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By W. M. Weigel

Economic deposits of barite occur in Missouri in two main districts. The most important, the Southeastern or Washington County district, is in the southeastern part of the state, mostly in Washington County with a small extension into the northeastern part of St. Francois County. Roughly, it embraces nine townships or about 200,000 acres and accounts for from 80 to 90 per cent. of the state production. The Central district, is in the central part of the state, includes most of Morgan and Miller counties, and parts of Camden; Benton, Moniteau and Cole counties. The area embraced is much larger than the Washington County district, but the deposits are more infrequent. The location and general area covered by the two districts is shown in Fig. 1. There is another small area in southern Franklin County but so far its production has been of small consequence. It might be considered as a northward extension of the Washington County field. An, area in the central part of Hickory County has also produced a small amount. The outline of the districts as shown indicates the general area in which deposits have been found. The total area covered by deposits of barite is only a small part of this, as, in the Central district especially, there may be miles of supposedly barren areas between ore-bearing areas of an acre or two in extent. The date when barite was first mined in Missouri cannot be definit stated, but the industry probably dates back to about 1860. The occurrence of barite was known long before this, as it was encountered in the lead mines in Washington County and mentioned by several earlier writers." Missouri is reported as producing 8000 tons in 1882 so it is evident the industry was well under way in the seventies in order to have arrived at this substantial production. By 1893 Missouri production had increased so that it ranked with that of Virginia, then the largest producer it increased until in 1914 Missouri accounted for about 65 per cent. of the total United States output.

Jan 1, 1929

By E. A. Nesbitt

THE important permanent-magnet alloys 15 years ago contained carbon and depended upon it for their permanent- magnet properties. In recent years great, advances have been made in a number of new alloys substantially free of carbon. These include Remalloy,l an alloy of iron, cobalt, and molybdenum, the various iron- nickel-aluminum alloys of the Mishima2 type, and the more recent Alnico V3 in which the best properties are developed by heat-treating in a magnetic field. The Mishima and the Alnico types of alloys are very brittle and after casting must be ground to size. This article describes a permanent-magnet material4 that can be machined as cast, and when handled with some care can be .rolled to thin sheet and drawn to fine wire. Optimum magnetic properties are developed by a simple heat- treatment, and at this time the ductility A of the alloy disappears. If the cast alloy is heat-treated without cold-working the magnetic energy product is about 1.0 X 106. This material is called Vicalloy I (pronounced vicalloy, V for vanadium, I for iron, and C for cobalt). When the alloy is first hot-worked and then considerably reduced in area by cold-swaging, drawing or grooved rolling, it is found that after heat-treatment the magnetic energy product measured in the direction of previous extension can be increased to 2.0 to 3.5 X l06. These higher values have been obtained only after reductions in area of 75 to 95 per cent, and since the material hardens considerably during working, the reduction ordinarily can be accomplished only in fine wires, although larger sizes can be reduced by the use of powerful machinery. When the material has been cold- worked in such a manner as to improve its energy product substantially, it is called Vicalloy II. Commercial use of Vicalloy has been made in the recording of speech. Tape 0.002 by 0.050 in. has been found superior in quality to all others tried, and is now used in the Western Electric Mirrorphone In a variety of forms Vicalloy I or II is useful in many laboratory instruments, and in experiments in which the sizes and shapes required cannot be obtained with the other more brittle permanent-magnet materials. In 1936, during a study of other age- hardening magnetic systems, it occurred to the author that some of the iron-cobalt-vanadium alloys might be suitable for permanent magnets. The proportions of iron, cobalt, and vanadium were varied and a range of alloys of particular interest was found, as shown by the indicated area in Fig. I. The limits of this range of com- position are 30 to 52 per cent iron, 36 to 62 per cent cobalt, and 4 to 16 per cent vanadium. The compositions indicated by points outside this area were also tested. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF VICALLY I The alloys were usually cast in graphite molds into bars ¾ in. in diameter and

