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Henry D. Hibbard, Plainfield, N J. (communication to the Secretary*):—This very interesting history is a valuable addition to our knowledge of the basic process and its introduction to this country. In addition to the attempts noted in the paper which were made here to establish the basic Bessemer process, and the experiment with the Siemens-Martin process at the Otis works, there were others made with the latter-named process at about the same date, all of which failed or, at least, were discontinued. The first attempt which survived was that of Carnegie,

Jan 1, 1911

By A. M. Mirani

The Mine Planning System consists of two parts: 1. A Sales Forecast (Sales Planning) 2. A Production Planning. The mathematical methods of the sales forecast are the exponential smoothing and a method with Markov-Chains. By these methods the quantity of material (ore, coal) will be calculated for the time planned. These quantities constitute the points in the production-planning. In the production-planning , special kinds of networks are used for calculating the resources-equipment required, labor and costs. A special routine optimizes the sequence of the mining areas within the mine on the basis of the lowest costs. The resources can be limited. The activities will be shifted when the demand exceeds this limit. The basis of the production-planning are computer files, in which the geological data and economical evaluations are stored.

Jan 1, 1969

Between July 10 and August 15, 1918, the Secretary of United Engineering Society, of Engineering Foundation, and of Engineering Council visited 17 cities which are headquarters for large numbers of engineers. His mission was to tell men in all branches of the profession about "Centralized Activities of National Engineering Societies." Stops were made at Denver, Salt Lake City, Reno, San Francisco, Sacramento, Portland, Seattle, Spokane, Anaconda, Butte, Duluth,

Jan 10, 1918

By William B. Heroy

LOOKING back over the industrial and commercial progress of the United States during the last half century the outstanding influence has been the growth of the use of the fluid fuels, petroleum and natural gas. At the turn of the century these fuels supplied only 8 per cent of the energy requirements of the nation. Last year nearly 45 per cent of our heat and power supply were derived from these fuels. These figures are merely statistical reflections of the fundamental change in our national economy which has affected, in so many amazing ways, the life of this generation. The factors which have caused this change are still operative. The trend which has thus been established still continues and growth in the use of these fuels is, in all probability, still well below the peak, both for this country and for other parts of the world. Two great wars have not essentially changed this basic trend; if anything they have served to accelerate it. World War II did not alone increase our requirements for liquid fuels; it demonstrated the absolute essentially of petroleum resources to our national security. Petroleum is no longer just an important factor in our national standard of living; it is the most important single element in our national defence-

Jan 1, 1946

By Sherwin Kelly

RED LAKE has suffered from its over-zealous friends, who had something to gain by their zealousness and were, for the time being, friends indeed. Now, what was once hailed as a new El Dorado is anathema to many. Neither extreme view was justi-fied, and in time a new gold district may be expected to develop slowly, but surely. The marvel is that little streaks of valuable metal are ever uncovered by the few men who roam that tre-mendous, almost unexplored area that is the "North Country." The area to be explored is so immense, and the men who can do it so few, that once they leave the "steel," take their canoes and packs, and disappear into the bush, they may travel the innumerable watercourses that are the highways of the wilderness for days or weeks, and never see one of their own kind. Patricia, for example, is one of the mining districts of Northern Ontario, lying at the western side of the

Jan 8, 1927

Jan 1, 1958

SINCE I have begun to tell you of the semiminerals that serve as colors, I wish to tell you of azure and green azure, so that you may know what they are. I tell you first that there are two kinds of azure, one called ultramarine blue by painters, and the other German blue. Ultra-

Jan 1, 1942

By G. Knight

In most mines the major contribution to the dust exposure of miners arises from rock hand- ling. Scooptrams are frequently used and produce 8 to 1300 mg of respirable dust for each ton of ore loaded. It is shown that sprays at drawpoints are not fully effective in wetting the rock and suggestions for improved wetting techniques are given. Techniques for improved dust control by ventilation and local filtration are described. The problem of dust from ore- passes and dumps on tramming levels are outlined.

