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By D P. Blair

The theme of this conference is blasting productivity. This article only considers the technology aspect of this theme, and in particular, the collection and analysis of experimental data. In many cases, field trials are set up to collect data on variables such as fragmentation and vibration with the aim of comparing different explosive products and/or blast designs. An important aspect of such trials is the collection of sufficient data to draw sound conclusions. In this regard, there is no doubt that the scatter in real data is the root cause of all problems of obtaining misleading results due to an insufficient number of trials. This article shows that the typical one-off trial has a high probability of producing misleading information, which could be considered to be worse than having no information at all. Assuming that sufficient data has been collected, this article also highlights the methods that can be used to make the most of that data. These methods include the application of appropriate statistics that are dependent on the nature of the scatter in the data, and the use of some of the more recent filtering and spectral approaches that can be used to reduce the noise in measured blast signals and increase the resolution of their spectral characteristics.

Nov 8, 2011

By L O’Connor, S C. Dominy

"Geometallurgy is an important addition to any evaluation project or mining operation. As a discipline, it seeks to maximise the net present value (NPV) of an orebody while minimising technical and operational risk. It also aims to promote sustainable development and initiatives by ensuring that all stages of extraction are performed in an optimal manner from a technical, environmental and social perspective. To achieve these goals, development of innovative technologies and approaches along the entire commodity value chain are being established (Glass, 2016). Geometallurgy has been shown to increase operational stakeholder collaboration, creating an environment for knowledge sharing and improved data acquisition and interrogation, with the end result being the integration of such data into mine planning and scheduling. All of these aspects create better business optimisation, utilisation of staff and targeted and realistic key performance indicators.The mining industry faces numerous challenges including, but not limited to:declining ore gradesgeometrically and/or internally more complex depositsdeep-seated deposits, with potentially high in situ stress regimesincreasing quantities of mine waste that needs to be managed appropriatelyhigher energy, water and chemical costsprocessing of more challenging and refractory ores – textural complexitiesstricter environmental/permitting conditions – so-called ‘licence to mine’increasing demand for specialist metals (eg rare earth elements, In, Ge, Te, Rh, Se, Ga and Li)commodity market volatilitya difficult funding environment.Given these challenges, geometallurgy provides the opportunity to control or at least manage some of them.CITATION:Dominy, S C and O’Connor, L, 2016. Geometallurgy – Beyond Conception, in Proceedings The Third AusIMM International Geometallurgy Conference (GeoMet) 2016, pp 3–10 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jun 15, 2016

By Koppe JC, Strieder AJ

The Rivera Crystalline Island (RCI) is an erosional window of the intracontinental Parana Basin that outcrops in the Rivera Department, north of Uruguay. RCI is made up mainly by Precambrian granites, metasediments and granite-gneisses. This island is crosscut by a dextral transcurrent shear zone system, the Rivera Shear System (RSS). The bulk strain ellipsoid was defined by previous work and has allowed the evaluation of shear dynamics. The geometry of the shear system is made up of two shear directions: E-W (P-shear), which turn right to NW-SE direction (R-shear), leading to the development of extensional bends. The shear zone system was developed in brittle-ductile to brittle regimes, under temperature conditions compatible with greenschist facies metamorphism. The shear zones are marked by an intensive fracture cleavage development. Mylonites develop only in narrow, discontinuous higher strain zones. Internally, the shear zones are dominated by intrusive rocks, mainly granites, dacites and diorites. Hydrothermal alteration has been developed in several areas.The economic significance of RCI is given by several small gold deposits, which have been exploited since 1869. One major new gold mine is under development, the San Gregorio Gold Mine. This gold deposit is locally controlled by a dilatant site where R-shear turns right to P-shear. Mine lithologies were deeply altered by hydrothermal fluids in the dilatant structure. This work presents the lineament-structural analysis carried out to identify similar structural patterns in all RCI sites favourable to host other gold deposits. The exploration program also considered remote sensing, geology, geophysical and geochemical survey.

