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By F. S. Norcross

DEVELOPMENT of the manganese deposits of Cuba is a matter of importance not only to those involved in this industry on the Island but to the United States steel industry and to our Nation as a whole. For years our domestic resources of manganese have been wholly inadequate, but the recent Cuban development points the way toward solution of this strategic mineral problem.

Jan 1, 1939

By R. R. Templeton

THE year 1924 was particularly notable in the petroleum industry of California as it was a period in which extensive town-lot drilling, with attendant overproduction and allied problems, virtually ceased and the industry returned to a nearly normal condition. Nearly all major field operations were conducted by large operating and marketing companies; in contrast to 1922 and 1923 field operations, when small promotion companies set the pace and forced the large companies to follow. The outstanding features of petroleum development were: 1. The three major fields of 1923, namely Huntington Beach, Long Beach, and Santa Fe Springs, declined from a production of 13,042,939 bbl., in January, to 6,764,417 bbl., in December, a drop of nearly 52 per cent: During this period, Huntington Beach declined 35 per cent., Long Beach 42 per cent., and Santa Fe Springs 63 per cent. 2. Methods of pumping deep wells were improved in some particulars; this contributed toward sustaining the productions of these three famous fields above what was predicted. 3. Of the fields producing previous to 1924, only three increased in production to any appreciable degree, during the year, as the result of bringing in new wells. These fields are Dominguez, Torrance, and Wheeler Ridge. Dominguez, discovered in September, 1923, produced 56,851 bbl. in January and increased regularly to a production of 1,641,042 bbl. in December. Torrance increased from a production of 972,261 bbl. in January, to 1,783,670 bbl., in May, and then declined to 1,393,215 bbl. in December. Wheeler Ridge, discovered in January, 1923, produced 23,254 bbl., in January, 1924, increased to a high of 33,678 bbl., in September, and declined to 27,430 bbl. in December. 4. Nearly all the production that had been shut-in during 1923 was opened in 1924, except some wells chiefly in Coalinga, Fullerton, and Santa Maria districts. The opening up of this shut-in production, combined with the increased productions from Dominguez and Torrance, were the chief factors that held the rate of decline for the state to a gentle slope.

Jan 7, 1925

The practice of fine-grinding is now being so succeesfully carried on in some fields, notably in West Australia, and its advisability has been so frequently pointed out,l that the matter in this paper is not put forward as new; its chief object being to call attention to the importance of fine-grinding in the treatment of comparatively low-grade oree. I' have been engaged daring the last five years in the cyanide-treatment of ores in the Ohinemuri district (North Island), New Zealand, and I consider that, in the near future, extremely fine-grinding (almost sliming) will become a very im-

Jan 1, 1906

CHAIRMAN (J . E. JOHNSON, J R., New York, N. Y.).-It may be n matter of some interest that sodium cyanide is now being made commercially by melting together in an electric furnace calcium cyanide with a common salt, which produces calcium chloride and sodium cyanide. It seems to me entirely possible that you have here about the same results that would be obtained by melting calcium chloride and ordinary cyanide together, only you obtain it a good deal cheaper. There is no doubt about that reaction once it is being carried on on a large industrial scale for the manufacture of cyanide for other uses. I think probably the same, thing takes place here, with the possible exception of lowering the melting point due to the presence of the calcium chloride.

