — such as AHM-horizontal agitated media mill, IsaMill and Drais mill — or vertical — such as tower mill, Vertimill, Maxmill, Stirred Media Detritor and ATR vertical agitated media mill. The main difference between vertical and horizontal structures is in their operational variations. Additionally, the scaling-up of mills is also an important parameter for selecting the suitable orientation [1]. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dry grindability of calcite powders in a vertically and horizontally orientable laboratory batch-type stirred mill. The experimental results were evaluated using stress intensity analysis. The results showed that the d50 values decreased with increasing stress energy down to a certain point and then increased for both milling orientations. Even though the optimum stress energies for both vertical and horizontal orientations were in the range of 1 × 10−3 to 5 × 10−3 Nm at 750 and 1,500 kJ/kg energy consumption, the product size was finer for the horizontal orientation at the same stress energy value.

By B Faulkner, M. Weinecke

In 1997, Sveciala began a program to develop a process to convert waste tires into valuable commodities. A review of numerous approaches revealed shortcomings that were process related or mechanical related, while some of the approaches emphasized he production of low-value products. A market study revealed that a process that could produce a good grade of carbon black would be economically feasible. This paper discusses the laboratory and pilot-plant development and commercial plant design of such a process.

Jan 1, 2002

By A. M. Anthony, A. Y. Atta, S. S. Magaji, U. Abubakar-Zaria

There are two major gold recovery methods: the hydrometallurgical technique, which employs cyanide solutions, and amalgamation method, which involves mercury (Hg). These methods present considerable health, safety, and environmental concerns. Past applications of alpha-cyclodextrin (α-CD) on gold scraps show that α-CD is not only inexpensive, but is also environmentally friendly. This research work used α-CD to recover gold from gold ores instead of gold scraps. The gold ore was sourced from Shanono gold deposit site Kano State,Nigeria. The gold ore was characterized by fire assay (FA) for the precious metal. The concentrate was digested with aqua regia (AR) for 24 h. Modified AR, where hydrochloric acid was replaced with hydrobromic acid, was used for the gold digestion due to the good match in molecular recognition between gold bromide ion (AuBr)− and α- CD in a second sphere coordination complex. The digestate was characterized using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Gold recovery using this technique is pH sensitive, and five pH values (2.0, 3.6, 4.0, 5.4, and 6.0) were investigated. FA analysis showed the Shanono gold ore deposit contains an average of 4.71 ppm of gold, AAS analysis showed highest gold recovery of 69% at pH 4.0, which is lower than recoveries from the metal scraps. This could be due to the presence of other gangue minerals closely associated with the ore. However, gold recovery using α-CD on Shanono gold ore has shown to have a higher yield of 69% compared to 35.5% yield obtainable by Artisan Small Scale Miners using mercury.

May 5, 2020

By Andonny Delgado

El trabajo desarrolla el diseño de un brazo hidráulico telescópico de sección rectangular, con un alcance máximo de 5 m, que puede ser ensamblado sobre el chasis de un elevador telescópico, para realizar desatado de rocas en operaciones de vetas angostas. El objetivo es presentar un scaler de menor tamaño, robusto y de menor precio, que brinda mayor seguridad al proceso de desatado de rocas. Se muestra, asimismo, el uso de herramientas computacionales modernas que ayudan a reducir el cálculo iterativo y optimizan el producto.

Sep 20, 2019

The Tuesday morning session of the Rocky Mountain Coal Mining Institute was opened at 9:00 a.m. by Bob von Storch, in the absence of the President. Mr. von Storch appointed the following new members to the Resolution Committee in the absence of three of the members: Albert Keenan, E. S. O'Connor and Howard Crandell. This committee was asked to be ready to report at the Wednesday morning session. Mr. von Storch then introduced Lyman Fearn, State Mine Inspector for the State of Wyoming, who presided over the morning session. Mr. Fearn introduced the first speaker for the morning, Louis A. Engstrom, Engineer at Kemmerer Coal Company, Kemmerer, Wyoming, who delivered a talk illustrated with slides in the absence of Mike Zakotnik, Jr., who was unable to attend. (Please refer to the index for printed text of this paper.) The next paper, "New Horizons -Coal for the Steam Plants of the West," was delivered by Don Newberry, superintendent of the Castle Gate Mine of the Independent Coal and Coke Company, Castle Gate, Utah, in the absence of W. J. O'Connor. (Please refer to the index for printed text of this paper.) Bob von Storch then introduced Edward G. Fox, President of Bituminous Coal Operators' Association, Washington, D. C., who delivered a paper on "A New Era in Labor Relations."

