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By David A. Rice

This note describes a simple, rapid technique for measuring the apparent volume and density of individual bits of porous materials such as iron ore pellets or pieces of coke. The method consists of determining the weight recorded on a balance when a particle is depressed below the surface of mercury, and calculating the apparent volume from the known density of mercury. The apparent density is calculated after weighing the particle in air. The method is particularly well suited for applications where a great number of determinations are to be made. An additional benefit is the minimal handling of the mercury. In any event, the usual recommended safety precautions should be adhered to.

Jan 1, 1982

Jan 1, 1935

By W. J. West, T. D. Mueller, J. E. Warren

The authors have presented valuable information on the influence of the interfacial tension and the contact angle on the recovery efficiency of the waterdrive process. It is considered, however, that the following points deserve a closer examination. 1. As pointed out by Wyllie and Spangler1 the displacement pressure PD i.e. the pressure required to initiate the displacement of the wetting phase from the core, is a measure of the maximum pore diameter dmax. If the capillary pressure Pe as a function of the wetting

Jan 1, 1956

By A. J. Turk, R. G. Dalbke

An increasing number of water pollution control systems are certain to be installed by many industries in the future because of new federal, state and local government regulations, and because of the rising general concern about the deterioration of our water resources. Extensive engineering, some of it based on methods not yet developed, will be required if these new systems are to provide optimum pollution control. Among the primary design factors to be considered are capital cost, operating cost, and present and future regulatory requirements. Establishing A Survey and Test Program To produce a final plant effluent meeting regulatory agency requirements, engineers must have background data that are accurate and representative of present and future plant operation. Operating and plant engineering departments often have available much information, including plant water quantitative and qualitative requirements, both present and future, that can be helpful in the preparation of designs of pollution control systems.

Jan 5, 1968

By C. K. Leith

In discussing the subject of mineral exploration, one is tempted to resort to reminiscence. I could tell of many missed opportunities, but I propose rather to outline certain changes in the methods and conditions of exploration which present new problems to the mineral explorers of today. Our subject might appropriately be called The Passing of the Old Time Prospector. The first question that presents itself is whether the job of mineral exploration is not already pretty well finished. The current market surplus of most minerals and the present overcapacity for production, with their attendant financial troubles, naturally raise the question whether the accumulation of reserves has not gone far enough for the present, and whether further exploration should not be left to some future time when consumption shall have caught up. Unquestionably we have gone far in the conquest of our physical environment, and the fear of shortage of minerals is less than formerly. For the time being there is no great need of further supplies for the world as a whole of many of the great essential minerals, coal, oil, copper, zinc, silver, and others. For a few minerals, such as gold and lead, the known future world supplies are not yet large enough. For all minerals the distribution is so unequal among the nations that exploration will continue in deficient areas in the attempt to make nations self-supporting.

Jan 1, 1932

The 114th(New York) Meeting of the Institute will be held in the third week of February, 1917. The committee on Papers and Publications has set Dec. 1, 1916, as the closing date for the receipt of manuscripts intended for this meeting. . Manuscripts must be received by the Secretary on or before this date. If they are sent through members of the technical committees they must be sent to those committees enough in advance of the time to be forwarded and in the hands of the Secretary by the time specified.

Jan 10, 1916

By E. K. Landis

IK connection with the interesting paper of Mr. Glenn on "Sampling Ores Without Use of Machinery " (page 156 of the present volume), I venture to offer the results of ten years' experience in the sampling of iron-ore by a method adopted when I first became

Jan 1, 1892

The 112th Meeting of the Institute, and the Annual Business Meeting, will be held at the Headquarters of the Institute in New York City, Feb. 14 to 17, 1916. The Chairmen of several of the technical committees report that papers on subjects of timely interest in their respective branches have been promised. David H. Browne, who was appointed Chairman of the Committee on Arrangements, has organized his committee for active work. Members are urged to make their plans now to be present at this meeting to avail themselves of the pleasant opportunity for greeting old friends and making new ones among those engaged in the same profession.

Jan 12, 1915

Jan 1, 1927

The following list contains the names of members of whose deaths notices have be received at the Secretary's office between Jan. 1, 1935, and April 1, 1936. Bio¬graphical sketches published in MINING AND METALLURGY are indicated in the last two columns.

Jan 1, 1936

On request of the Commissioner of Education, a small group of administrative professors of engineering and commerce from higher institutions near St. Louis met in conference with the Specialist in Commercial Education of the Bureau of Education on Feb. 22, for the purpose of discussing ways and means whereby the business of our country may be furthered through increased opportunity in our higher institutions for the preparation of engineers with business training. One or more representatives were present at this conference from the University of Minnesota, University of Illinois, Washington -University, University of Missouri, University of Iowa, Iowa State College, University of Kansas. It was recommended at this conference: First, That the Commissioner of Education appoint immediately a committee to consider commercial engineering in its various aspects and to prepare and approve one or more curricula in commercial and industrial engineering that can be recommended by the Bureau of Education for adoption in our colleges and universities. It was suggested that the committee consider the following curricula plans: First, That a minimum number of hours in business training be required in all engineering courses. Second, That a curriculum providing for a minimum of fifteen to thirty units in business economics be incorporated in all engineering courses and offered on an elective basis. Third, That a curriculum in commercial or industrial engineering, permitting full and proper emphasis upon engineering subjects, be offered in the School of Commerce with degree to be given in that school. Fourth, That a five-year combined engineering and commercial course he prepared.

