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  • IMMS
    Exploring Submarine Volcanic Arcs From The Hydrothermal Plume Perspective

    By Gary J. Massoth

    Wherever hydrothermal fluids vent from the seafloor they will buoyantly rise (up to 100?s of meters) while mixing with seawater before attaining density equilibrium and dispersing laterally as neutral

    Jan 1, 2002

  • IMMS
    Borehole Mining Technology For Underwater Application

    By M. F. Dibble

    The technology available for mining of underwater mineral resources such as placers and phosphorite, typically occurring with variable amounts of overburden, has remained largely unchanged for decades

    Jan 1, 1986

  • IMMS
    Seafloor Hydrothermal Mineralization: Retrospect And Prospect

    By P. A. Rona

    The first hydrothermal mineral deposits found at a seafloor spreading center were discovered in the Red Sea by multi-national research vessels between 1963 and 1965. At that time, the deposits were co

    Jan 1, 1989

  • IMMS
    New Data From The Escanaba Trough: Implications For Other Sediment-Covered Ridge Axes And Besshi-Type Sulfides On Land

    By Randolph A. Koski

    Recent investigations located at least six major massive sulfide deposits (dimensions measured in tens to hundreds of meters) within a 50-km-long segment of Escanaba Trough, the sediment-covered axial

    Jan 1, 1989

  • IMMS
    A Half-Century of Marine Placer Mining Viewed in Hindsight

    By Richard H. T. Garnett

    The first, profitable, marine placer mining started with tin 100 years ago but no major industry developed until the mid-20th. Century. Dredging at sea yielded cassiterite in both South Thailand and

    Aug 24, 2006

  • IMMS
    Hydrothermal Activity along the Central Spreading Ridge of North Fiji Basin: Results from 2012-2013 Explorations

    By Jonguk Kim

    The North Fiji Basin (NFB) is a mature intraoceanic back arc basin with an age of ~12 Ma. Recent volcanism and spreading activity are focused along the Central Spreading Ridge (CSR), A ridge segment m

    Sep 14, 2011

  • IMMS
    Search for Sediment-hosted Seafloor Polymetallic Sulfides: What Are We Doing Wrong?

    By Timothy F. McConachy, Christopher J. Yeats, Ray Binns

    Various kinds of sediment-hosted polymetallic sulfide deposit are known on land in ancient marine sequences, many tending to be larger and more valuable than massive sulfide deposits genetically ass

    Aug 24, 2006

  • IMMS
    Geophysical Investigations Over Segments Of The Central Indian Ridge: High Resolution Bathymetry And Magnetic Survey

    By Hyun Sub Kim

    Subsea mineral deposit exploration aboard the R/V Onnuri was performed along the northern Central Indian Ridge (CIR) between 8°S and 17°S in December 2009 ~ January 2010 (09IR Leg01 and 09IR Leg02) an

    Jan 1, 2011

  • IMMS
    From Space Robotics to Deep-sea Mining

    By Robert Corcoran, Piotr Jasiobedzki, Roy Jakola, Michael Jenkin

    Vast mineral resources of copper, zinc, cobalt and gold have been identified off the coast of Papua New Guinea at depths exceeding 2,000 meters. Accessing them in a cost effective manner and without

  • IMMS
    An Innovative Solution to a Common Problem: SAGRES Decision Support for Deep-Sea Mining and Maritime Spatial Planning Activities

    By Paulo Chaves, Márcia Gonçalves, João R. S. Carvalho, Fernando J. A. S. Barriga, Edgar Carrolo, Tiago Luna, Ricardo Rato, Anabela Bento

    INTRODUCTION For the last decades, deep-sea marine resources such as seabed massive sulfides (SMS), polymetallic nodules and ferromanganese crusts (Fe-Mn crusts) have received an ever- increasing amou

    Jan 1, 2018

  • IMMS
    Modeling and Field Studies of Nodule Dewatering Plumes Generated by Surface Processing Vessels