Jan 1, 1957

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS ?ARE ASSOCIATES. THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. *AARONS, J. BOYD, Vivian Gold Mining Co., Ltd., Harris, West. Australia. '05 *ABADIE, EMILE R., Cons. and Min. Engr., 214 Union Savings Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. '76 ?ABBÉ, MAX F., Prest., Abbé Engineering Co, 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 ? ABBÉ, PAULO., Secy.,Abbé Engineering Co., 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 *ABBOTT, CHARLES W., Min. Engr. Pioche, Nev. ?08 *ABBOTT, CLARENCE Chief EDgr., Iron Mines, Dic Tennessee Caol, Iron & R. R. Co., Bessemer, Ala. '04 *ABBOTT, JAMES W., Min. Engr: Ploche, Lincoln Co., Nev. '94

Jan 1, 1917

By A. A. Watts, R. I. Jaffee, F. C. Holden, H. R. Ogden

Hypoeutectoid Ti-Cu alloys are responsive to heat treatment, and considerable variation of mechanical properties may be produced by transformation of the ß phase. Control of cooling rate, isothermal transformation, or quench tempering determine the transformation structure and properties. The transformation products are similar to those of carbon steel. THE equilibrium diagram for the Ti-Cu system has been studied by various investigators, and the most recent diagram is that determined by Jou-kainen, Grant, and Floe.' The titanium-rich portion of this diagram is reproduced in Fig. 1. The alloy compositions and annealing temperatures used in this work are shown. The Ti-Cu alloys containing up to 17 wt pct Cu are representative of an active eutectoid alloy system. Joukainen et a1.l have stated that ß phase cannot be retained on quenching and this has been confirmed in the present work. The similarity between the Ti-Cu system and the Fe-C system is evident and, as will be shown later, many of the transformation products appear to have similar microstructures. Heat treatments in this program were designed to produce the structures of primary interest for study and determination of mechanical properties. Experimental Procedures Preparation of Alloys: Five ½ lb ingots, ranging in composition from 0.8 to 6.83 pct Cu, were prepared by double arc melting in an atmosphere of high purity argon. Titanium melting stock was obtained from high purity iodide titanium, and copper additions were made from copper wire clippings. Segregation was reduced by inversion melting, in which the once-melted ingots were inverted in the crucible and remelted. The double-melted ingots were forged at 1600°F to ¾ in. diam rods, with both heating and forging operations being carried out in air. Surface scale was removed by grit blasting and grinding, after which the forgings were vacuum annealed at 900°C. The alloys then were swaged to ¾ in. diam rod at 750°C and test specimens were cut from this material. The vacuum annealing operation was to remove dissolved hydrogen, which is commonly present in the iodide titanium as-received. Although vacuum fusion analyses were not obtained for all these alloys, past experience indicates that the 6 hr treatment with a limiting pressure of 10- to 10-5 mm of Hg is sufficient to reduce the hydrogen level to 10 to 30 ppm. Vacuum fusion analysis of the 0.8 pct Cu alloy showed 19 ppm of hydrogen. In addition to the five hypoeutectoid alloys, three 15 g ingots were prepared with nominal copper additions of 9, 10, and 11 pct. Fabrication procedures were similar, except that these alloys were rolled to 0.040 in. sheet. Microstructure specimens only were obtained. Table I shows analyzed compositions and fabrication temperatures for these alloys. Heat Treatments: All heat treatments were made in potentiometer-controlled, resistance-wound tube

Jan 1, 1956