Jan 1, 1946

CONTENTS PAGE Need for Research in Foundry Pig Iron. By Richard Moldenke. (With Discussion) 1 Carbon Characteristics of Copper-bearing Pig Iron. By W. B. Coleman. (With Discussion) 12 A Pig Iron, Low in Total Carbon, is in Demand for Use in Various Industries. By Enrique Touceda. (With Discussion) 24 Carbon in Pig Iron. By Ralph H. Sweetser. (With Discussion) 28 Second Session (Discussion) 37 Need for Research in Foundry Pig Iron BY RICHARD MOLDENKE,* WATCHUNG, N. J. So FAR as the quality of the product is concerned, the history of the production of pig iron for foundry purposes is one of constant retrogression. The steps in this deterioration began with cold-blast charcoal pig iron, then anthracite iron, coke iron; then gradually warm to hot-blast coke iron, with the charcoal furnaces also heating their blast to get greater tonnages, and finally the present-day hot-blast coke irons with scrap additions to the ordinary burden that, according to one European report, have gone as high as 65 per cent. Parallel with this quality retrogression is the enormous increase in furnace tonnages from about 15 to over 1000 tons per day in exceptional instances of modern practice. The key to this situation is economic pressure. The effect is a growing differentiation between furnace production for gray iron and malleable foundries and, for the

Jan 1, 1927

By A. Sutulov

The segregation process, an alternative to benefi-ciation of oxidized and mixed sulfide-oxide copper ores, is studied here with particular emphasis placed on time, temperature, and coke and salt percentage factors. The results show that in a segregated charge, the copper assay of the coarsest fractions normally is of the same order as the copper assay of the tails obtained from grinding and flotation of the same charge. This observation suggests the possibility of limiting or even eliminating the grinding step from the flowsheet of a segregation plant. The segregation process, which offers an alternative to beneficiation of oxidized and mixed sulfide-oxide copper ores, was discovered in 1923 by Moulden and Taplin1,2 who were attempting to apply the Perkins process3'4 to a Chilean ore from the Sagasca mine. After a number of investigations and pilot plant tests,'-' the segregation process became a successful industrial operation.'r9 The process aroused considerable interest in Chile because of the existance of large reserves of oxidized copper minerals which could not be treated by conventional hydrometallurgical methods because of the high consumption and prohibitive cost of sulfuric acid. During the last two years, the Mineral Dressing Dept. of the Institute de Investigaciones Tecnology cas of University of concepci6n (Chile) has carried out a test program on 23 different ore samples representative of the national territory. These tests were carried out on a semi-continuous and batch scale with a rotary, automatically controlled and gas-fired furnace (supplied by Bartlett and Snow, Fig. 1). The results of these tests indicate that out of the 23 samples 20 can be successfully treated by this process with recoveries of copper ranging from 85 to 95%.10,11 The purpose of this paper is to treat some specific problems related to the segregation process. TIME AND TEMPERATURE FACTORS Time and temperature of calcination play an important role in the segregation process. When moderate salt and coke conditions were maintained (each of reagents was added in the quantity of 1 — % wt), systematic testing easily demonstrated the influence of these two factors on segregation and flotation recovery. The pertinent results are summarized in Fig. 2. To determine what specific changes the segregation process made on the ore, the samples, segregated at 700°C for different periods of time and under standard conditions, were granulometrically analysed and