Jan 1, 1997

By K Koskinen, S Ronkainen

The flow field induced in an Outokumpu TankCell and by an OK rotor-stator mixing device in a laboratory and a process size flotation cell was modelled numerically using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The primary target was to discover and reproduce the various interactions between the flow field and the flotation cell by numerical means. As power consumption depends sensitively on flow field, it can be regarded as a top-level derived quantity (or measure/metric) indicating the validity of the numerically obtained flow field. Having properly validated numerical means to produce the flow field the influence of various design parameters can be captured with certain accuracy. In addition, separate gas and solid phase models for bubbles and solids, respectively, were implemented. The comparisons between velocities and turbulence quantities measured using the laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) technique and CFD modelling were performed. The grid generation was performed with the commercial Gambit 1.3 and the subsequent integration and solving of the resulting algebraic equations with the commercial CFD-code Fluent 6.22. The computationally economic multiple reference frame method was included to model the moving rotor blades. Gas and solid phase models were modified mixture models.

Jan 1, 2005

By M T Roche

The Cannington deposit is one of the largest accumulations of silver-lead known. Located 135 km southeast of Cloncurry in North West Queensland (Figure 1), Australia, the deposit is currently in the feasibility stage of its development. The deposit is named after the nearby Cannington Pastoral Property which runs some 25 000 sheep on 'downs' country. The investigations of the Cannington deposit are carried out under the authority of Mineral Development Licences 139 and 144 and Exploration Permit for Minerals 6788, Answer Downs. Exploration for Broken Hill Type (BHT) silver-lead-zinc deposits in the Mt Isa region has been undertaken by The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited's Minerals Division (BHPM) since the early 1980s following in-house research which showed that the Eastern Succession of the Mt Isa Block exhibits characteristics which were favourable for hosting BHT

Jan 1, 1994

By T B. T Nguyen, L Matthews, D O’Dea, T Honeyands, T Harvey

Productivity and fuel consumption of the blast furnace is driven by the quality of the iron ore sinter, which in turn is related to the sinter mineralogy. The sintering conditions including temperature and gas composition have a significant influence on the formation of melt and finally the mineralogy of the sinter. In this work, analogue sinter tablets were produced from iron ore fines in a laboratory furnace with tightly controlled temperature profile and oxygen partial pressure in the gas. The mineralogy of the sinters was analysed using reflected light microscopy. The results showed that increasing thermal enclosed area (area enclosed by heating and cooling curve above a reference temperature) reduces primary hematite and platy silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminium (SFCA) contents. This is attributed to increasing melt formation, leading to greater assimilation of the iron ore particles. Lower magnetite was found for tablets with greater median pore size, which is thought to be due to greater oxidation of magnetite to hematite during cooling in air. It was also found that higher alumina content was found to result in more SFCA formation under the same heating/cooling conditions, whereas tablets with higher goethite had higher assimilation and produced more secondary hematite on cooling. Finally, it is necessary to relate the enclosed area to the temperature at which the melt formation becomes significant which strongly depends on chemical composition of the ore studied.

Nov 8, 2021

By J M. Menacho, L Zhang, A Hoadley, L Verdugo, B Etschmann, W Bruckard

Since the introduction of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) in 1991, the market for lithium-ion cells has been driven by the high demand for portable electronic devices and more recently for batteries for the electric car industry. It is expected to grow rapidly to reach 2600 GWh globally by 2030 (US Government, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2021). However, there is a desperate need to recycle LIBs to recover valuable cathode materials and graphite. For this reason, several physical and chemical recycling technologies have been proposed to recover these materials from spent batteries. Amongst these, froth flotation technology is a potential cost-effective technology for separation of the graphite fraction from the lithium oxide components due to the natural hydrophobicity of graphite and density difference between graphite and cathode materials (Folayan et al, 2021).

