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By G. W. P. Rengstorff, L. E. Olds

PREVIOUS research has shown that cast molyb-denum has good ductility at room temperature if the metal is sufficiently pure. In practice, however, it is very difficult to reduce the impurity content of molybdenum to a few parts per million—the maximum content of impurities allowable to obtain reasonable ductility in coarse-grained molybdenum. Also, subsequent fabrication may reintroduce enough impurity to damage ductility greatly, unless extreme precautions are taken to protect the metal during working. The major impurities which embrittle molybdenum are oxygen, nitrogen and, to a lesser degree, carbon. It is reasonable to assume that the harmful effects of such impurities might be neutralized by small amounts of alloying additions. The desired alloying elements would be those which might fonn stable metal oxides or nitrides that would not be harmful to ductility, or thosewhich might increase the tolerance of molybdenum for oxygen and nitro-

Jan 1, 1958

The suggestions of the members of the Institute are very much desired by the Committee on Nominations prior to deciding upon its nominations to fill the places of those officers who retire early in 1917. The Committee must make its final report to the Board of Directors early in October. The members are, therefore, asked to send in promptly their .suggestions for Directors as well as for Vice-Presidents and President. The Committee hopes to hear from a large number of the members. The officers to be elected at the annual meeting in February, 1917, are: One officer, known as Director and President. Two officers, known as Director and Vice-President

Jan 8, 1916

By Charles A. Colton

(Read at the Amenia Meeting, October, 1877.) THE results of a series of analyses extending over a period of three weeks at the Cedar Point Iron Company's furnace, Port Henry, New York, are given in Tables I and II. This furnace uses a very pure magnetite and Lehigh and Lackawanna anthracite. The flue leading the gas from the "down-comer" to the boilers was tapped by a a inch gas pipe, which carried the gas to the Orsat apparatus. The pressure of the gas not always being sufficient, owing to the small amount made, to force it into the apparatus, I omitted taking samples several days, and with the exception of the last three days of the campaign, made the analyses whenever opportunity offered. I find the Orsat apparatus, as described by Prof. Egleston,* to work very well, with one exception. The CO is not absorbed as readily in the ammonia-copper solution as he states in his description of the apparatus, as many as 50, and sometimes 60, passes being necessary to absorb all the CO. The power of absorbing rapidly increases as the solution is used, and this would indicate that the more oxygen it contains the quicker will it do the work. Probably the addition of a small amount of some oxidizing agent would remedy this. When the furnace was working in its normal condition, I had no occasion for using the filter, the amount of fume being so small as not to cause any inconvenience. The gas burned with the flame peculiar to CO, and contained just enough solid particles to give it a slight reddish tinge. * See Transactions, II, 226; V, 487, 621.

Jan 1, 1878

By G. D. Monk, W. C. Krumbein

THE relation between permeability and the size parameters of unconsolidated sand is approached by considering sands as logarithmic frequency distributions having the basic parameters mean size and standard deviation. Sieve separates were mixed in accordance with the normal logarithmic probability law, so that the mean and standard deviation could be varied at will. Experiments were conducted in which one parameter was kept fixed and the other varied; in this manner the dependence of permeability on the individual parameters was evaluated. It was found that permeability can be expressed as the product of a power function of the mean size and an exponential function of the standard deviation.

