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By W. L. Acherman

Molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium were found by the Bureau of Mines to possess generally superior chemical and galvanic corrosion properties in many aqueous corrosive media at temperatures up to the boiling point. The corrosion resistance of vanadium in certain solutions was further improved by alloying it with such metals as columbium, tantalum, and titanium. was susceptible to a type of crevice corrosion in mercuric chloride solutions, but no other instances of crevice corrosion were encountered. With few exceptions, molybdenum, tungsten, and vanadium were not adversely affected when coupled with dissimilar metals in galvanic corrosion experiments; in some cases one or both members of a couple were protected by contact. When exposed to aqueous ammonia spray at 60° C, all three metals were attacked, but they were moderately resistant in spray environments of substitute ocean water and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.

Jan 1, 1966

By V. J. Lynch, A. L. Peyton

"INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARYThe Brewer mine, near Jefferson, Chesterfield County, S.C., was originally operated as a gold mines as late as 1890 this mine was reported to have been one of the large gold producers in the southeast,Occurrence of topaz on the Brewer property was not reported until 1935, when it was discovered by Pardee and Parks. 3/ of the Federal Geological Survey while they were investigating gold deposits in the Piedmont province.During the 1940's the Chemical Engineering Branch of the Tennessee Valley Authority and the Electrotecbnical Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines at Norris, Tenn., investigated topaz from the Brewer mine to determine the possibilities of its use as mullite and for the production of calcium fluoride.From July 1950 through. April 1951 the Bureau of Mines conducted a diamond-drilling project at the Brewer mine to determine the grade and extent of the topaz deposits. Ten diamond-drill holes, totaling 2,344 feet, were completed, and 231 analyses of core samples were made during the course of the project.This report presents factual data relating only to the diamond-drilling project, The placer deposits on the Brewer property were previously investigated by the Federal Geological Survey 4/."

Aug 1, 1953

These tentative inspection standards have been prepared as a guide for the Federal inspection of the anthracite mines of the United States. The Federal Coal Mine Inspection Division is not a mining-law-enforcement

Jan 1, 1943

By S. J. Hemberger, F. W. Lee, J. H. Swatz

"INTRODUCTION This investigation was undertaken in 1939 for the purpose of securing the necessary information relating to the field techniques and accuracy that would be needed for magnetically surveying State-wide areas. The Florida,peninsula was chosen for such a study for two reasons: First, because it is geologically ideal for such an investigation, since it comprises a series of unconsolidated, flat-lying Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments of low magnetic susceptibility covering a complex and much-folded crystalline basement comprised of rocks carrying strongly -paramagnetic materials; second, because information concerning the structural trends of the crystalline basement would be of great interest and Importance in the study of Appalachian orogeny and the relationship of the Florida Peninsula to both the Appalachian and Antilleantectonte systems. The results of this magnetic survey have clearly demonstrated that the magnetic anomalies reflect variations in the crystalline a basement. To the degree which the structures of the crystalline basement control the structures of the overlying sediments these results are useful for oil exploration.MAGNETIC OBSERVATIONSAll magnetic measurements were made with a vertical Aekania magnetic variometer having a temperature compensated needle. All observations were tied into two base stations located at Fort. Myers and Gaineeville, Fla. The absolute vertical magnetic intensities at these two bass stations were determined by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey within an accuracy of + 10 gammas. The accuracy of the base station variometer used in the present survey was of the order of ± 3 gammas. The sensitivity throughout the survey of the magnetic variemoter used on the traverses approximated 30 gammas per scale division and it is estimated that the probable error between stations along a traverse would be about + 5 gammas. Measurements were started on traverse C near Fort Myers and tied into the Fort Myers base station established by the Coast and Geodetic Survey. Twelve traverses, comprising 1,500 station observations, wore occupied between the Fort Myers and Gainsville base stations. When the cumulative total of these 1,500 interim observations was tied into the Gainesville base station it was found to differ by only 30 gammas from the value obtained by the Coast and Geodetic Survey for that base. The observations were adjusted for this difference."

May 1, 1945

By E. J. Kloos

This publication lists devices approved jointly by the Secretary of Interior and the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, as of May 24, 1972, under provisions of Section 11.2, Part 11, Subchapter B of Chapter 1, Title 30, Code of Federal Regulations (37 F.R. 6244, March 25, 1972), for use in mines as respiratory protection in oxygen-deficient atmospheres, and in gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, and mists. Included are self-contained breathing apparatus, gas masks, and supplied-air, dust, fume, mist, and chemical-cartridge respirators. Names and addresses of manufacturers appear in the appendix.