Aug 24, 2022

By D Eschebach, D Mathewson

A belt press filter (BPF) handbook containing practical information for the reference of plant designers and operators has been created as part of Australian Coal Association Research Program project C23040. The handbook combines research and experience with newer generations of equipment and circuitry. BPFs are increasingly finding application in the dewatering of thickener underflow tailings slurries due to changing environmental regulations, difficulty obtaining tailings storage facility approvals and limited water availability. Sources of BPF inefficiency and low availability stem from a lack of understanding of the key operational parameters that affect their performance. This lack of understanding typically leads to increased operational expenditure due to suboptimal reagent dose rates and increased maintenance costs, or decreases in plant availability due to excessively high filter product water contents and equipment failure. It is essential for the continued economically competitive operation of Australian coal handling and preparation plants that complex factors affecting BPF operational performance are clearly defined and understood. Installation and operation handbooks are often provided to sites with new installations, but these manuals are manufacturer- or even model-specific and are often focused on mechanical maintenance. The handbook identifies industry ‘best practice’ and improvements developed by other sites, such as extra spray bars, air system bleed valves, guarding designs, feed and filtrate protection screens and roller tensioning systems. Equations to predict optimum operating conditions – such as free moisture, belt tension and reagent dose rates, with simple feed-specific variable inputs – have been developed from site-specific test work. The correlations developed provide a benchmark for plants to attempt to achieve. This provides operators and process engineers with a tool to explain BPFs and assist them in optimising the performance of BPF dewatering plants of both contemporary and less modern design.CITATION:Mathewson, D and Eschebach, D, 2015. ACARP belt press filter design, operation and maintenance handbook, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century, pp 73–82 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 27, 2015

By F H. Henrfquez, A G. Oroz

Design and operating conditions of large size mechanical flotation cells were evaluated by comparing them with actual operating conditions in a plant. The objective was to determine the time scale-up factor, typically based on empirical rules. Experiments were conducted on the rougher flotation circuit at Minera Escondida Ltd. The circuit consisted of self-aerated mechanical cells of 160 m3, arranged in six parallel banks with nine cells each. The rougher circuit flotation kinetics were evaluated from direct sampling and local mass balances around each cell of the bank. Adjusted overall mass balances were also developed. This information was used to fit different kinetic flotation models, and it was found that the rectangular distribution function was the most appropriate to describe the distributed rate constant for industrial operation. Then, a rougher flotation simulator was developed to describe the actual operation in terms of the operating variables (mass flowrate, solid percentage, feed grade) and the actual volumetric flowrate entering to each cell. In this study feed pulp samples were taken in parallel from the rougher circuit and were simultaneously floated in the laboratory. The kinetic behaviour was then modelled at a laboratory batch scale in order to determine the time scale-up factor between laboratory batch flotation data and industrial size flotation. The time scale-up factor observed for large sized cells, 160 m3, was found to be reasonably similar to those previously determined for self-aerated mechanical cells, but of lower size, operating at similar recoveries. In addition, the relative effect of mixing, between laboratory batch and an industrial flotation bank, was quantified by the parameter, separating the impact that kinetic and mixing changes have on the time scale-up factor. In general, the rougher flotation operation was found to reach the predicted metallurgical target, and the optimal separability criterion was also respected. The diagnostic generates information about the internal state of the process and helps to identify potential improvements for design, operation and control of the circuit.

Jan 1, 2005

By J Hudson

Autogenous (AG) and Semi Autogenous (SAG) grinding mills are the conventional selection for large-scale grinding circuits. It is accepted that these forms of comminution are not the most energy efficient available. This efficiency combined with escalating energy prices, steel prices and the requirement to process larger, lower grade deposits has necessitated that better comminution techniques are found to challenge the dominant position of AG/SAG mills in the grinding circuit. Recent advances in high pressure grinding rolls (HPGR), particularly in terms of roll surface protection have meant that, depending on the application, an economic alternative is available to the large diameter AG/SAG mills. Mining companies now recognise the potential benefits of HPGR and so they need proper assessment in the design of new or upgrade of existing grinding processes. Of course, the answer to the question AG/SAG or HPGR is not straightforward and the impact of the grinding process on the whole metallurgical process needs to be evaluated. Clearly this is a complex decision to make and requires substantial metallurgical knowledge, test work, and objective analysis. The perceived downstream processing benefits will differ between different plants depending on the ore type and processing conditions. The optimal design of the comminution circuit requires that a robust methodology is followed to objectively characterise the ore, size the equipment and determine the downstream processing benefits. The paper gives a brief comparison of the capital and operating costs for both grinding systems, and then outlines the appropriate test work that is required to make an informed decision.