Jan 1, 1942

By H. J. Struth

Economic law was accorded considerably more recognition by the oil industry last year than perhaps ever before. While proration was undoubtedly given added impetus in 1931, and the list of proponents of unit operation was noticeably lengthened, predominant evidence plainly shows that the functioning of economic laws dominated collective efforts to reduce the excessive above-ground supply of petroleum. Crude oil production was reduced more than 48,000,000 bbl. last year; imports from other parts of the world were substantially lower; stocks of crude were drawn upon to the extent of nearly 48,000,000 bbl.; domestic gasoline demand increased 2 per cent—and yet, prices of petroleum and its products were at the lowest levels in many years. To say that the ills of the oil industry during 1931 were due to the general depression that was felt in all other lines is tantamount to attaching an air of uncertainty to a group of commodities that have been proved to be an ever increasing necessity, even in times of depression. TO say that the potential productivity of proven oil-producing areas has been responsible for the unsatisfactory state of affairs last year, and now, is to admit failure to carry out the principles designed to control production in accordance with the limits prescribed by demand. In fact, there is no reason why a large proven potential supply of oil should not be considered a valuable asset to the industry; an assurance against future needs; a stabilizing influence in building up confidence in the ability of the industry to supply this and future generations with fuel and lubricant requirements at reasonable prices. At any rate, an assured future supply of oil should be interpreted to the public to mean that the oil industry is a legitimate, progressive industry, and not a group of prospectors madly searching for "liquid gold." There has been a great deal of romance connected with the history of the oil business—so much that the public has come to associate the word "oil" with untold riches. However, the financial statements of 1931 will furnish conclusive proof to the contrary. Too much oil, too many refineries, too many filling stations, too much capital invested; these and other "too muches" and "too manys" have perhaps been given more publicity than necessary. We seldom hear these

Jan 1, 1932

By A. U. Seybolt

The solubility of oxygen in a iron has been determined in the range between 700° and 900°C. The solubility is a function of temperature and varies from about 0.008 pct oxygen at 700°C to atureandabout 0.03 pct at 900°C. The heat of solution is approximately +15,500 cal per mol. AS pointed out in a recent paper by Kitchener et al.,1 there has been a lack of agreement among many investigators even as to the order of magnitude of the solid solubility of oxygen in the various forms of iron. This lack of agreement is attributable in large part to the difficulties in the determination of a small oxygen solubility; but because the problem has remained so long unsettled, it also indicates a lack of interest which is rather surprising when the demonstrated importance of small amounts of soluble nonmetallic impurities in iron is considered. The work of Kitchener et al. apparently leaves the solubility of oxygen in iron in a satisfactory state, but no attempt was made to investigate the solubility in a iron. The solubility of oxygen in a iron is actually of greater interest, since it is in this form that iron and mild steels are employed ordinarily. That the effect of oxygen in iron is of more than theoretical interest has been well established by Fast,' and more recently by Rees and Hopkins," who demonstrated that oxygen in the range between 0.0008 and 0.27 wt pct has a pronounced effect upon the mechanical properties. Previous Work and Methods Used To report in detail the literature relating to the solubility of oxygen in a iron would require an inordinate amount of space. For those interested in reviewing this work, a bibliography4-13 of the more significant papers is appended. In general, two methods of studying this problem have been used. One is the gas-metal equilibrium method where the H2O-H2-Fe or the CO2-CO-Fe equilibria have been used. The other is the more direct approach of the oxidation of thin strips of pure iron by packing in mill scale or by air or gaseous oxygen at some desired temperature. In this method oxygen is allowed to oxidize the surface and then to diffuse inward until saturation is obtained. In the gas-metal equilibrium method the oxygen dissolved in solid iron at a given temperature is proportional to the ratio of the water vapor-hydrogen pressures or the CO2-CO pressures over the sample for small ratio values. If the ratio becomes higher than a critical value, then an oxide phase makes its appearance (the solution becomes supersaturated). In principle, it is possible to use a series of H2O/H2 or CO2/CO ratios and to find by analysis the corresponding amounts of oxygen in solid solution at constant temperature. At the point where a very small increase in the gas ratio (increase in oxidizing powder) produces a large increase in oxygen content, the solid solubility limit is reached. Alternately, if the critical ratio is known, it is possible to use the procedure of Kitchener et al.1 and to use a ratio which is near but below the critical one. The solubility corresponding to this lower ratio will not be the saturation solubility at the temperature employed, but the saturation solubility can be calculated by multiplying the measured solubility by the critical ratio over the ratio used. However, in the case where oxygen gas is the oxidizing medium, the saturation solubility is not a function of pressure, providing the pressure exceeds the dissociation pressure of FeO in equilibrium with iron. This is 1.2x10-16 mm at 800 °C, according to Dushman." As pointed out by Darken17 in discussing the FeO phase diagram, most of the possible errors tend to yield high values of oxygen solubility. For example, one circumstance which evidently caused the reporting of many high values was the use of finely divided or powdered iron in the gas equilibrium method. Because of the large surface area of such a sample, and the likelihood of some surface contamination if only by exposure to air, the results tended to be high. The direct oxidation method which was used in this work has the advantage in that it is simple and direct, but it suffers from one disadvantage: equilibrium can only be approached from the low oxygen side. The important factors to be kept under control are the following: 1—use of high purity iron to avoid internal oxidation (oxidation of readily