Jan 1, 1963

By L. D. Jaffe

From the limited experimental data in the literature, preliminary values were derived for the thermal diffusivity of titanium alloys and for the quenching severity of various mediums used in heat treating them. The thermal diffusivity, under quenching conditions, was found to be approximately 0.006 sq in. per sec. The quenching severity H for brine is approximately 8, for water 4, for oil 0.9, for air 0.08, and for argon 0.02 in. -' The quenching severity of the Jominy-Boegehold end quench water jet against titanium alloys appeared effectively infinite. Using these results, graphs were prepared showing ideal round sizes and Jominy positions having cooled conditions equivalent to those at the center and surface of titanium alloy rounds, plates, and sheets quenched in various media. THE importance of proper quenching of steel parts has long been recognized, and much quantitative work has been done on the subject. Recently, it has become evident that for titanium alloys, too, the rate of cooling from high temperature is important in obtaining high strength and hardness. Maximum hardness and strength may not be attained in the as-quenched condition but rather after a subsequent tempering or aging treatment. Nevertheless, if cooling from temperatures near the ß transus is too slow, for the hardenability of the alloy used, a soft a-ß structure will be produced which will not harden on subsequent aging.'-" The quenching of parts of practical interest can usually be approximated by simple shapes, such as cylinders (rounds) and plates (or sheets) of various thickness and combinations of these. A standard that has been used extensively for comparison purposes is the center of an ideal round: a cylinder quenched in a medium that instantly cools its surface to room temperature." For steel, considerable practical use has been made of the Jominy-Boegehold end quench hardenability specimen,".' and its value for titanium alloys is becoming evident. It therefore appeared worthwhile to attempt comparison of cooling conditions in titanium alloy rounds and plates of various sizes quenched in various media with cooling conditions in ideal round and Jominy quenches. These comparisons are based upon measurements reported in the literature. Quenching Severity of Jominy Water Jet and of Brine As one starting point, there were available the data of Phillips and Tobin8 for positions on a Jominy specimen having the same hardness as the centers of round bars of various size quenched in 5 pct NaOH brine, shown in Table I. The Jominy speci- men is a round bar, normally 1 in. diam and 4 in. long, quenched by a water jet at one end and air cooled on the other surfaces.' After quenching, hardness is measured vs distance from the quenched end on longitudinal flats ground 0.015 to 0.10 in. deep. The data of Table I were based on a subsized specimen of 3/4 in. diam. Since the positions tested are close to the jet quenched end, cooling there may be taken as due solely to the jet, and air cooling can be neglected. These positions are then equivalent to various locations near one surface of an 8 in. plate jet quenched on both sides. Assuming that the thermal diffusivity is constant and that Newton's law of cooling holds, temperature vs time curves at corresponding positions in Jominy specimen and round bar then may be calculated for various assumed quenching severities of the water jet and of the brine. Cooling curves are generally taken to be metallurgically equivalent when they show the same time to reach a temperature halfway between the initial (heat treating) temperature and the final (quenching medium) temperature.5 On this basis, using Russell's tables,9 upplemented by heat flow tables derived in similar fashion by the author for positions near the surface of severely quenched plates, it was found that the experimentally observed equivalence, Table I, was best matched if the quenching severity H of the Jominy water jet was taken as infinite (H = co). This means that the jet quenched surface should be considered as instantly cooled to the temperature of the water

Jan 1, 1956

By K. L. Woodruff

The first step in processing municipal solid waste (MSW), principally household waste, for resource recovery is usually shredding. A trommel has been investigated as a step to precede shredding. This way abrasive inorganic materials, such as stones and metals, would be removed prior to shredding, thus lowering the amount of feed and hence maintenance on the shredder. In addition, friable materials such as glass would be removed in large pieces, rather than pulverized too mall to process for recovery. The utility of a trommel for these purposes was investigated on a pilot scale using a unit 9 ft diam by 10 ft long with 4-in. square clear openings. Experimental results indicate that up to approximately half of the MSW may be removed as -4-in. material prior to shredding. The -4-in. fraction contains approximately 70% of the metals and 95% of the glass present in the MSW feed to the unit. Scale-up and cost information necessary for the design of a 60 to 70 tph unit is developed.

Jan 1, 1977

• The Venezuelan Trade Mission to the United States announced that Bethlehem Steel Corp. will begin exporting iron ore from its El Pao concession, south of the Orinoco River in Venezuela, in about three months. The ore will be transported by rail from the mines to barges on the Orinoco and transshipped to ore vessels at the coast for shipment to the Sparrows Point, Md., plant. The Latin American business men warned that projected increases in the United States tariff on petroleum imports from Venezuela would force that country into bilateral trade agreements with other countries and would mean drastic curtailment of Venezuelan imports from this country. •Bethlehem, South American Gold and Platinum Co., and U. S. Steel are investigating the possibilities of securing American foodstuff for their South American mining camp commissaries through the International Basic Economy Corp. IBEC buys in quantity to supply its subsidiary companies operating in Venezuela and Brazil. The mining companies will rid themselves of this burdensome task as well as realizing a saving from the bulk purchases of IBEC. •Oliver Iron Mining Co. has begun construction of a fine ore and taconite agglomeration plant at Virginia, Minn. It is expected to be ready in six months. The plant will be used to experiment with the making of clinker cakes and egg-sized lumps by sintering machines and nodulizing kilns respectively; about 1 million tons per year will be produced. • Roof pinning has been adopted at the iron mines of TCI, near Birmingham, to support overlying strata as mining progresses. Favorable results have been obtained in that dilution of the ore has been reduced by 50% which is attributable to this method of supporting the roof. •An American mining engineering team has gone to Turkey for a two-year assignment assisting Turkish government agencies in the $45 million ECA development, mechanization, and construction of cleaning plants for the Zonguldak coal field, 200 miles east of Istanbul on the Black Sea. The group consists of James Beeley, John E. Good, John S. Lambright, David Renshaw, and Charles R. Weir, all of the Paul Weir Co. •Arthur F. Taggart describes a new way of training engineers by emphasis on broad, basic engineering courses on page 460 of this issue. •Lawrence T. Tierney, chairman of the National Bituminous Coal Advisory Council, released a report stating that the increase in oil imports since the latter part of 194$ has caused significant damage to the U. S. fuel economy. It has reduced the strength of and employment opportunities in the coal, domestic petroleum, and transportation industries, as well as in related service and supplier fields. •Women, camels, and donkeys are the beasts of burden of the Sahara, according-to the UNESCO World Review. •Increased demand for magnesium sheet in airplane construction ana other phases of the national security program have led Alcoa to establish a sheet magnesium rolling division at its New Kensington, Pa., works which will begin operation shortly. Novel prospecting methods being used by the USGS in its search for uranium include: shock-mounted instruments in light trucks,. Geiger-counter probes lowered into augur holes, and experimental airborne prospecting.