Jan 1, 2006

By P Viljoen, A Holland, C Parken

In the raisebore industry, there are two known methods of removing large diameter reamer heads once the reaming of an underground shaft is complete: 1. Lower the reamer head to the base of the shaft and use a thermal lance to cut the drill string and drag the reamer away from the hole. This method exposes the person doing the job to falling rocks from the unsupported mineshaft, a hazard which is difficult to control and has caused fatalities. 2. Install breast plates in the backs above the reamer head at the top of the hole, and use air hoists to lift the reamer out of the hole. Steel beams are then placed across the hole which the reamer is lowered down onto, dragged forward away from the hole, disassembled, and removed. This method is time consuming, expensive, and complex in the controls required to ensure safe completion of the job At Carrapateena, the air hoist method had been successfully used, however, with the cost involved and the complexity of this process, development of an improved and fit for purpose reamer removal method was pursued. OZ Minerals collaborated with Pybar to develop an industry first application of Enerpac SL100 lift and shift technology; a track mounted system with hydraulic lifting units that can both lift the reamer out of the hole and tram it back along the tracks away from the hole. A key component of turning the idea into a reality was by establishing a truly collaborative relationship between client and contractor. When the SL100 mobile gantry arrived, it was set up in Adelaide and trialled with the whole raise bore crew attending the two-day workshop and risk assessment; a rare opportunity for drillers. There have now been five successful reamer removals with the SL100 mobile gantry at Carrapateena. It has proven to be an efficient process with the entire process from setup to demobilisation taking less than 48 hours. This new way has completely removed hot works and uncontrolled hazards from working at the bottom of a shaft. It has also saved the reamer stabiliser from being cut and thus wasted. Exposure to the open hole has been minimised significantly as assembly of the SL100 is completed well forward of the open hole. This new process is exponentially safer, quicker and cheaper.

Mar 15, 2021

By K C. Corin, C T. O’Connor

In recent years it has been shown that the concept of using partial molar excess Gibbs energy (G̅ex) to explain the behaviour of collectors in the recovery of minerals can be usefully applied to explain flotation performance. Fundamentally this is because hydrophobicity of a mineral particle on which a collector is adsorbed may be strongly related to the fact that the alkyl chain associated with the collector behaves in the same way as any hydrocarbon would in an aqueous medium. This hydrocarbon-water system represents a classical non-ideal mixture, and such mixtures are quantified thermodynamically by determining the activity coefficient of the hydrocarbon moiety of the collector and hence its G̅ex in the mixture. It has been shown that G̅ex is a more rigorous indicator of the contributions of various alkyl groups of a collector than HLB (Corin and O’Connor, 2014) and was also able to explain aspects of froth behaviour (Harris and O’Connor, 2017) and hydrophobicity (O’Connor, 2021). The present paper is aimed at extending the above concepts in two different ways. Firstly, a study is undertaken of a range of results previously reported in which various reagents containing different alkyl groups were analysed in terms of their effect on contact angle and their performance as flotation reagents in terms of recovery. These results sustain the previous observations that there is a robust positive relationship between hydrophobicity as indicated by flotation recovery and contact angle and G̅ex of the alkyl group associated with the collector. Secondly, on the basis of the observation that increases in G̅ex are indicative of increases in the hydrophobicity of the mineral particle-collector aggregate, a study was undertaken to examine the effect of ions typical of electrolytes in water as well as the effect of the presence of alcohols and of pH on G̅ex of the collector alkyl group. In the former two instances the absence of any correlation between G̅ex and recoveries supported the proposition of the respective authors of these studies that the major effect of these electrolytes and added alcohols may be on particle–bubble attachment rather than on the hydrophobicity of the mineral/collector in the aqueous system. On the other hand, the effect of pH on G̅ex correlated reasonably well with changes reported in the literature on the effect of pH on recovery and contact angle.