Jan 1, 1955

By J. H. Frye, J. W. Caum

ONE of the most important methods of increasing the hardness of metals is alloying. In spite of the widespread use of alloys, the fundamental mechanism of alloy hardening is little understood. This is true even of the simplest form of alloy, the primary substitutional solid solution in which solute atoms substitute for solvent atoms at random in the crystal lattice of the latter. A fundamental understanding of the mechanism of solid-solution hardening would be important, both because of the widespread use of alloys of this type and because of the light that might be thrown on the mechanism of hardening in more complicated alloys. The present investigation covers the hardness of primary substitutional solid solutions of zinc, gallium,, germanium; and arsenic in copper. All of these are B subgroup elements from the third period of the periodic table. Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, and As are in groups I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively and lie just to the right of the transition elements. Because of their cost, it is unlikely that Ga-Cu and Ge-Cu solutions will ever be of commercial importance, but the intent of this study has been to discover some of the fundamentals of solid-solution hardening and it has been demonstrated that such a study is far more likely to be fruitful if alloys are made up on the basis of position of the constituent elements in the periodic table than if commercially important alloys are used. Many investigations have. been made of the hardness of substitutional solid solutions, but lack of attention to purity of the metals, infrequent grain-size control, and the use of varying testing techniques have virtually invalidated any comparisons. The purpose of most investigations has been to solve immediate problems and not to solve the primary problem: Why do solid solutions usually have a greater hardness than pure metals? PREVIOUS WORK Theories have been advanced to account for the hardness of solid solutions,, but relatively little experimental work has been done. Perhaps the first experimental work of merit was that of Norbury1 on copper alloys. He showed that for several alloys there was a correspondence between the hardness of one atomic per cent solutions and atomic volume of the solutions. More recently Brick, Martin, and Angier2 have investigated the effect of various solute elements on the hardness of copper. They concluded that the hardening effect of these solutes depended "primarily on the difference in atomic volume of solute and solvent or, relatedly, upon the parameter, change of the solvent or the extent of solid solubility." They also observed the effect of these elements on hardness and texture developed by rolling and by annealing of rolled material. Austin3 examined the hardness and response to heat-treatment of various iron solid solutions. Frye and Hume-Rothery4 measured the hardness of a number of silver solid solutions containing approximately

Jan 1, 1943

By Francis A. Thornson

WITHOUT desiring to perpetrate an Irish bull I think we may safely say that the major developments of the year in mineral industry education have taken place outside of the field itself. I refer to the remark- able and-to us of the Education Di- vision-most gratifying growth which is taking place in Institute consciousness regarding its responsibility for the recruitment and adequate training of student personnel and for the successful bridging of the difficult gap between graduation and achievement of professional status. Outstanding in this respect is President Jackling's interest in the students and schools of the mineral industry. Recalling his own hard struggle to ac- quire a technical education, Mr. Jack- ling is evidently anxious to smooth the path for the youngsters of this generation. Witness his splendid gift to the

Jan 1, 1939

By T. M. Yegulalp

This article summarizes some of the results of the continuing research activity at the Henry Krumb Schools of Mines, Columbia University, directed towards a better understanding of the stochastic behavior of slurry flows in underground coal-slurry pipeline systems. Fundamental ideas supported by field observations are presented and a Semi-Markov model of the slurry flows is developed. As a result of this formulation, behavior of combined slurry flows from N independent coal faces can be expressed in analytical form. The contents of a slurry surge tank receiving slurry flows with certain stochastic characteristics is investigated in a function of discharge pump characteristics and time.