Jan 4, 1950

J. R. Lane (Metals Research Laboratory, Washington)—A new type of deformation called "kinking" has recently been described. Is there any relation between the "rumpling" described in this paper and "kinking?" D. C. Jillson (author's reply)—Both are manifestations of bending about [210] axis. The difference is one of degree. W. C. Ellis (Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York) —Some observations of deformation in zinc recorded in this paper may be applicable generally to flow in metals. One of these, deformation in torsion without evidence of slip or twinning in the early stages and with startling ease, when the twist is about the hexagonal axis, adds another method of flow to the presently increasing list of mechanisms. This illustrates again that a crystal will utilize any realizable process to flow and relieve stress. The process is not necessarily classical directional slip—& this case, it is rotational slip. The question naturally occurs: Will face-centered cubic metas stressed by twisting about an octahedral axis flow in a similar manner by rotation on an octahedral plane? I would like to ask Dr. Jillson if he has made any experiments or knows of any experiments of this type on face-centered cubic metals? Face-centered cubic metals possibly would behave differently from zinc, since, for one thing, the stacking sequence is different for the two structures. The results of such experiments, however, would be instructive in providing more information about deformation processes. D. C. Jillson—Dr. Roy E. Swift, working in the Hammond Laboratory at Yale, performed a twist test on a single crystal of brass. The work has not been published, and I do not know the crystallographic direction of the axis of the specimen used. Lo-ching Chang (Columbia University, New York)— Observations similar to Figs. 1 and 2 of the paper were obtained by us during the bending and unbending of an orthorhombic Au-Cd alloy.'l This orthorhombic alloy is the product of diffusionless transformation from a single crystal of p Au-Cd alloy (CsC1 structure) containing 47.5 atomic pct Cd on cooling to about 60 "C.62 Referring to the effects of annealing, has the author tried any loilg time high temperature anneal, such as 150 to 200 hr at 40O°C? D. C. Jillson—No. C. Crussard (Ecole des Mines, Paris: France)—I

Jan 1, 1952

By E. H. Crabtree

The heavy-media separation plant at the Central mill of the Eagle-Picher Mining and Smelting Co., near Picher, Okla., was started in February 1939. Since that time twenty-four million tons of lead-zinc ore has been treated in the mill, of which approximately 70 pct has been treated by heavy-media separation. Until January 1945, galena concentrate from the flotation plant was used as the sink-float medium. At that time minus 100-mesh ferrosilicon was substituted for the galena, and its use has been continued. The purpose of this paper is to compare the operating results and the costs of operation of the two media. For the purpose of this comparison the period Jan. I, 1943, to Jan. 29, 1945, has been taken to represent the operation using galena medium; the period Jan. 29, 1945, to Sept. I, 1946, to represent the ferrosilicon medium. During the first of these periods about seven and one-half million tons was milled; during the latter, or ferrosilicon period, more than five million tons was milled. It is believed that these tonnages are large enough to give representative data. Flowsheet The Central mill has a capacity of 15,000 tons per day. Briefly, the treatment used consists of crushing the ore through I½- in. and wet-screening out the minus 3/16-in. portion. The minus 136 plus 3/16-in. washed product is treated by the heavy medium; the minus 3/16-in. product is deslimed and jigged. The heavy-media cone tailing is discarded and the cone concentrate is recrushed and jigged for the production of a coarse lead concentrate. The cone concentrate, impoverished of lead, is then ground in ball mills and treated by differential flotation. The minus 3/16-in. jig product is similarly treated. Heavy-media Plant The heavy-media cone plant treating the minus I½ plus 3/16-in. product consists of one open-top cone 20 ft in diameter by 20 ft deep, equipped with a central airlift. Concentrate is discharged from the top of the airlift to a 3 by 14-ft low-head Allis-Chalmers drainage screen. Medium drains back into the cone, from the first half of this screen. The last half of the screen is provided with washing sprays for further removal of medium. Cone tailing is similarly drained and washed. Undersize from the washing screen is thickened and then cleaned in the medium-cleaning plant. When galena was used as a medium, cleaning was done in Fagergren and Denver flotation machines. The ferrosilicon is cleaned in three 36-in. and one 24-in. Crockett magnetic separators. A flowsheet of the cone plant is shown in Fig I.