Aug 24, 2022

By A Karrech, G M. Hassan, A Varghese, E Lessing, S Martins

Pumps play a critical role in mining operations, and their energy consumption and environmental impact are significant. This paper addresses the need for a holistic approach to sustainable pump deployment by expanding on previous work presented at IMPC Asia Pacific 2022 and World Mining Congress 2023. The research takes a significant step forward by outlining a structured approach to estimate and demonstrate sustainability tailored for operational slurry pumps. It details the calculation methodologies used to quantify the carbon dioxide emissions from electricity, wear materials and transport, as well as sealing water usage. To enhance practicality and usability, a simplified visual representation—called sustainability metrics—has been developed to monitor overall efficiency. The sustainability metrics consist of the availability, pump efficiency, and water utilisation efficiency. The proposed methodology is integrated with Pumps Condition Monitoring Service to maximise benefits. Three case studies, from iron ore, copper, and nickel operations globally, were employed to evaluate the proposed methodology. The findings demonstrate the critical role of sustainability calculations in understanding pumps operation. These calculations improve awareness of the pump’s role in the sustainability journey and enable effective monitoring. The studies highlight that continuous monitoring paired with effective prescriptive maintenance strategy can significantly reduce power and water consumption while maximising pump availability. The case studies also reveal significant shortcomings in current operational practices and non-optimal maintenance regimes, emphasising the need for practical recommendations to maximise savings and optimise pump performance. In the context of increasing climate change awareness and the imperative for global decarbonisation, this research highlights the necessity of critically assessing methods and operations to drive sustainability in the mining industry. By adopting a holistic approach to sustainable pump deployment, mining operations can effectively reduce their environmental impact while enhancing operational efficiency and economic viability. The proposed methodology and case studies provide valuable insights and practical recommendations for mining companies seeking to achieve sustainable practices and contribute to a decarbonised future.

Sep 1, 2024

At Pasminco Mining's South concentrator. which was commissioned in 1952. an expansion. modernisation and efficiency improvement program commenced in 1986 with a coarse ore stockpile and grinding circuit expansion. the replacement of small flotation cells and the upgrading of reagent mixing and metering equipment. The program continued with the installation of a TDC 3000 based process control system (1988) and concentrate thickeners (1990). By mid-1991 a further grinding expansion and the installation of zinc flotation feed regrind ball mills and zinc recleaner column cells will be complete. leaving the use of ceramic disc fillers and development of process control strategies as probably the remaining major avenues for improved process efficiency at present.

Jan 1, 1991

By E Cunha, D Roldao, TáTamantini, J F. C L Costa, T Webber, C Monteiro

The main problem of geostatistical simulations is to reproduce the real characteristics of the mineral deposit when there are few conditioning data. In this case, the geological interpretation, based on structures, geophysics and geological maps, plays the major role in terms of resource evaluation.The paper investigates the use of principal component analysis (PCA) to help classify multiple geostatistical categorical simulations considering the similarity among them and the interpreted model, herein referred as training image (TI).An iron deposit with four lithological facies, in a specific horizontal plane, was used as case study for two-dimensional (2D) simulations. Sequential indicator simulations (SIS) was used to obtain ten equally probable 2D images, which were generated and compared against the interpreted model (TI).In this study, 11 random variables are comprised by the vector of ten SIS realisations plus the training image (TI). The similarity between the TI and each SIS realisation is measured using the angle between the TI and SIS vectors projected in the new coordinate systems (PCA factors). It is possible to order the SIS realisations from the highest to the lowest PCA factor taking into account the TI similarity.The visual analysis of the images shows coherence in the PCA results as a method to measure similarity. This methodology can be used as a post-processing tool to rank simulation results and to select the ones which better represent the prior known geology or to compare the quality of different methods of simulation.

Sep 26, 2011

By D Q. Zhu

In this paper, the pretreatment of concentrates by roller press was present to improve the granulation of blends comprising some 30 per cent iron ore concentrates and enhance the sintering performance. It is shown that by pretreatment of fine concentrates through roller press, the content of +3 mm fractions of granulation mixture and sinter mixture permeability are elevated by ten per cent and 35 per cent. In the meantime, a sinter productivity increase from 1.51 - 1.62 t.m-2.h-1 is attainted in pot tests with similar sinter tumble index and at lower coke rate. The mechanism of the pretreatment of concentrates process to improve sintering performance of fine iron ore concentrates was demonstrated by mineralogy that better permeability help form more calcium ferrite and good microstructure of sinter, further proven by the better metallurgical performance of sinter.