Jan 1, 1983

By Herbert Wilson

THIS topic was discussed at the meeting in St. Louis in September, 1917, and at the meeting in New York in February last, but in the interval the war has accentuated in measurable degree the necessity for considering human relationship, not only as between nations, or in the treatment of our returning soldiers, but with respect to the relations between labor and capital in industry. It is my firm conviction that no other subject will have so large a place in industrial and political life during the next decade as this. Heretofore, the employer has been so engrossed with the financial, mechanical, and technical aspects of his business that he, has been willing to muddle through 'his relations with labor as best lie might and, on the other hand, the laborer has been so engrossed in his endeavors to secure a livelihood under whatever living and working conditions might be offered him that he has given little thought to his relations to his employer, until some misunderstanding has ended in disagreement and strike. No thinking man doubts that were the machinery available for friendly, personal, face-to-face consideration of the problems confronting employer and employee, there would he fewer disagreements, fewer strikes, and a better and more settled industrial situation. The necessity for some such medium for exchange of views has resulted in the organization of labor and, in some measure, of capital. Each party, engrossed only in defending its own viewpoint, has generally tried to gain its point by might rather than by right. Gradually, however, the representatives of both elements are beginning to appreciate that when the machinery for bringing them together in friendly communion is available their differences frequently settle themselves. There remain yet vast numbers of employers and of employees who are not organized and to whom the opportunity of friendly discussion of differences is not available; for these the machinery should he provided.

Jan 1, 1919

By Raphael G. Kazmann

Is electricity from nuclear-fueled power plants a partial solution to the energy shortage? According to various public and private institutions, the answer is an emphatic "yes." According to various other groups, the answer is an equally emphatic "no." I believe that a true and scientifically valid "yes" or "no" answer at this stage is premature because of conflicting claims and inadequate data regarding these two fundamental aspects: (a) the duty of uranium, i.e., the actual number of kilowatt-hours that can be generated from a ton of natural uranium through the use of light water reactors; and (b) the availability of uranium in the US to meet the lifetime requirements of the reactors scheduled for construction in the 1975-1985 period, as well as to supply the requirements of those reactors now in operation.

Jan 8, 1975

By Kenneth G. Arne

INTRODUCTION The real problem is finding the "appropriate" financing sources by matching the risk and reward expectations of the various classes of investors and lenders. Generally, lenders who advance funds temporarily are interested in assuming only limited risk and conversely expect to earn only a limited reward. The equity owners on the other hand, are expected to take most of the risk of the enterprise, but should receive a reward commensurate with that risk. In particular they will receive the benefit of the company's increase in net worth over time. MINE DEVELOPMENT CYCLE Consider the development cycle of a mining project beginning with rank wildcat exploration (Figure 1) [ ] Just as different professionals must be utilized at different stages, so must different funding sources be used at different points in the pipeline. Figure 2 shows the general sources of funding: [ ] This concept can perhaps be better understood if we compare the risk with the capital requirements. Suppose each area within a triangle is proportional to the risk taken (see Figure 3): [ ]

Jan 1, 1985

By C. L. Dake

Many proposals have recently been made regarding the broadening of engineering education, often with little consideration of the problems their application involves. The chief purpose of this paper is to point out how many and how complex are the questions that absolutely must be answered, in any conscientious effort to solve the problem of liberalizing engineering curricula. Among proposed additions, more training than is now given has been urged in public speaking, report writing, business law and contra s, general finance, money and banking, scientific management, gene ' economics, economic and financial history, social problems, labor pre lems, public ownership, psychology and similar related subjects. T urge in this direction is widespread and persistent. In discussing the blem, the following questions must be given careful consideration, an he absolutely definite conclusion reached: 1. The Present Curriculum Load.—Is this load actually too heavy? In the face of this load, is there room to add broadening subjects to our curricula? Can elimination of present subject matter make room for such additions? Can an elective system accomplish the desired end? 2. Problem of Early Specialization.—Is early specialization a weak ness? Is industry forcing early specialization? Do our varied degrees demand early specialization? Can broadening be harmonized with the present degree of specialization? 3. Graduate Work to Solve the Broadening Problem.—Can we add the desired work in the graduate school? Are the proposed additions of graduate caliber? Is it desired to reduce graduate standards? Can present undergraduate work be removed to the graduate school, to make room for desired broadening courses? Is graduate work normally broadening, or is it specialization ? 4. Importance of Proposed Additions.—Will they increase entrance salaries? Will they increase the engineer's efficiency? Will they raise