Jan 5, 1919

By G. W. Healy

Activities of oxides in the ternary FeO-MnO-SiO system are calculated from data on the binaries, using the Gibbs -Schuhmann method. These activity data are used, together with thermodynamic relations, to calculate the contents of oxygen, silicon, and manganese in liquid iron, and the composition of the corresponding oxide phases in equilibrium with it. Excellent agreement was found between calculated and experimental metal compositions, indicating that thermodynamic methods, such as those presented, can supply useful data on slag-metal equilibria, and are therefore capable of wider application. When molten steel containing oxygen is treated with a deoxidizer, the product of the reaction is composed of the oxides of the deoxidizing elements together with more or less iron oxide. This assemblage of oxides is presumably very close to equilibrium with the melt since it is formed directly from elements dissolved in it. Therefore, it is likely that metal analyses corresponding to a given oxide phase composition are calculable with considerable precision where sufficient information is available on activities in both phases. The present study was made to test this hypothesis in the case of deoxidation by silicon and manganese. Here experimental data on the relationship among oxygen, silicon, and manganese in the metal phase are available, as are activity data for the MnO-SiO2, FeO-SiO2, and FeO-MnO binary systems. A further objective was to demonstrate in a specific example how gaps in the data may be filled by judicious interpolation, and how the Gibbs-Schuhmann method is applied to obtain activities in ternary systems. The rigorous derivation of the latter, requiring considerable facility in handling partial differential equations, tends to mask the real simplicity of the method, and repel the very engineers and experimenters who would benefit the most from its use. I) GENERAL PROCEDURE Deoxidation of steel with silicon and manganese results in the formation of two phases, metal and oxide. The number of components is four—Fe, Mn, Si, and 0. The phase rule then gives the number of degrees of freedom: If temperature and pressure are fixed, 2 deg of freedom remain. Consequently, it suffices to fix the concentration of two of the components of the system for all the concentrations to be determined and, at least in principle, calculable. The practical problem is then to discover a straightforward method of calculation with a minimum of trial and error solutions. The type of reactions to be dealt with are like the following: Si (in steel) + 2 O(in steel) = SiO2(in oxide phase) The standard free energy of this reaction is readily obtained from the literature, so that the equilibrium constant can be calculated by the expression: Since the metallurgist is concerned with percentages rather than activities, a real solution requires information that will permit activities to be converted to concentrations. This information is fairly adequate for the elements dissolved in molten steel, but is not available for the FeO-MnO-SiO2 oxide system. Therefore, the first step in this study was to find the relation between activity and concentration for the three oxides making up the system. The next step was the calculation of slag and metal compositions that are in equilibrium with one another. As shown by the phase rule, it is sufficient to assume the values of two composition variables in order to calculate the rest. But which two are picked makes a vast difference in how difficult the calculation turns out to be, so that it is necessary to make preliminary trial of several routes to find the easiest one. A convenient method is to begin with the slag, and to pick FeO concentration and that of one of the other oxides. Starting with the relation between oxygen dissolved in the liquid steel and FeO in the slag permits a good first estimate to be made of the oxygen content of the steel in equilibrium with FeO, because the iron content being fairly close to 100 pct, Fe has an activity close to unity. Using this first estimate of oxygen activity, approximate values of the manganese and silicon contents of the melt are readily calculated from the appropriate equilibrium constants. A minor correction for the depar-

Jan 1, 1963

By F. Robertson Jones

IF the tendency toward extending the scope of the workmen's compensation system to include life, health, accident, old age, and unemployment insurance for workers is not promptly altered, I believe there will be a complete breakdown of that system. This is not because of any objections, there may he to requiring industries to provide these additional forms of protection in whole or in part to their employees. It is rather because our workmen's compensation laws, their scale of benefits, and the administrative procedure under them are not adapted or suited to such situations. If the compensation principle is limited to its own proper sphere and is not enlarged so as to include all the ills that the flesh is heir to, it is practical, "workable, and beneficent. If it invades foreign realms, it is bound to grow into a veritable Frankenstein' which will harm principally those it 'is supposed to aid, and, at the same time, will promote waste, fraud, and Industrial demoralization. Compensation risks will become almost uninsurable; the cost to business will be intolerable; and the development of sound relief measures which will give to labor the protection now sought by the uneconomic device of enlarging the compensation law territory will be retarded.

Jan 1, 1934

By E. H. Jr. Dix

THE success of the Charpy impact test in the steel industry has led those interested in aluminum alloys to investigate the possible applica¬tion of this test to aluminum and its alloys. In this paper are set forth the results of a few preliminary tests made at the Lynite Laboratories of the Aluminum Manufactures, Inc. In order to study more thor-oughly the significance of the Charpy test, slow-bending tests have been made duplicating the arrangement of the impact machine. Tests have been made on both notched and unnotched specimens of a series of copper-aluminum alloys. APPARATUS The standard American-made Charpy impact machine delivering a blow of over 200 ft.-lb. was- much too large to test aluminum-alloy specimens of the same type used for steel, so that it was necessary either to adopt a larger specimen or to have a special light-weight hammer made. Since there is no known relation between specimens of different sizes, even though geometrically similar, it was decided to adhere to the 10 by 10 mm. specimen. Accordingly, Sauveur and Boylston, the American makers of the machine, were asked to construct a special light-weight pendulum adapted to their standard machine, this pendulum to have one-tenth the capacity of the standard. The writer wishes here to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. H. M. Boylston for the personal interest and care exercised in constructing this pendulum. The machine with, the light-weight hammer in place is shown in Fig. 1. It is mounted on a concrete foundation with the concrete covering the flange on the base of the machine. Vibration is further prevented by four 5/8 -in. (15.8 mm.) foundation bolts. The large standard hammer shown against the wall was also used for some of the unnotched bars that requited more than 20 ft.-lb. to rupture.