Jan 1, 1972

By W. C. Holliman

Commercial production of synthetic rubber in the United States became a reality in 1931 when E. I. duPont de Nemours, Inc., announced the manufacture of Duprene, a synthetic rubber made by polymerizing r chloroprene. Duprene was later improved and reintroduced as neoprene. Since 1931 other synthetic rubbers and rubberlike materials have been announced and are now produced commercially or are in the pilot-plant stage in the United States. These include Thiokol, Buna S, Perbunan, Koroseal, Vistanex, Flamenol, Ameripol or Hycar, Chemigum, Butyl rubber, and Flexon. None of these is synthetic rubber in the strict chemical meaning of the word synthetic, as none is identical in chemical structure with natural rubber. However, all possess some of the physical properties of natural rubber, and in addition usually have some outstanding property not found in natural rubber that makes them superior for certain uses. Because of these superior qualitites, a considerable demand had arisen for synthetic rubbers before the present emer¬gency, although the price was several times that of natural rubber.

Jan 1, 1943

By Peter K. Mathison

The U.S. Bureau of Mines has developed a hydrologic monitoring system for in situ leaching operations. This system records and displays flow and pressure information from sensors located in leachant injection and recovery wells. Continuous monitoring of hydrologic conditions is important during leaching operations because hydrologic factors such as aquifer permeability, solution injection rates, injection pressure, and solution recovery rates interact and change over time. This hydrologic monitoring system has been tested in an underground setting at the Cyprus Casa Grande copper mine. The system consists of hardware and computer software components and includes two Bureau-developed software applications. This publication describes the implementation of the hydrologic monitoring system and the software developed at the Bureau in support of in situ leaching research.

Jan 1, 1994

By David L. Veith

This report summarizes a Bureau of Mines review of selected literature on the effects of subsidence due to high-extraction underground coal mining on farmland areas. The data are presented for consideration in evaluating the subsidence effects due to similar mining techniques on the prime farmland areas of Illinois. In Illinois the ground water level in the glacial drift is only 2 to 15 ft below the nearly flat to gently rolling ground surface. The main subsidence concern is flooding, as caused by the lowering of the ground surface, and the subsequent effects on crop production. Positive drainage must be maintained in the farmlands, and the need exists for extensive regional planning by the mining and agricultural industries to maximize short- and long-term production from both efforts. The Bureau is cooperating with the State of Illinois to develop basic information necessary for such planning.

Jan 1, 1987

Commodities statistics and other information are available through the following three systems: Internet Access: To acccess the USBM Gopher server on Internet, connect to: gopher.usbm.gov port 70, using gopher client software. Or contact the Systems Administrator for technical questions: Matt Klevemann, 412-892-6499 (klevemmc@miner.usbm.gov) These USBM materials are available on Internet, with more to come in the future: Publications and other research findings, including this bimonthly publications list, newsletters, tech transfer updates, enviromental technology research, health and safety information. USBM software products Media materials and speeches. Mines Data: Computer bulletin board. Log on via modem through 202/501-0373, or call 202/501-0406 for technical assistance. Mines FaxBack: Return fax service. 1. Use the touch-tone handset attached to your fax machine's telephone jack. (ISDN [digital] telephones cannot be used with fax machines.) 2. Dial 202/219-3644. 3. Listen to the menu options and punch in the number of your selection, using the touch-tone telephone. 4. After completing your selection, press the start button on your fax machine.

Jan 1, 1995

Many USBM research and information products are available through the systems or formats listed below: Mines FaxBack: Return fax service. 1. Use the touch-tone handset attached to your fax machine's telephone jack. (ISDN [digital] telephones cannot be used with fax machines.) 2. Dial 202/219-3644 3. Listen to the menu options and punch in the number of your selection, using the touch-tone telephone 4. After completing your selection, press the start button on your fax machine. Mines Data: Computer bulletin board. Log on via modem through 202/501-0373, or call 202/501-0406 for technical assistance. CD-ROM: This USBM disk is updated quarterly and sold by GPO's Superintendent of Documents. For information on the latest product, please contact Rodger Wedgeworth, 202/501-9557. Internet/World Wide Web: Text and graphics. Access via PC-based browsing software such as Netscape or Mosaic. Universal Resource Locator (URL) is: http:/www.usbm.gav Internet/Gopher Server: Text and tables only. Using Gopher client software, access via port 70 as follows: gopher.usbm.gav Internet System Administrator: webmaster®usbm.gov (or contact your local System Administrator).

Jan 1, 1995

By Lindsly. Ben E.