Jan 1, 1934

By Benjamin Smith Lyman

[Secretary's Note.—For lack of room this abstract, giving only an outline of Prof. Lesley's scientific work, is published here, instead of the full text of Mr. Lyman's account of his life, labors and character, already sent to members and associates in a separate pamphlet. Mr. Lyman's sympathetic and discriminating analysis, accompanied with abundant illustrative details of Prof. Lesley's remarkably versatile and fruitful career, completes the picture imperfectly sketched in the present abstract. Copies of the pamphlet may be obtained at the office of the Institute.] The subject of this sketch was born in Philadelphia, September 17,1819, and graduated in 1838 from the University of Pennsylvania. His purpose of pursuing theological studies being hindered by the condition of his health, he took a subordinate position in the geological survey of Pennsylvania under Henry D. Rogers. His work there began in the sphere of topographical and geological map-making in which he was afterwards so eminent; and a map which he made of one field in 1840, before he was 21 years old, received high praise from Prof. Rogers in his official report of that year.

Jan 1, 1904

By Peter B. Nalle

Over a period of years the Crestmore plant of the Riverside Cement Co. has been supplied with limestone from the Chino limestone bed. The limestone bed dips about 40º and extends 1500 ft along the strike. Thickness of the bed is such that horizontal distance from footwall to hanging wall varies from 400 to 1200 ft. When the new room and pillar mining system was instituted the haulage units used for development were model C Tournarockers. Four of these diesel units were purchased with the idea of using them solely for development work since it was realized that they would have to be supplemented by additional, and perhaps larger haulers.

Jan 4, 1959

1. Any society of undergraduates at a technical school, comprising students in any branch of engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, geology, etc., may be recognized by the Board of Directors in its discretion as an Affiliated Student Society, and its name, together with the names of its president and its secretary, may be published in Mining and Metallurgy or the Directory of the Institute. The members of such a society will not be named individually on the membership list of the Institute, but may at any time be proposed for election as Student Associates or Junior Members of the Institute, in the usual way. 2. Membership in an Affiliated Student Society, certified by the official representative thereof, and accompanied by suitable testimony as to character and qualifications, will have special weight with the Membership Committee of the Institute, in its consideration of the proposal of a candidate for membership. The Affiliated Student Societies receive the following privileges: 1. A copy of Mining and Metallurgy free; 2. The use of Employment Service; 3. The use of Mining and Metallurgy for publicity purposes, such as printing notices of their activities, etc.; 4. Assistance in obtaining speakers for their meetings, lists of moving-picture films, etc. To retain the privileges of the Affiliated Student Society, its officers must keep in touch with the Secretary of the Institute and advise him of its activities. The foregoing plan is not confined to students in mining engineering or metallurgy. Any undergraduate society of engineers may avail itself of the privileges offered. Societies desiring to be recognized as Affiliated Student Societies are requested to make application to the Secretary of the Institute, giving particulars as to the nature, membership and officers. The following list gives the names of the Affiliated Student Societies as of December 1, 1929, and their presidents and secretaries.

Jan 1, 1929

By F. L. Grammer

The analyses given in Table I. were made several years ago at my request at a plant using Lake ores. They are of two furnaces, one making basic, the other Bessemer pig— they gave 6 casts each in 24 hr., also two flushes of cinder between each cast. They are offered simply for the sake of reference as, so far as I know, it is unusual to find so frequent full analyses made and none are on record. The variations in manganese-content in the first and second flushes on the basic furnace are interesting, if no more than a freak—the first flush being invariably higher in manganese. The iron-content of the two slags from an average of 12 flushes shows: Basic. Bessemer. Per Cent. Per Cent. Total iron...................................... 2.85 1.70 Combined iron................................ 0.72 0.52 Free iron....................................... 2.13 1.18 The greater iron-loss in the basic slag, while known, has never heretofore been so clearly set forth. This may modify the arrangement for handling slag; heretofore usually determined by proximity of the dumping-heap. If a nearby heap is used on contiguous territory, in the past, tilting molten-slag pots were used. If the Pittsburg flood-records for 30 years are a fair criterion the government regulations were inadequate, and molten slag was dumped in such a manner as to throttle the Monongahela at the time of the spring thaws. At Pittsburg the slag, where it is carried to a distance, is frequently granulated in pits and then removed in cars to which it is conveyed by clam-shell buckets. This practice is also quite customary where the slag is intended for the manufacture of slag cement. The production of 500 tons of cast-iron daily means about 300 tons of- slag and at 2.113 per cent. equals 6.4 tons