    By Michael Goldin, Jonathan Ladner, Thomas Peacock, Nathaniel Johnson, Patrick Haley, Kris van Nijen, Andrew Rzeznik, Pierre Lermusiaux, Matthew Alford, Carlos Munoz-Royo

    Surface processing vessels for deep-sea nodule mining operations will produce dewatering plumes that will be released at some depth into the ocean water column. We are studying all aspects of this par

    Jan 1, 2017

  • IMMS
    Generic Mechanisms Affecting the Post-Formation Preservation of Seafloor Massive Sulphide Deposits: Preliminary Results from the TAG Field

    By Sven Petersen, Iain J. Stobbs, Bramley J. Murton, Paul A. J. Lusty

    "INTRODUCTIONIt is widely thought that seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) deposits, the modern analogue of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits, present a potential global resource for base (Cu,

    Jan 1, 2017

  • IMMS
    Characteristics of Oceanic Core Complexes (OCCs) in Central Indian Ridge (8 °–12 °S) by High-Resolution Bathymetry and Backscatter Images

    By Seung-Kyu Son, Michael T. Chandler, Youngtak Ko, Gyuha Hwang

    Over the past decade, sea-floor hydrothermal vent fields have been studied by many researchers because of their commercial potential of mineral resources and the origins of Earth’s life. Approximately

    Jan 1, 2018

  • IMMS
    Gas Hydrates Of The West Coast Of India ? A Neo-Tectonic Perspective

    By S. Rajendran

    Gas Hydrates (Methane Hydrates) are solid, ice-like substances composed of water and natural gas. They occur naturally in areas of the world where methane and water combine at appropriate conditions o

    Jan 1, 2005

  • IMMS
    Overview of Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts, Seamounts, and the Outlook for Mining

    By Akira Usui, James R. Hein, Rachel Dunham

    Ferromanganese crusts are found on most hard-rock substrates in the deep ocean (800-3,000 m). Their distributions on seamounts are complex and controlled by a wide-variety of factors including seamo

  • IMMS
    Deep Ocean Seafloor Mineral Extraction ? Environmental and Social Responsibility for a New Industry

    By Samantha Smith

    Nautilus Minerals (Nautilus) is following the lead of the petroleum industry as it strives to tap vast offshore resources. Planning is well underway for the Solwara 1 Project in the Bismarck Sea, Papu

    Jan 1, 2010

  • IMMS
    Establishment Of The Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents Marine Protected Area

    By S. Kim Juniper

    The discovery of chemosynthetic-based ecosystems at hydrothermal vents in the deep ocean was arguably one of the most important findings in biological science in the latter half of the 20th century. M

    Jan 1, 2001

  • IMMS
    Exploration For Offshore Alluvial Gold And Diamonds In Coastal Ghana

    By Michael R. Gipp

    Marine Mining Inc. is currently exploring for marine alluvial gold and diamonds on a prospecting licence over a concession that covers 10,000 km2 of the continental shelf of Ghana. The boundaries of

    Jan 1, 1998

  • IMMS
    The Effect of SMS Composition on Their Density Properties for Resources Estimation

    By Irina Dobretsova, Anna Sukhanova, Anatoly Kondratenko, Svetlana Babaeva, Sergey Andreev

    "With the acceptance of an application and a signed contract for prospecting deep-sea sulfides (2012) between the Russian Federation and the ISA, at present it is particularly important to assess the

    Jan 1, 2017

  • IMMS
    Thrown in at the Deep End: Modelling Sediment Plumes 1000 m under Water

    By Jeremy Spearman, Alan Cooper, Mark Lee, Jon Taylor, Michael Turnbull, Neil Crossouard, Bramley Murton

    "SUMMARYSeamounts are underwater mountains caused by volcanic activity. They are of great oceanographic interest because of their local and basin-scale influence over ocean systems, their often unique

    Jan 1, 2017