"The recovery or partial recovery of the oil remaining in oil sands after the usual methods of production have become unprofitable is perhaps the greatest problem in the petroleum industry today. The amount of this oil remaining in the sand is variously estimated by those familiar with the subject to be 25 to 90 per cent of the original content.2Lewis3 states, ""The estimate of 80 to 90 per cent of the oil left underground does not seem incredible.""It is estimated by the writer that approximately 91 per cent of the oil originally held in the Elliott pool, was still in the formation on January 1, 1924, and that it would take at least 12 years, at the 1923 rate of production, to further reduce this quantity by one per cent of the original content.The progress made in the oil industry during the past few years relative to the prevention of evaporation losses; to improvement in cracking processes, whereby the gasoline yield from many crudes has been doubled and trebled; to the increased recovery of gasoline from natural gas; and many other developments, remarkable as they are, can be applied only to that comparatively small portion of petroleum products which are raised to the surface. A device or process which would cut development costs to one-half would probably result in a much smaller profit to the oil industry, than the profit derived from an additional 10 per cent recovery of the total amount of oil in a pool. Various methods have been used and many others proposed, for the increase of oil recovery from normally depleted sands.In France, oil sands are being mined by means of shafts and galleries. In other places, notably the Bradford, Pennsylvania field, the yield has been increased by means of water flooding, wherein water is introduced into the sand to displace oil, and drive it to producing wells."

Oct 1, 1926

By S. A. Matthes

This Bureau of Mines report describes a system for the dissolution of metal and mineral samples using a microwave heat source. Samples and an acid mixture are placed in sealed polycarbonate vessels. The vessel contents are heated using microwaves, digested for 2 min, and quickly cooled. After the solution is brought to a final volume, the vessel contents are heated an additional 2 min in the microwave oven. Using this method, a slag, a feldspar, and a Ni-Cu alloy were dissolved and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Values obtained for Na, K, Cu, Ni, Si, Mg, Mn, Ca, Al, and Fe agreed with certified values and had an average relative standard deviation of 1 pct. This system results in a significant savings in time and expense over traditional methods of sample dissolution, and is ideal for preparing solutions for analysis by atomic absorption, plasma optical emission, or X-ray spectroscopy.

Jan 1, 1983

By William D. Dodge

A typical quality program plan is presented for explosion-proof (XP) electrical enclosures. The plan is suggested for manufactures of XP enclosures which are to be certified by MSHA for mining use. The plan describes the quality system, organization and implementing mechanisms which are to be applied in the manufacture and delivery of certified XP enclosures. Example forms and example procedures are included.

Jan 1, 1984

Commodities statistics and other information are available through the following three systems: Internet Access: To access the USBM Gopher server on Internet, connect to: gopher.usbm.gov port 70, using gopher client software. Or contact the Systems Administrator for technical questions: Matt Klevemann, 412-892-6499 (klevemmc@miner.usbm.gov) These USBM materials are available on Internet, with more to come in the future: Publications and other research findings, including this bimonthly publications list, newsletters, tech transfer updates, environmental technology research, health and safety information. USBM software products Media materials and speeches. Mines Data: Computer bulletin board. Log on via modem through 202/501-0373, or call 202/501-0406 for technical assistance. Mines FaxBack Return fax service. 1. Use the touch-tone handset attached to your fax machine's telephone jack. (ISDN [digital] telephones cannot be used with fax machines.) 2. Dial 202/219-3644. 3. Listen to the menu options and punch in the number of your selection, using the touch-tone telephone. 4. After completing your selection, press the start button on your fax machine.

Jan 1, 1995

By X. Shi, V. Vallyathan, N. S. Dalai

"Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements show that grinding of quartz particles in air produces silicon-based (Si- and SiO-) radicals which decay with aging in air. ESR spin trapping measurements provide evidence for the generation of hydroxyl and possibly superoxide radicals from a suspension of fresh quartz particles. The hydroxyl radical generation potential of the fresh quartz particles decreases on storing in ambient air and on the addition of catalase, superoxide dismutase, desferoxamine, or DMSO. Silica-induced lipid peroxidation also decreases on storing the fresh particles in ambient air. These findings suggest that oxygenated radicals play a role in the biochemical mechanism of pneumoconiosis in general and acute silicosis in particular.INTRODUCTIONThis communication summarizes our electron spin resonance (ESR) investigation of the formation of oxygenated radicals by freshly crushed quartz particles in a cell-free aqueous medium, and its potential role in the biochemical mechanism of acute silicosis. This study was undertaken because the mechanisms by which the quartz particles exert their toxic action on cells and the process(es) by which these actions progress to fibrogenesis are still not well understood. 1-3 It is generally believed, however, that the action of quartz particles on the cell membrane is the starting point of the silicotic process. 1,4 Since the first step must involve surface reactions, characterization of the chemical structure of the surface of quartz particles has been the subject of several recent studies!-' For example, we reported that mechanical crushing of quartz under normal atmosphere generates silicon-based (Si• and SiO•) radicals which decay with time, and that these radicals are associated with a higher cytotoxicity of fresh quartz dust as compared to that of an aged dust from the same stock. 6,8 Independently Fubini and coworkers' have also reported on the formation of Si• and SiO• -type of radicals from quartz particles crushed under atmospheric conditions. Gulumian and van Wyk9 have reported that quartz particles react with hydrogen peroxide (H202) to generate hydroxyl (•OH) radicals. These authors9 suggested that this process might contribute to quartz's pathogenicity but the mechanism of the -OH radical formation was not clarified. Earlier, Gabor and Anca10 had suggested that the cytotoxicity of quartz particles might be associated with the generation of some factor or factors possessing the properties of a free radical and hence capable of promoting the peroxidative chain cleavage of polyunsaturated fatty acid moieties of the phospholipids in the cell membrane. More recently, Weitzman and Graceffa 11 reported that asbestos is able to catalyze the generation of -OH radicals from H2O2. Their later work12 indicated that lipid peroxidation might be one of the mechanisms of tissue injury by asbestos."