Jan 1, 1914

By Jacob T. Wainwright

The object of this paper is to describe some efforts and observations by the writer relating to this subject. Althongh the usual type of' blast-furnace is a most efficient device for smelting and melting purposes, it is not suitable for utilizing the cheaper grades of fuel, such as coal-slack and certain gaseous fuels. This problem not only involves the consideration of the furnace as a suitable apparatus, but also embraces the consideration of the chemical and calorific properties of the proposed fuel. In the hearth of the ordinary blast-furnace an extremely high temperature is maintained. This extreme temperature is due to the complete combustion of the fuel in the hearth, and before the gases reach the zone of fusion their temperature is reduced, by the absorption of carbon, 2300 degrees Fat). In a smelting-furnace, the maintenance of this extreme temperature at the hearth becomes useless when it can be reduced without

Jan 1, 1889

By John W. Cloud

In 1877 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company removed an old bridge from its line at Duncannon, Pa., built intermediate piers and erected shorter spans of the Pratt truss type, which had previously been in use on another portion of the road. The design of this truss would not admit of diagonals larger than 19 inches diameter, and in order to stiffen the bridge somewhat steel rods were introduced for the main diagonals in the first and second panels, 19 inches and 18/8 inches diameter respectively. These rods were threaded without upsetting, and by the ordinary formulae the strains were of the same intensity upon both, viz., 16,000 pounds per square inch with the maximum loading. The other main diagonals in the truss are 19 inches diameter, and of iron. It was specified for the steel rods: Elastic limit,.......46,000 Ibs. Tensile strength,. .. ,. .. 80,000 lbs. Elongation,,.,.,. 20 per cent. The steel was procured without difficulty, and it allowed a factor of safety of 23/4 at elastic limit, while a similar factor of 2½ had for a long time been successfully used for iron. In the course of three years, from time to time, six of these steel rods broke, three of them being 18 inches in diameter, and three 19 inches in diameter. The broken rods were tested, and three of them analyzed at Altoona to ascertain the cause of failure, and what modifications should be made in the steel for such service. Examination showed that all the rods were broken in detail close under the nut. The threads were well cut and properly rounded at the root. testing the rods micrometer screws, reading to .0001" with c bell to signal the contact, were attached to the test pieces, and by this means the modulus of elasticity and elastic limit accurately obtained.

Jan 1, 1881

By AIME

IRWIN W. ALCORN, present Chairman of the Petroleum Division, was born Sept. 5, 1899 at Marietta, Ohio, and moved with his family to Robinson, Ill., at the time of the early oil development there. This was in the days of the Star spudders, mud, mules, and Stanley steamers. Al graduated from Robinson High School after participation in basket ball, also attaining the captaincy of the football team of that school. He entered Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy in 1918 and was ushered by the Army into the S.A.T.C. In 1920 he transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, later to return to receive his B.S. degree -in metallurgy at Rolla, also joining the AIME. On graduation, he worked for the Skelly Oil Co. at Cushing, Okla., shifting to the Moore Refining Co. at DeNoya, Okla., as superintendent of a small pipe-line system. After an interval of two years with the National Supply Co. in Tulsa, he joined the Independent Oil and Gas Co. of that city, and at various times was chief engineer of the Texas division, superintendent of the West Texas pipe-line system, chief engineer of pipe-line construction, and chief engineer of the refining division. Al organized the Company's production engineering department. In 1930 the Company was merged with the Phillips Petroleum Co. The depression was in and Al was out, 'as was true nine months later when the Smith Separator Co. whose chief engineer he had become, was liquidated. The next few years was spent with Oil Well Supply Co. as a subsurface pumping equipment engineer

Jan 1, 1948