Jan 4, 1920

All the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and CONTRIBUTIONS published in 1935 are available at Institute headquarters, unless otherwise noted. They are also on file in many public, university and technical libraries and, when so indicated in the list, may be found in the TRANSACTIONS. Copies of the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS have been mailed to members of the Institute that are registered in the different classes: A-Metal Mining; B-Milling and Concentration; C-Iron and Steel Division; D-Nonferrous Metallurgy; E-Institute of Metals Division; F-Coal Division; G-Petroleum Division; H-Industrial Minerals Division (Nonmetallics); I-Mining Geology; J-Mineral Industry Education Division; K-Mining Administration; I-Geophysical Prospecting. Other members may obtain copies by writing to the Secretary. Copies of CONTRIBUTIONS may also be obtained from the Secretary's office. Additional copies are sold at the rate of 1 cent per page; minimum charge, 25 cents. Nonmembers may purchase the papers at the prices mentioned. [ ]

Jan 1, 1936

By L. H. Levenson, Charles S. Barrett

Since 1925, when the preferred orientations in compressed aluminum were first determined1,2 the orientations have been described as a fiber texture in which a face diagonal, [110], of the face-centered cubic lattice is parallel to the compression axis. Subsequent experiments have seemed to confirm this texture,3-5 and a number of theories (recently summarized in references 6 and 7) have been proposed to explain it and to relate it to the behavior of single crystals during compression.3,8-11 The experiments reported in this paper prove that the orientations are not adequately described as quoted above—i.e., as a [110] fiber texture—although this is a first approximation to the actual texture. They also show that the texture cannot be thought of as a stable orientati011 that is reached and maintained after a sufficient amount of deformation. The actual texture, when studied in detail at successive stages of compression, indicates that a hitherto unsuspected range of orientations is present, both in the polycrystalline metal as a whole and in various individual grains in its interior, and that a state of dynamic equilibrium exists within this range. The reasons for the failure of previous theories to predict the actual texture become obvious when the heterogeneous nature of the flow is considered. In addition to the deformation texture, the manner of its development, and its theory, this paper presents data on the following related subjects: the identity of strain markings in aluminum; the orientation changes in aluminum single crystals during compression and a comparison of these with the conditions in individual grains of a polycrystalliile specimen; the origin of asterism ill deformed single crystals, which heretofore has been regarded as a distortion localized at the surfaces or slip planes; and the relation of plastic strain in individual grains ill all aggregate to the strain of the whole.

Jan 1, 1940

By Charles S. Barrett, L. H. Levenson

Since 1925, when the preferred orientations in compressed aluminum were first determined1,2 the orientations have been described as a fiber texture in which a face diagonal, [110], of the face-centered cubic lattice is parallel to the compression axis. Subsequent experiments have seemed to confirm this texture,3-5 and a number of theories (recently summarized in references 6 and 7) have been proposed to explain it and to relate it to the behavior of single crystals during compression.3,8-11 The experiments reported in this paper prove that the orientations are not adequately described as quoted above—i.e., as a [110] fiber texture—although this is a first approximation to the actual texture. They also show that the texture cannot be thought of as a stable orientati011 that is reached and maintained after a sufficient amount of deformation. The actual texture, when studied in detail at successive stages of compression, indicates that a hitherto unsuspected range of orientations is present, both in the polycrystalline metal as a whole and in various individual grains in its interior, and that a state of dynamic equilibrium exists within this range. The reasons for the failure of previous theories to predict the actual texture become obvious when the heterogeneous nature of the flow is considered. In addition to the deformation texture, the manner of its development, and its theory, this paper presents data on the following related subjects: the identity of strain markings in aluminum; the orientation changes in aluminum single crystals during compression and a comparison of these with the conditions in individual grains of a polycrystalliile specimen; the origin of asterism ill deformed single crystals, which heretofore has been regarded as a distortion localized at the surfaces or slip planes; and the relation of plastic strain in individual grains ill all aggregate to the strain of the whole.