Jan 1, 1949

By Walter Renton Ingalls

IN SEVERAL papers and addresses during the past two years, I have dwelled upon some of the economic consequences of the war. The fundamental thought that I have sought to convey is that the world became immensely poorer by the war, not only in material wealth and population, but also in the psychology and morale of the people. I do not see how there can be any intelligent dissent from that statement. All the ideas of post-war prosperity were manifestly fallacious, manifestly fallacious from the outset. If there had been any truth in them it would have followed logically that a great war, with all its destruction of wealth, health and life would be a good thing. Therefore, let us have a great war every ten years or so. Such an idea would be both monstrous and absurd. Assuming then the acceptance of my premise, I have tried to show that the losses by the war could be made good in a short time, i.e., in a relatively short time, only by doing things a great deal better than formerly, and that the accomplishment of such a result called for greater transparency in industry, for industrial cooperation, for thinking in terms of industries as a whole, and for the greater exercise of engineering functions. All of this introduced, of course, the position and psychology of labor. I say frankly that I do not look for labor to contribute any constructive thought to the upbuilding. I neither expect it nor hope for it. This is a pity, for it could do so much for its own economic advancement if it would. However, it never has done so, but rather has benefited only from the exercise of the talents of the few, and the main hope now is to bring it into a passive state, dispelling the resistive fallacies that developed during the war. Let us briefly examine the nature of these.

Jan 1, 1921

By Leonard Larson

BEFORE direct or wet smelting of copper concentrate was adopted at the McGill smelter, in November 1932, actual furnace smelting tests had indicated the possibility of smelting between 400 and 500 dry tons of wet concentrate per furnace day. Under calcine smelting practice, solid charge up to 1165 tons per furnace day had been smelted. It was realized that in order to smelt wet tonnage in equivalent amount per furnace day, a higher combustion rate and higher temperatures would be neces-sary within the furnace. The reverberatory furnace considered in the following history of wet-smelting de-velopments is a unit 127 ft. long and 28 ft. 8 in. wide, inside dimensions (Fig. r). This furnace was in operation through all the years from 1934 to date. During 1933, the first complete year of direct or wet smelting, the plant was on a curtailed copper-production basis and the available concentrate tonnage to be smelted was limited. The average coal-firing rate in the reverberatory for that year was 124 tons per furnace day. This rate was lower than the average for years immediately preced-ing under calcine smelting practice. With this coal-firing rate, an average of 391 tons of new metal-bearing material (N.M.B.M.) was smelted per furnace day. The following year, 1934, the coal-firing rate was in-creased to 139 tons and the smelting rate increased to 448 tons N.M.B.M. per fur-nace day. In succeeding years production required that either more tonnage be smelted in the one furnace or an additional furnace be placed in operation. With this situation confronting the smelting depart-ment, it was determined to continue the program of increasing the coal-firing rate and also to intensify the temperature in the smelting zone of the furnace. In order to accomplish this, various improvements were made to aid combustion within the furnace. The burners were enlarged, in-creased primary air was supplied to the burners, and changes were made in the furnace to enlarge and streamline the out-let, thus increasing the furnace draft.

