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Jan 1, 1962

By J. D. A. Morrow

This discussion relates to the distribution of coal under the di , of the U. S. Fuel Administration beginning Apr. 1, 1918. At t' L a definite method of controlling and directing distribution was put int effect. Prior thereto, although some of the machinery utilized was in operation, especially in the few weeks immediately preceding' Apr. 1, distribution had not been effectively and comprehensively organized. The writer was called to the Fuel Administration by Dr. Garfield about the first of February, 1918, to assume general direction of the distribution of coal for the Fuel Administration, to develop the general plans, and to obtain practical men to assist in this work and in carrying through the program finally devised. A study of the situation and conferences with the Fuel Administrator and leading men in the business made it plain that it would be necessary to begin at the bottom, measure the undertaking, develop plans to meet the need thus shown, and build an organization to effect the distribution required. This work had to be done under war pressure in the midst of a bad coal shortage. The successful performance of such a task is always primarily a matter of putting competent men in the right places and giving them the power and opportunity to function properly together. In the Distribution Division of the U. S. Fuel Administration, the men who were chiefly responsible for whipping plans into practical form and then for carrying out these plans were A. W. Calloway, of Baltimore, President of the Davis Coal & Coke Co., who served as the Director of Bituminous Coal Distribution; S. Lovell Yerkes, of Birmingham, Alabama, Secretary of the Grider Coal Sales Agency, who assumed general charge of distribution while the new plans and organization were being perfected and then became the Assistant Director of Bituminous Coal Distribution; Warren S. Blauvelt, of Detroit, who was Director of Coke Distri. bution; A. S. Learoyd of New York, Director of Anthracite Distribution, in connection with the Anthracite Committee, consisting of Joseph P. Dickson, President of Dickson & Eddy, Chairman; S. D. Warriner, President of the Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., and W. H. Richards,

Jan 1, 1920

By William H. Callahan

"For his exceptionally successful career as a geological mentor, for his ore-finding skills, and particularly the discovery of the Central Tennessee Zinc District and for his lecture, 'Prospecting in the USA-Promise and Problems.' " Recipient of the 1982 D.C. Jackling Award

Jan 1, 1983

By Edward R. Mueller

The application of a simple analog computer constructed in a home workshop has registered a 10% to 15% gain in truck productivity at the mammoth Pima mine, located 35 km (22 miles) south of Tucson, Ariz. The newly installed dispatching board enables the truck control foreman to make near-optimum dispatching decisions and to monitor each individual truck, identifying any that are off schedule.

Jan 8, 1977

By R. S. Shoemaker, F. W. McQuiston

Mineral Occurrence Treatment Method Table Page

Jan 1, 1975

By M. F. Williams, L. G. Hendrickson

In classification of pulps bearing magnetized ferro-magnetic particles, depolarizing is of great importance. If size separation is to be effective, particles must be individual rather than in flocs. Depolarizing is also practiced in heavy medium separations in which ferrosilicon or magnetite is the medium. When particles of ferromagnetic material have been removed from a magnetic field, residual magnetism causes agglomeration. The term depolarizing refers to the operation of reducing or eliminating this residual magnetism and may thus be considered magnetic deflocculation. The terms demagnetizing and randomizing are also used.

Feb 1, 1956

By AIME AIME

THE Petroleum Division will hold its first fall meeting in Tulsa, Okla., Thursday and Friday,' Oct. 2 and 3, preceding the. International Petroleum Exposition that opens there on Oct. 4. Headquarters will be at the Hotel Mayo, and members planning to attend should make reservations promptly because of the large attendance expected at the Exposition. The program for Thursday will feature production engineering problems and that for Friday the unit operation of oil pools. The principal papers planned for the various sessions are as follows:

Jan 1, 1930

Would you briefly describe how you chose the minerals industry and reflect upon some of your earliest experiences? I wish that I could say that I had a well-formulated career plan early in life and that mining engineering was always foremost in it, but I cannot, In fact, I was quite indecisive before I finally chose my life's vocation. But in another respect, I am glad my career unfolded in the manner it did because it gave me a better insight into advising others on career opportunities. Probably the greatest problem confronting our youth, and the one I find preys upon their minds the most, is their inability to select a career path early in life. This indecision frequently has a deep psychological effect upon them and they become down on themselves. Therefore, it fortifies them somewhat to learn that others who have become successful in their careers had difficulties choosing a career path early in life. However, while assuring young people that an early choice is not absolutely essential for success, I caution them to work toward as early a decision as possible.