Jan 1, 1940

By Benjamin F. Tillson

THE past seven years, and 1937 in particular, have witnessed the return of New Jersey iron mining to a place of importance. Following the World War period, little mining was done for several reasons. The properties were operated by small merchant furnaces whose demand was not sufficiently large to warrant large-scale methods with their attendant low operating costs. Under those conditions, the ore produced could not compete with that from the Great Lakes. However, when on Nov. 1, 1.929, the Alan Wood Steel Co., of Conshohocken, Pa., leased the Scrub Oak and Washington properties at Mine Hill and Oxford respectively, they made radical changes in the mining and milling processes which greatly reduced the cost of production and pointed the way to a renewed interest in mining in New Jersey. The following factors have been advanced as influencing the reopening of New Jersey mines:

Jan 1, 1938

By Joan Melcher

The oil embargo and increasing disillusionment with nu- clear power have put this country's abundant coal reserves in growing demand. Both the government and industry are looking toward increased coal mining, and with this goes an increased interest in new and advanced methods of coal utilization. One advanced coal system stands out among the rest-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Its high efficiency, strong probability of sulfur dioxide control, and limited consumption of cooling water place MHD in a unique position to help the power generation industry. Another point in MHD's favor is the capital costs of operation, which are lower than those of other advanced technologies. However, initial costs are higher and realization of a commercial MHD plant in this country may be more than a decade away.

Jan 12, 1977

Rustenburg Platinum Mines, Ltd. is the largest producer of platinum metals in the western world. It is also the only major platinum producer this side of the Iron Curtain. One of its mines is situated at Rustenburg, 80 miles northwest of Johannesburg. It also has a smaller operation, the Union Section, 60 miles north of the Rustenburg property. Both mines exploit the Merensky Reef, which forms a part of the Transvaal's remarkable Bushveld Igneous Complex, an irregular oval area covering some 15,000 square miles. In order to cope with an increasing world demand for platinum and such platinum-group metals as palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium, Rustenburg Platinum Mines embarked on a major expansion program some time ago. It is expected that production will reach an annual rate of 850,000 oz of platinum by the middle of 1969 and increase to 1 million oz by the middle of 1970. Capital expenditures at Rustenburg during the next few years will be about $60 million. It is believed that the ore at Rustenburg averages about 4.5 oz of precious metals per ton. About 70% of the metal is platinum, some 15% is palladium, and the rest is made up of the other metals in the platinum group.

Jan 4, 1969

By J. Wesley Pullman

It is stated by Dr. Tuttle in a paper read before the New Jersey Historical Society, that the celebrated Dickerson mine at Succasunna, Morris Co., N. J., yielded ore, about as early as 1710, for use at the Whippany forge, on Rockaway River, between Rockaway and Boonton. The ore was, for some time, free to all who chose to dig it. The tract embracing the Dickerson mine mas taken up, on account of its minerals, in 1713 or 1714, by John Reading, who sold it in 1716 to Joseph Kirkbride. John Jackson built a forge in 1722 on the Rockaway River a mile west of Dover. The ore here worked was probably chiefly from the Dickerson mine, but a portion may have been Hibernia. Hon. E. D. Halsey, of Rockaway, K. J., writes me: It is quite possible that the ore was at first taken from the outcrop of Hibernia by anybody who wanted it. The property first had an owner, May

Jan 1, 1886

By J. F. Myers

AT the Regional meeting in Columbus, Ohio, in September 1949, the authors presented a progress report of the first year's operation with a Hardinge tricone mill in closed circuit with a Dorr hydroscillator. The present report covers our findings on this grinding circuit to January, 1950. In order to clarify our position, the authors wish to state that no invention or discovery is claimed. The Tennessee grinding circuit is simply an engineered arrangement of known equipment arranged to incorporate all of the recognized efficiency factors of comminution as they are known today. As we concluded our first report, it was not clear how effective the Tennessee mode of operation would be on harder ores. The only information we had at that time was that the Bond grindability test at 48-mesh gave 6.04 g of undersize per revolution. A later test on the same sample at 100-mesh reduced this to 2.04 g, which is definitely in the harder ore class, and which makes the reported 8.80 kw-hr per ton of -200-mesh produced a very creditable figure.