Jan 1, 1940

By Donald L. Katz

Charts for predicting the pressure to which natural gases may be expanded without hydrate formation have been prepared for gases of even gravity. Pressure-temperature curves for hydrate formation were established for gases having gravities from 0.6 to 1.0. These curves and the thermal behavior of the gases during free and adiabatic expansion were used to prepare the charts for estimating the permissible expansion of natural gases without hydrate formation. The problem was solved by L. F, Albright, W. T. Boyd, J. J. McKetta, G. Martin, P. Poettman. and A. P. Snyder.-, who are first-year graduate students in the department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at the University of Michigan. This paper is essentially a summary of their results. Prediction of Conditions for Hydrate Formation in Natural Gases Each natural gas under a given pressure will form solid hydrates at a corresponding temperature provided sufficient water is present.1-5 The temperature of natural gases below about 5000 lb. per sq. in. decreases when the gases are expanded freely.6,7 This decrease in temperature may cause the expanding gas to enter the region of temperature and pressure at which hydrates will form' The final pressure to which a natural gas may 'be expanded without hydrate formation depends upon the initial temperature and pressure and the gas composition. This paper presents charts that give the final pressures to which gases of gravity 0.6 to 1.0 at given initial temperatures and pressures may be expanded without formation of hydrate. Hydrate-forming Temperatures and Pressures as a Function OF Gas -Gravity Experimental data of pressure versus temperature at which solid hydrate will form, provided sufficient water is present, are available for a series of gases.2,3 A method of predicting the pressure-temperature curve for a given gas composition has been reported.' The solution to this problem requires that these curves relating pressure to temperature be established for gases of given gravities.

Jan 1, 1945

Homestake's Bulldog Mountain Operation near Creede, Colorado, in the San Juan Mountains at an elevation of nearly 2,750 m (9,000 ft), is subjected to short summers and long cold winters. Creede’s history dates back to 1889 when silver ore was discovered; and by 1892 production of over a million dollars per month was being shipped from mines located along the Amethyst Fault. The Bulldog Mountain Fault remained relatively untouched by the early prospectors. The United States Geological Survey recognized the potential of this fault in 1960, which led to the staking of many claims over the structure. Homestake leased properties in 1963 and in mid- 1964 a tunnel was started at the 2,956 m (9,700 ft) level with encouraging mineralization being encountered. In 1968 a decision was reached to build a flotation mill of 318 mtpd (350 stpd) capacity. The erection of the mill was completed in early 1969, six years after the first exploration was begun. Since initial start-up, extensive drifting has been done on several separate levels. Two underground hoist installations serve the various levels and many thousand feet of vertical mining operations. Due to the unconsolidated nature of the vein, a new unique underhand cut-and- fill mining method was developed. This procedure is the reverse of the normal cut-and-fill and proceeds from the top down under cemented sand fill, which, while expensive, has greatly reduced s toping hazards. Prior to 1977, a considerable quantity of silver was lost in the slime fraction of the ores processed because of oxidation and other inherent characteristics of individual minerals. Due to Homestakefs favorable experience in treating the slime fraction of the Lead, South Dakota gold ores, experiments with leach methods to recover silver from the slimes by Carbon -In -Pulp offered' the potential for additional silver recovery. Work was begun on the Carbon-In-Pulp plant in April 1976 and completed in December of that year at a cost slightly exceeding $2 million. The C. I. P. plant was designed for 136 mtpd (150 stpd) of current plant slimes plus 227 mtpd (250 stpd) of slimes dredged from the old tailings during the summer season. The sand fraction of the flotation

Jan 1, 1981

MEMBERS-QUALIFICATIONS AND ELECTION SEC. 1. The membership of the Institute shall comprise seven classes, namely: 1. Members; 2. Honorary Members; 3. Senior Members; 4. Associates; 5. Junior Members; 6. Rocky Mountain Members; 7. Junior Foreign Affiliates. All shall be equally entitled to the privileges of membership, excepting that no member of any class whose residence shall be outside of the United States of America, except those residing in Mexico and Canada, shall he entitled to vote. SEC. 2. Members: A person to be eligible for election or transfer into the class of Member must be at least 27 years of age and must have had at least six years' employment in the practice of engineering, mining, geology, metallurgy, or chemistry, during at least three years of which be must have held positions of responsibility in one or more of these fields. This shall not apply to Rocky Mountain members. SEC. 3. Honorary Members: Each candidate for Honorary Membership must be recommended by at least ten Members and must be elected by ballot at a meeting of the Board of Directors by the unanimous vote of the Directors present; provided, however, that the number of Honorary Members shall at no time exceed twenty. Such election shall automatically act as a transfer of such member from any other class of membership to which be may belong.