Jul 11, 2011

The segment of the Upper Cenozoic volcanic chain (CVZ) located on the western border of South America (16-28¦S lat.) is constituted by an association of strato- volcanoes and ignimbrite sheets, with high K calco-alkaline affinities. Strata-bound volcanoes, mainly of andesitic and dacitic composition, present along the whole chain, and various hydrothermal alteration zones, on the slopes and in the cores of eroded volcanic structures. Some of these altera- tion zones bear epithermal precious metal ores and sulphur deposits, which at present are being exploited. The studied Salar de Gorbea area, located in the Andes of northern Chile (25-26¦S lat.) contains a numer- ous group of Miocene to Quaternary stratovolcanoes, with advanced argillic and extreme silicification hydrothermal alteration in their cores and on their slopes, favoring the formation of great volumes of alunite within altered zones and sulphur deposits in the higher parts of the volcanic edifices. Simultaneously, siliceous hydrothermal breccia of the phreato-magmatic type, with evidences of hydromag- matic explosions are recognizable, allowing, in some cases, the ascent towards the surface of rock fragments belonging to the Paleozoic pre volcanic basement. Radiometric ages obtained in some of the hydro- thermal alteration zones (K-Ar in alunite) are slighty young- er than the unaltered rocks which constitute the strato- volcano. Trace element (Hg, As, Sb, S, Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo) patterns in orientative rock samplings show that the studied alterations zones correspond to high sectors of the cpithermal system, without evidences of metallic minerali- zation on surface. The weak erosive action due to the ex- tremely and climatic conditions in this segment of the Andes, has not allowed the cropping out of deeper areas of the hydrothermal alteration zones, in contrast to other Miocene more eroded volcanic edifices and Miocene vol- canic terranes of the Andean Range.

Jan 1, 1987

For too long we, as an industry, have borne the brunt of irrational claims, poor science and even worse, journalism with regards to our affect on the environment. To some of us, the overwhelming media attention on greenhouse warming, the polluting outputs of mineral processing or unthinkable depletion of natural resources has left us embarrassed and more unfortunately has turned bright young people away from a career in the minerals industry.This paper shows the hypocrisy associated with an element of the green movement and dispels some general myths on mining disseminated by radical environmentalists.The fallacy of the greenhouse warming effect will be scrutinised by common sense and the mining industryÆs use of land will be discussed and put in proper perspective.Problems associated with safety and emissions and the means to overcome such are discussed briefly.

Jan 1, 2004

By G J. Zhang

The shape and particle size distribution of caved ore mass in sublevel caving were investigated in this study. The paper first reviews the main factors affecting the shape and characteristic of caved ore mass in sublevel caving and then through the experimental blast testing with cement-sand concrete models, the shape and particle size distribution of caved ore mass were found out. The experimental results indicated that the shape and particle size distribution of caved ore mass was similar to that of the drawn loose body. This finding presented a new perspective for the future study on the ore drawing theory and on the optimisation of structural parameters of sublevel caving. The structural parameters must meet the principle that the shape of the drawn body is in consistency to the shape of caved ore mass.

Jul 11, 2011

By R Norris, M Dunne

Mining and mineral processing is expected by society and obliged by law to operate in an environmentally friendly fashion, minimising the impact on and avoiding damage to the environment. Substantial efforts by the industry, as well as by process and equipment designers have resulted in many innovative developments, which show that operating in an environmentally responsible manner can be achieved in a cost-effective way. This paper showcases five emerging equipment best practices in industry including installation examples. Flip-flow screening machines are proven worldwide in the dry classification of coal and other minerals, reducing the size of beneficiation plants whilst reducing energy, water demand and media consumption. They also allow the screening of wet/sticky materials not able to be sized using conventional screens. The belt press filter is a small fraction of the operating and capital cost of alternative dry tailings technologies. This gives operators who must dry their tailings a competitive advantage and makes such ægreenÆ operations much more sustainable. The filtercake is disposed with other plant rejects, eliminating the need for tailings dams to be constructed and thus also often increasing mine reserves. Mining applications include coal tailings, sand tailings, sinter plant waste and power station fly ash. Screen-scroll and vibrating centrifuges are widely used in the coal, potash and salt industries to dewater the product to low surface moistures. Inclined plate Lamella separators are used for toxic water clarification and/or sludge thickening in many downstream metal industries with the underflow often dewatered in a belt filter press. Such low cost, high capacity thickeners could also be used instead of conventional thickeners at smaller mines. The simple and reliable continuous washing upward flow (CWUF) sand filters have been used for treatment of waste water from coal preparation plants and steel works as well as in the worldwide production of potable water. The filtered waste water from mining processes can then either be reused or discharged from site. Other installations include cleaning mine water to prevent the blocking of dust suppression spray nozzles.

Jan 1, 2006