Jan 1, 1950

By H. Vincent Wallace

ALTHOUGH it is universally accepted that free oxygen is A necessary in a cyanide solution for the dissolution of gold and silver-in accordance with Elsner's equation that 2Au + 4KCN + 0 + H20 = 2KAu (CN), + 2KOH- little has been written and insufficient attention paid to the drop in extraction due apparently to loss of dissolved oxygen in mill solutions. Aeration or oxygenation of cyanide solutions has been more or less successfully accomplished by various types of agitators such as the Dorr (with or without air lifts), Pachuca tanks and more recently "Turbo-mixers" and Denver "Super- agitators"; also by the introduction of chemical oxidizing agents such as Solozone (Na,O,) . At the Wright-Hargreaves and other mines in the Kirkland Lake camp, the introduction of this reagent at the rate of about 1.25 oz. per ton of ore applied to the feed of the ball mills has certainly been beneficial.

Jan 1, 1932

By Denis G. Maxwell

INTRODUCTION It is my intention in this paper to deal with gold, uranium, diamonds, platinum, manganese, chrome, vanadium and heavy mineral sands. These are the most important strategic minerals produced by the Republic of South Africa which are not covered in other sessions of this program. In each case I have high- lighted the statistics and peculiar advantages which combine to make South Africa a vital source of these minerals. Before proceeding to give individual attention to these minerals I believe it would be useful to define what I mean by 'strategic'. The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines strategic in the context of materials as 'essential for war'. However it is commonly used in a much broader sense than this (often, in fact, very loosely) and I prefer to define it as 'concerned with the acquisition and maintenance of power, whether economic, political or military.' A VITAL SOURCE In dealing with the individual minerals I have quoted statistics which are contained in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Table 1 clearly shows the absolute size of the South African mineral industry. However, it can also be used to demonstrate the importance of the industry to the South African economy if compared with the GNP in 1980 of about R60 billion. Table 4 illustrates clearly how important South Africa is as a supplier of these minerals to most of the important industrialized countries of the Western World. Gold If anyone had any doubts about the inclusion of gold in a list of strategic minerals I am sure that the above definition of 'strategic' will convince them that it certainly belongs there. Similarly no one is likely to have any doubt about the fact that South Africa is a vital source of supply. Tables 2 and 3 show that in 1980 we had 51% of the world's reserves and accounted for 55% of world production. The figures for the Western World are considerably higher. The only other major producer, of course, is Russia, with small but significant production in the Pacific Rim area coming from Australia, Canada, Latin America, Papua New Guinea, Philippines and the U.S. All South African mine gold production is shipped in bullion form containing about 88% gold and 9% silver to the Rand Refinery which is a modern refinery with large scale units capable of refining half a ton of bullion at a time. The Refinery is equipped to produce standard 'good delivery' gold as well as 9999 gold and 999 silver. The Refinery also produces the 22 karat blanks which are, used by the South African Mint to produce Kruger Rands. It goes without saying that the South African gold mining industry leads the world in all aspects of deep-level, narrow-reef mining technology. The industry's metallurgists, too, have a record of tenacious and continuing efforts to improve extraction to the level of the present finely honed efficient process used on all the modern mines. Uranium In 1980 South Africa had 14% of the uranium reserves of the Western World and accounted for 14% of production. In view of the paucity of data I am not in a position to estimate figures for the total world. All the other major sources of uranium in the Western World are situated around the Pacific Rim, with the U.S. and Canada already being major suppliers and accounting for 38% and 17% of Western World production in 1980. Australian production at the time was small but they have very large reserves and production is already rising rapidly. The U.S., Canada and Australia account respectively for 22%, 19% and 29% of the uranium reserves of the Western World. South Africa has been a major producer continuously for 30 years. Nearly all the uranium produced, amounting to about 115 000 tons up to the end of 1981, was a by-product or co-product of gold extraction. During that time the industry has frequently led the world in technological innovation, and has established a reputation as a reliable producer of a consistent, high-grade product. In the latter respect, it is helped by the fact that production is marketed by one company, Nuclear Fuels Corporation, which also blends, dries and calcines the product from the individual mines and samples and assays it before shipping. Diamonds Diamonds are the rock on which the South African mineral industry is founded. The discovery of diamonds in 1866 gave rise to the first major mineral industry in the country and the profits from diamond mining helped to finance the gold mining industry 20 years later. Although now overshadowed by gold, diamonds are still very important in the overall picture of mineral production and exports, as can be seen in Table 1. There are really three separate diamond markets - gem, natural industrial, and synthetic - and, to be meaningful, statistics should be provided separately. Unfortunately separate figures are not available. The figures in Tables 2 and 3 show that, for gem and natural industrial together, South Africa ranks third in the world in production and second in reserves. South Africa is a major producer of synthetics and probably ranks second in the world after the U.S. Recently, of course, Australia was the scene of a major diamond discovery and will soon become the only