Jan 1, 1938

[Officers and Committees of the Society of Petroleum Engineers 1 Officers and Staff of the AIME 2 . Officers of AIME Sections Predominantly Petroleum in Membership 3 AIME Local Sections and SPE Regional Organization Maps 5 Alphabetical List of Members 7 Geographical List of Members 102 Advertisers' Index 133]

Jan 1, 1961

By Walter Lawson

THE first plans were made in 1930 for the mining by open-pit methods of the low-grade disseminated ore body now known as the Morenci open pit. It was not until 1937, however, that final plans were completed and the decision reached to go ahead with the actual development. Many advances were made in open-pit mining equipment during that period of seven years, therefore the ways and means of attack actually used were very different from those originally contemplated. Diesel-operated bulldozers, big trucks, full-revolving electric shovels and electric churn drills constitute the major equipment finally purchased for this modern stripping operation. Neither the bulldozers nor the big trucks were considered in the early operating plans, for at that time bulldozers had not, been used in mining operations and the trucks as yet were undesigned. The full-revolving shovel and the churn drills were not new developments in open-pit equipment, but both had undergone remarkable manufacturing transition, emerging far more efficient and far more dependable than their predecessors. Even the ordinary drilling steel had been fundamentally changed. It was now threaded so that the dulled cutting bits could be detached and replaced, thus eliminating the costly transportation of long bars to the drill shop for resharpening. The decision to use trucks in the preliminary stripping operations was based on the desirability of this type of transportation to economi-cally prepare the pit for rail haulage, coupled with the success that the contractors had had with them on other big excavation jobs. There are at present no plans for the use of trucks beyond the preliminary work, inasmuch as rail haulage will give lower costs after roadbeds and benches are once established.

Jan 1, 1938

By J. E. Burke, C. W. Mason

IN attempting to study precipitation from a tetragonal lattice using solid solutions of bismuth in tin, it was found that although a Widnmanstatten pattern is observed 1 only a qualitative analysis of the orientation relationships is possible, because of the unusual structural changes that accompany the precipitation process MICROSCOPICAL STUDIES Alloys were made from Chempur tin (Standard samples 42b and 42c, National Bureau of Standards), and bismuth (Kahlbaum C P ) by melting neighed quantities together under palm oil, stirring well, and casting in a heated graphite mold The polishing and etching techniques employed largely govern the visibility of the structural changes The preliminary surfacing operations were similar to those recommended by Villela and Bergekoff,5 through BehrManning 3/o abrasive papers, lubricated by a solution of paraffin in kerosene A rough metallographic polish was next given, using a thin cotton cloth charged with relevigated alumina (maximum particle size of about 4µ) and soap solution, repeated etching and polishing served to remove disturbed metal For high-power examination better preparation was necessary It was found that on such soft metals the threads of the fabric, rather than the abrasive, cause most of the scratching Cotton outing flannel, which had been brushed so that the nap lay down, was fairly satisfactory, but a Heavy grade of silk velvet (not the noncrushable kind) was found to be better, especially after some use A better procedure was as follows The metal lap was warmed slightly, and a 4-in circle of woolen broadcloth was cemented to its center by a thin film of melted paraffin The broadcloth was then moistened with water, and a 30 to 40 per cent solution of sodium hydroxide heated to about 50°C was poured over it, allowed to stand for 1 to 2 min and then washed off It was neither necessary nor desirable to remove all the sodium hydroxide from the cloth, since its etching action aided in the removal of the flowed layer from the sample The cloth was then charged with a paste of the relevigated alumina in water Since this lap did not remove deep scratches, it was necessary previously to polish the specimen on some material such as the silk velvet The sodium hydroxide softens and partly gelatinizes the woolen lap covering, permitting a scratch-free polish, but its action continues, and the cloth deteriorates after about 24 hr This is not serious, because a new lap can be prepared in about 5 min, and only small pieces of cloth are used Etching with a strongly acid solution of ferric chloride was found satisfactory for removing the flowed layer For the final etching, the most satisfactory reagent was that of Taffs,7 the formula for which is FeC13 6H20, 2 grams, HC1, 5 c c , H2O, 30 c c , C2H5OH (95 per cent), 60 c c This etchant reveals differences in com-

Jan 1, 1941

By Herbert Clark Hoover, Lou Henry Hoover

QUESTIONS of assaying were explained in the last Book, and I have now come to a greater task, that is, to the description of how we extract the metals. First of all I will explain the method of preparing the ore1 ; for since Nature usually creates metals in an impure state, mixed with earth, stones, and solidified juices, it is necessary to separate most of these impurities from the ores as far as can be, before they are smelted, and therefore I will now describe the methods by which the ores are sorted, broken with hammers, burnt, crushed with stamps, ground into powder, sifted, washed, roasted, and calcineda.