Jan 1, 1981

THE late steel strike resulted in an unusual reversal of field when Brazilian interests shipped steel to the United States to assure completion of a blast furnace under construction in Cleveland for the national Volta Redonda mill. The furnace is one of the key factors in an expansion program scheduled to raise Brazilian steel production by 280,000 tons, bringing annual output to 1 million tons. The first consignment shipped to Cleveland included 500 tons of slab and plate steel, and was followed later by another 300 tons. Brazil wants to blow in the furnace by July 1, 1953, and the restricted allocation system brought about by the steel shortage offered a real threat to the deadline. Volta Redonda, established during World War II by Brazilian and American financing, accounts for more than half of Brazil's steel production.

Jan 1, 1952

W. C. MATTESON (communication to the Secretary*).-The criticism and question raised by Arthur Knapp regarding the standardization of nomenclature is most important. Faulty rock classification-is generally the result of carelessness or ignorance on the part of the driller. Two remedies might be suggested. In a field where several large companies are operating on an extensive scale, a geologist from each concern might be assigned to superintend the gathering of well-log data and the classification of samples. The geologists from the several operating companies might then combine their data, which would doubtless give valuable information to all interested parties. At present, coordination is not a big factor, unfortunately, but the time will come when conservation will demand such systematic coordination on the part of competing companies. The second remedy lies in instructing and educating the driller to a thorough understanding of the importance of an accurate log and correct classification of the various formations. The writer does not agree with the statement that "90 per cent. of the logs as taken today are absolutely worthless to any one but the one who has taken the log." While mistakes in nomenclature often occur, the driller is generally able to classify the important water-, oil-, and gas-bearing formations with a fair degree of accuracy. Such information is often sufficient to permit accurate correlation and also constitutes valuable data for projection purposes. It must be borne in mind that to attempt to use well-log data in a strict scientific sense of accuracy is impracticable and impossible. A broad interpretation and a comprehensive knowledge of the practical limits of such' information are essential in applying it successfully. Even experienced geologists do not always agree on rock classification. The question as to what constitutes correct nomenclature should receive the earnest and immediate attention of geologists, operators, and producers. Although standard textbooks on geology give correct definitions and descriptions of the general rock species, such textbooks fail to develop the subject in sufficient detail for the work under consideration. A committee composed of appointed members from the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the Geological Society of America, and the

Jan 6, 1917

Jan 1, 1934

By W. L. Zeigler

THE Galena mill of the Callahan Zinc-Lead Co. is of 150 tons daily [ ] capacity and is situated at Lake Gulch, 2 miles west of Wallace, Idaho. (Fig. 1. It was constructed during the summer of 1926, work having been started late in June and the plant placed in operation Oct. 15, following.

Jan 1, 1928

By AIME AIME

HIS many admirers regard the "official"' candidate for president of the Institute in 1934 as far above the average in ability and capacity; but perhaps his outstanding characteristic is dependability. Some men of great brilliance succeed indifferently because they cannot be relied upon. When Howard Nichols Eavenson undertakes to do something he either does it, or he proves to his own satisfaction that the particular object is not attainable. And the latter outcome is exceptional because his judgment is so good that he generally foresees the impossibility and selects in advance a practical alternative. Though a tireless worker he is pretty sure that his energy is not spent futilely.

Jan 1, 1933

By W. J. McKenna

THE International Smelting Co. concentrator at Tooele, Utah, first operated on a custom basis for the treatment of lead-zinc-iron ores on Nov.' 1, 1924, with a capacity of 500 tons per day. On May 1, 1925, the capacity was increased to 1000 tons per day by the addition of another 500-ton section. The concentrator has since operated on the two-section basis, each treating 500 tons per day entirely by flotation. LABORATORY AND TEST MILL In connection with the concentrator, a well-equipped laboratory and small continuous testing plant are maintained. The flotation equipment in the test plant is of both the Callow and Mineral Separations Sub-"A" types, so that actual concentrator conditions may be duplicated as closely as possible. PURCHASING OF ORE A new shipper usually sends to the plant a 25 to 50-lb. sample, representative of the ore to be shipped. Batch flotation tests are made on this sample to determine its amenability to the concentrator treatment flowsheet and reagent combinations. The results of these tests, which are accurately correlated with those obtained at the concentrator, both as to grades of products and recoveries, determine the actual value of the ore as submitted in the ore purchasing department's treatment schedule. Hearty cooperation has existed at all times between the ore purchasing and operating departments in the selection of ores as concentrator feed. ORE TREATED The basic tonnages for mixtures on the two sections come from the Park City and Bingham mining districts. The Park City tonnages are received by rail and consist of crude ores and gravity mill products. Those from the Bingham district are received by rail and aerial tramway,