Jan 1, 1982

YEAR OF r ELECTION 1913 FRANK DAWSON ADAMS Montreal, Canada 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England 1923 GELASIO CAETANI Washington, D C 1920. HENRY STUROIS DRINKER Menon Station, Pa 1921. FERDINAND FOCH . Pans, France 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy 1888. HATON DE LA GOUPILLIERE Paris, France. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England 1921. HEINRICH O HOFMAN Cambridge, Mass 1917. HERBERT HOOVER .. Washington, D C. 1915 JAMES FURMAN KEMP New York, N. Y 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France 1921. C. McDERMID London, England 1913 EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico 1909 ALEXANDRE POURCEL Paris, France 1911 ROBERT H RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass 1907. CHARLES D WALCOTT Washington, D C

Jan 1, 1923

By Robert Anderson

DURING the past 5 years no subject has aroused more interest or received more attention among mill operators than flotation. One reason for this is, undoubtedly, the remarkable success of the process in Australia where that country has risen to the position of furnishing one-fifth of the world's Supply of zinc. The plant of the Butte & Superior Copper Co., designed by James M. Hyde in 1912, was the first important large flotation plant in this country; other installations have been made since then with considerable frequency, particularly so in the last 2 years. Without going into complete detail, it may be safely said that although flotation is a highly successful commercial process, it is more or less on an empirical basis. Upon scanning the literature, it is found that the flotation investigations have, in the main, dealt with a solution of the problems which accrue to practise; until recently no attempt was made to remove the difficulties in the way of the formulation of a consistent and harmonious theory. Of late this phase of the work has been receiving considerable attention, particularly by the United States Bureau of Mines at its Salt Lake City station, by the Mellon Institute at Pittsburgh, by the General Engineering Co. at Salt Lake City, by many of the mining schools, and private individuals almost ad infinitum. There is, at present, an enormous amount of laboratory work being carried on in flotation research, and probably the time is not far away when a generally acceptable explanation of flotation phenomena can be Set forth. However, at this time, it seems as though the current technology is befogged with a super-abundance of contradictory evidence; this confusion can only be dispelled as time proceeds and the knowledge of the subject becomes more complete.

Jan 7, 1916

CHICAGO SECTION CHARLES H. MACDOWELL, Chairman, LUTHER V. RICE, Vice-chairman, HENRY W. NICHOLS, Secretary-Treasurer, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ill. ALEXANDER K. HAMILTON, G. P. HULST, HENRY P. HOWLAND, FREDERICK T. SNYDER. A meeting of the Chicago Section was held at the Chicago Engineers' Club on the evening of March 30, 1918, on the occasion of the visit of the President, Vice-president. and Secretary of the Institute. The meeting was called to order by Henry W. Nichols, Secretary of the Chicago Section. The first speaker of the evening was Mr. Allen, Deputy Fuel Administrator for the State: of Illinois, who spoke on the problems and difficulties encountered by the Fuel Administration during the past -winter, He paid high tribute to the spirit of cooperation shown by the

Jan 5, 1918