Jan 1, 1950

By R. P. Marshall

This note describes positive evidence that hydrogen in titanium alloys diffuses under the influence of a thermal gradient. The experiments confirmed the expected similarity of this system to the H-Zr system and produced qualitative information on the magnitude of the heat of transport for hydrogen in titanium alloys. This effect has practical importance in applications where titanium alloys operate in a thermal gradient under conditions such that hydrogen embrittlement may develop within the expected lifetime of the structure, for example in supersonic aircraft service. The theories of thermal-gradient diffusion may be found in recent reviews and experimentation in this field by Shewmon,1 Sawatzky,2 Markowitz,3 and Darken and Oriani.4 The basis for Soret thermal diffusion is the "heat of transport", denoted by Q*. This is an energy term for the amount of heat (energy) transferred by atomic diffusion, and can be either positive or negative signifying a driving force for atomic diffusion to the cooler or hotter region, respectively. Experimentally, Q* is determined by plotting the natural logarithm of the point-to-point concentrations after exposure to a thermal gradient vs the respective point-to-point temperatures in units of the inverse absolute temperature scale. The slope of the straight line is Q*/R, R being the gas constant. For the titanium experiments, specimens (3 by 1 by 1/16 in.) of a) commercially pure titanium, b) the 8 Al-1 Mo-1 V titanium alloy, and c) the 6 A1-4 V titanium alloy were exposed to thermal gradients of 6° to 115°C per in. for 18 days at 250° to 550°C. The temperature gradient was in the direction of the 3-in. dimension. The hydrogen concentrations existing after exposure were determined on sections of the specimens by vacuum extraction. Three sections of unexposed sheet of each alloy were analyzed as standards to allow a check for hydrogen

Jan 1, 1965

THE activity of the principal oil fields of Rumania followed the same course as in 1939. It was marked by (1) collaboration between the various companies, particularly in exploiting oil at great depths with a view to rationalizing the exploitation and decreasing the difficulties inherent in very deep drilling; and (2) economy in the exploitation of the older pools in reducing to a minimum the cost of the extraction and working over of wells by the concentration of productive wells in groups. The pooling arrangement continued at Tintea as a measure of conservation, and exploitation of the unitized region went forward on the basis of the norms established in 1939. The same methods were applied in the fields of Liesti, Ceptura and Boldesti. The petroleum industry had some difficulty in providing the necessary material and the hands for work. Importation of material and machines from the United States was virtually stopped. Substitutes were provided from Germany but particularly useful were certain dispositions made by the local metallurgical industry. Despite the higher cost of the production of local material and machines, they were superior to the German product, the difference in quality justifying the higher price charged as the materials were found to be particularly adapted for the purposes of the petroleum industry. The cost of production was still further raised by the work that was imposed for national defense. The rise in costs per meter drilled was 50 per cent over those of 1939. According to bimonthly tables furnished by the Moniteur du Petrole Roumain, the deepest well completed in 1940 was an exploratory well, No. 201 of the Concordia company, drilled at Tintea and suspended at 3338 meters. This depth was reached toward the close of 1939 and the well was not deepened in 1940 became of large deviation from the vertical. The record for productive wells had been held by No. 429 at Tintea, drilled by Unirea to a depth of 3200 m., and in 1938 well No. 317 Cocorasti-Mislea, of the Colombia company, but these records were passed in 1940 by well No. 613 Liliesti of the Con-cordia company, which reached a depth of 3294 m. and had an initial production of 10 tons per day. In 1940, the same number of wells, II, had been drilled to a depth of over 3000 m. as in 1939. Five of these wells are at Tintea and six at Liliesti. Table I lists these very deep holes in the order of their depth. Table i.—Deep Wells Drilled in Rumania in 1940 Initial No. Produc- of Company Field Meters tion, Well Meters Tons per Day 405 Colombia......... Liliesti 3,001 10 629 Unireu............ Tintea 3,005 73 426 Unirea............ Tintea 3,050 48 410 Colombia. ........ Liljesti 3,055 30 627 Concordja (Unirea). Liliesti 3,072 75 430 627ConcordjaConcordia (Unirea). (Unjrea 3,II9 30 618 Colombia......... Liliesti 3,168 70 24 Steaua Romana. . . Tintea 3,184 18 412 24Unirea............ Tintea 3,211 23 613 Concordia......... Liliesti 3,294 10 Production in Rumania in 1940 reached 5,813,000 tons, in contrast to 6,~40,0oo tons in 1939, a decline of 427,000 tons, or 6.8 per cent. Drilling reached 241,500 m., in

Jan 1, 1941