Jan 1, 1928

Jan 1, 1956

Jan 1, 1921

By George W. Crawford, W. P. Aycock, E. W. Hough

Forty oilfield brines have been examined so far by a polarographic technique new in petroleum engineering called the "tensatnmetric method" by the team of biochemists who perfected its use in their field. Samples of brine were obtained from various oil fields in which the wells were known to be producing fluid from oil productive zones in well-known geologic formations. Most of the reservoirs from which the samples were obtained are believed to have an active water drive under the prevailing conditions of operation. The 40 samples represent brines produced front 16 different formations of various geologic ages. Graphs have been prepared of the data obtained in the testing of each sample, and the distinctive waife-like curves so obtained are characterized by reproducible profiles, called "response curves." Careful comparison of the response curves of salt water coming from different fields producing from the same geologic formation reveals that the curves are similar. The response curves of salt water coming from productive zones of different geologic formations are characteristically different. Preliminary work offers the further hope that response curves of an oilfield brine indigenous to a particular oil-bearing formation and hence representative of a particular geologic environment, such as deposit-ional and all subsequent morphological conditions, may be of value in reservoir engineering in the interpretation of surface and interfacial phenomena. For example, the wettability of the rock matrix and more specifically, the classification of productive oil-bearing strata as hydrophyllic or hydrophobic may be determinable. However, many more brines must be examined and the resulting response curves analyzed in comparison to known causal phenornena before this objective is achieved. INTRODUCTION One of the perennial moot questions in the literature of petroleum engineering is whether the reservoir rock is oil- or water-wet. Possibly an answer to this question could come from a careful examination of oilfield brines. None of the conventional methods of examining brines (chemical analysis, pH and electrical conductivity measurements, and the like) answer the question. Careful analysis of reservoir behavior observed in the exploitation of oil fields, particularly in the application of fluid injection, has been fruitful to the extent that a few reservoirs are believed to be properly classified. Physical chemistry suggests the behavior of reservoir brine and rock may be due to something in the brine in small amount. The ever increasing development and modification of theory in the general field of surface and interfacial chemistry has, and is, contributing to a better understanding of the problem, particularly as theory is verified by data. The work herein reported was begun in 1953 by Hough and Roebuck 1,2 who employed a new form of alternating current polarography, i.e., tensammetry, developed by Breyer, et a13,4 and who studied eight oilfield brines in adapting tensammetry to petroleum engineering needs. THEORY AND DEFINITIONS Tensammetry is a new technique of inquiry into surface phenomena. Specifically, a weak alternating current voltage is superimposed upon the direct current voltage applied to a dropping mercury electrode in contact with an electrolyte containing a small amount of a surfactant. The resultant alternating current can be measured and provides the experimental data for this new area of research. Under the influence of the direct current voltage, polar molecules arrange themselves in a double layer at the electrode. This double layer may be compared to a variable condenser, the capacitance of which is a function of the imposed direct current voltage. The direct current voltage determines the degree of adsorption of the surface active molecule on the electrode. Whenever the molecules are strongly adsorbed on the electrode, the capacitance of the double layer is low and the alternating current through the cell is low. Desorption occurs at some values of the direct current voltage, and at these voltages the capacitance of the double layer is high, resulting in an increase in the alternating current through the cell. The direct current

Jan 1, 1958

By L. W. Saperstein

Public Law (PL) 95-87 contains explicit demands for land use planning in its reclamation and designation sections. Both sections require recognition of local land use plans; however, they are not well integrated. Accommodation to these planning requirements affords an opportunity to create better links among local land use planners, the state's permitting authority and designation office, and mine designers. Mining companies should take a more positive interest in local land use plans and in resource inventories. States should coder handing down to local government the responsibility for accepting mine permit applications and designation of unsuitability petitions.

Jan 1, 1984

Jan 1, 1910

Jan 1, 1899