Jan 1, 1989

By John E. Lambert

Automatic control of drum head continuous mining machines was investigated as a means of reducing respirable dust generated and operator variabitity. Literature survey, manufacturer interviews and mine visits were the major information sources. Technically feasible automation concepts were Identified to control sump and shear rates, cutter head elevation limits and sumping distance. These are the elements of a programmed cutting cycle which maintains peak penetrating force on the cutter, to maximize depth of cut and therefore reduce dust generation. Based on the industry surveys, successful underground hardware demonstrations must be completed in order to stimulate the market demand for these advanced control features.

Jan 1, 1979

By M. E. Volin

The Buckeye manganese deposits are in Stanislaus County, Calif., about 33 miles south of Tracy. From 1917 to 1919 the deposits produced 13,370 tons of ore reported to average 46 percent manganese and 14 percent silica. The deposits are confined to two areas of' development, known as the north mine workings and the south mine workings, about 700 feet apart horizontally. Mineralization occurs chiefly as rhodochrosite and psilomelane interbedded in cherts of the Franciscan formation. As a part of the Bureau of Mines program of investigation and development of domestic mineral deposits, a development project was started November 25, 1940, and completed June 27, 1941. The Federal Geological Survey cooperated by mapping the topography and geology and logging the drill cores. The program included road and. trail building, trenching, underground excavation, diamond drilling, and sampling. The following pages mention the location, brief the history, and note the physical .features of' the district. Mine workings are sketched, the deposit is described, and the plan of the project is noted. The work performed by the Bureau of Mines is explained in the concluding pages with a summary of the drill-hole logs.

Jan 1, 1949

By David Schlain

The galvanic corrosion properties of titanium and zirconium were investigated by the Bureau of Mines. The dissimilar metals involved in these experiments included magnesium, magnesium alloy FS1, aluminum alloys, zinc, steel, tin, lead, copper, Monel, nickel, and several stainless steels. Couples were immersed in synthetic ocean water, tap water, 5-percent ammonium sulfate solution, 5-1/2-percent sodium chloride solution, sodium hydroxide solution, 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and various concentrations of sulfuric acid.

Jan 1, 1956

By R. L. Rough, W. K. Overbey

The Bureau of Mines obtained samples of oil - reservoir rock from wells in Ohio , Pennsylvania , and West Virginia as part of an investigation of the susceptibility of petroleum reservoirs to secondary - recovery techniques . Illustrations and tables showing the geographic and stratigraphic sequence of the cored reservoirs and 40 tables of detailed lithologic descriptions of the reservoirs are presented . Information relevant to geologic surroundings , oilfield history , coring and well logging operations , and reservoir core analyses are referenced throughout the report .

Jun 1, 1970

By Leslie H. Sharp, Martin J. Gavin

"Introduction.Investigations of the oil shales of the State of Colorado were begun February 1, 1920, by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the State of Colorado, under cooperative agreement entered into by the Bureau and the State, funds for which were provided by the State. The investigations are for the purpose of determining by large-scale Laboratory retorting tests, those conditions which will produce optimum yield of best quality products from Colorado shales. (For an outline of the work and description of the apparatus, see Gavin, Martin J., and Sharp, Leslie H., ""investigations of the Fundamentals of Oil-shale Retorting,"" Reports of Investigations, Bureau of Mines, July, 1920.)In the preliminary work which is usually required when a new material is being dealt with, certain physical and chemical constants of the shales being investigated, and their products, were determined; these data will be of much value not only to the thorough retorting tests now under way at Boulder, but to engineers who will design and construct oil-shale plants. While the figures presented in this report apply only to the shale used in the determinations, strictly speaking, the shale used was selected to represent, as well as possible, an average of the massive type of oil shale encountered in Colorado. The figures, therefore, can probably be applied with little danger of serious error to any massive Colorado oil shale which yields in the neighborhood of a barrel (42 gallons) of oil to the ton.This paper is based on a more complete article now being prepared in which experimental methods are explained in full, and complete experimental data. For the purpose of presenting the data with as delay as possible, it has been decided to anticipate the more complete article with the present report."

Aug 1, 1920