Jan 5, 1919

C. W. Kempton, Oro Blanco, Ariz.: In his interesting paper, Mr. Ingalls refers to reports of tin-deposits near Sain Alto, Zacatecas, Mexico. During 1891 I made some personal examinations of these deposits. They are, for the most part, located from 10 to 30 miles west of the town, in the Sierra del Fraile.

Jan 1, 1896

The suggestions of the members of the Institute are very much desired by the Committee on Nominations prior to deciding upon its nominations to fill the places of those officers who retire early in 1917. The Committee must make its final report to the Board of Directors early in October. The members are, therefore, asked to send in promptly their suggestions for Directors as well as for Vice-Presidents and President. The Committee hopes to hear from a large number of the members. The officers to be elected at the annual meeting in February, 1917, are: One officer, known as Director and President. Two officers, known as Director and Vice-President. Five officers, known as Director. The attention of members is called to Articles V and VII of the Constitution, and to By-Law XIII, which reads as follows: "The geographical districts to be considered by the Committee on Nominations shall be as follows, until otherwise ordered by the Board. District No. 1. New England, New York, and New Jersey, excepting New York City and district, which is provided for in the Constitution. (N. B.-New York City and district is designated District 0.) District No. 2: Pennsylvania.

Jan 6, 1916

The Army Reorganization Act, which became effective July 1, 1916, contains a provision authorizing the organization of an Officers' Reserve, in which will be included a Corps of Reserve Engineers. There will also be an Enlisted Reserve of skilled workmen in technical lines. The special provisions of the bill relating to the Engineer Officers' Reserve were formulated with the help of the Joint Committee of the several national engineering societies, which has been at work on the matter for over a year with the War Department and Committees of Congress. Recognizing that engineering science is the basis of success in modern

Jan 8, 1916

By HENRY FA

HENRY FAY (communication to the Secretary*).-In reply to the discussion of my paper, I wish to take this opportunity to express my appreciation to the Chairman and the various gentlemen who have taken part. I regret that others have not offered criticism, for honest differences of opinion often lead to the truth, and suggest new lines of work. An experiment has been made which bears on Prof. Sauveur's discussion and which helps to emphasize the conclusion that cementation is not a factor in the hardening of: the surface. Dr. Langenberg, of the Watertown Arsenal, has heated for me, in vacuo at 1,000° C., a piece of the metal containing a hard surface. The microstructure shows uniform distribution of carbon throughout the metal, showing that no carbon has been added to .the surface and heating in vacuo has prevented any oxidation of the surface.

Jan 6, 1917

By Henry M. Howe

If a bar of wrought iron or steel is suddenly cooled from a bright red-heat, the contraction which then occurs is considerably greater than the expansion previously caused by heating the bar, so that its final length is considerably less than its initial length. Mr. Thomas Wrightson has investigated this phenomenon,* and has shown that not only does this permanent contraction occur on sudden cooling, but, if the heating and cooling be repeated, say fifty times, a further permanent contraction occurs at each successive cooling. In Mr. Wrightson's opinion, this contraction cannot be explained on mechanical grounds, and he ascribes it to some molecular change caused by sudden cooling; but I think that we need not invoke mysterious molecular changes to explain this phenomenon, which appears to me to be due to very simple and purely mechanical action. Let us consider the cooling as divided into two periods, in the first of which the exterior or skin of the bar becomes almost completely cooled, and hence tends to contract almost to its initial dimensions, while the still hot arid plastic interior contracts but little; in the second period the already cool skin remains nearly constant in temperature, and hence tends to contract but little, while the interior cools from a comparatively high temperature to the ordinary temperature, and hence undergoes great contraction. The excess of the contraction of the skin over that of the interior during the first period tends to make the bar bulge in the middle of its length. This, as well as the decrease of density which occurs, Mr. Wrightson correctly explains. The interior of the bar just sufficed to fill the skin when both were in their initial condition, before being heated at all. At the end of the first period, the volume of the still hot interior is more than the now contracted skin can hold while maintaining its initial shape; and the effect is much the same as when we powerfully blom into a soft India-rubher Lag of the shape of the skin of the bar—it bulges, and tends to approach the spherical shape, in which the ratio of surface to

Jan 1, 1886

Jan 1, 1946

Jan 1, 1938

Jan 1, 1915

Jan 1, 1969