Jan 3, 1979

By C. A. Pierce

Studies of roof and floor movement are of interest to those actively engaged in mining. This is especially true in the case of an entirely new area where there is no precedent for guidance. The potash deposit being mined is in the southeast corner of New Mexico, about 20 miles east of Carlsbad. The deposit was formed by the land-locked, shallow, Permian Sea that extended through parts of western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, southeastern Colorado, and eastern New Mexico. The saline deposits vary from 500 to 4000 ft. thick. Neither of the companies operating in this area has delimited its commercial ore bodies. As all production so far has been from Federal and State leases, the Department of the Interior and the State of New Mexico have a direct interest in the development and extraction of these ore horizons. The ore is composed of an intimate mechanical mixture of sylvite (potassium chloride) and halite (sodium chloride). It lies generally in a horizontal bed varying from 5 to 12 ft, in thickness, and has a cover of approximately 1000 ft., consisting of about 500 ft. of salt beds and 500 ft. of sediments. The immediate mine roof for several feet is principally salt with some potash and clayey material. The next 500 ft. above, from the standpoint of structure, may be considered rock salt with a few inter-bedded potash members. The upper 500 ft. is of sedimentary (Permian and Triassic) origin and contains several water-bearing formations with flows varying from 10 to 500 gal. per minute. This water intensifies the interest in convergence problems as the ore and surrounding formations are water soluble. Potash salt (sylvite) and rock salt (halite) are plastic minerals. Plasticity is defined as a "property of solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed, worked, or molded under larger stresse."1

Jan 1, 1942

By C. A. Pierce

Studies of roof and floor movement are of interest to those actively engaged in mining. This is especially true in the case of an entirely new area where there is no precedent for guidance. The potash deposit being mined is in the southeast corner of New Mexico, about 20 miles east of Carlsbad. The deposit was formed by the land-locked, shallow, Permian Sea that extended through parts of western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, southeastern Colorado, and eastern New Mexico. The saline deposits vary from 500 to 4000 ft. thick. Neither of the companies operating in this area has delimited its commercial ore bodies. As all production so far has been from Federal and State leases, the Department of the Interior and the State of New Mexico have a direct interest in the development and extraction of these ore horizons. The ore is composed of an intimate mechanical mixture of sylvite (potassium chloride) and halite (sodium chloride). It lies generally in a horizontal bed varying from 5 to 12 ft, in thickness, and has a cover of approximately 1000 ft., consisting of about 500 ft. of salt beds and 500 ft. of sediments. The immediate mine roof for several feet is principally salt with some potash and clayey material. The next 500 ft. above, from the standpoint of structure, may be considered rock salt with a few inter-bedded potash members. The upper 500 ft. is of sedimentary (Permian and Triassic) origin and contains several water-bearing formations with flows varying from 10 to 500 gal. per minute. This water intensifies the interest in convergence problems as the ore and surrounding formations are water soluble. Potash salt (sylvite) and rock salt (halite) are plastic minerals. Plasticity is defined as a "property of solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed, worked, or molded under larger stresse."1

Jan 1, 1942

By R. J. Wygal

A method is presented by which homogeneous, isotropic, and reproducible aggregates of particles such as glass beads, sand, ground glass, etc., may be prepared simply and quickly by using a "particle distributor". Several applications of the packing method to the construction of model reservoirs are described. The flow characteristics of these packings me given. Some factors which limit the usefulness of unconsolidated packs for simulating reservoir rock are overcome through artificial cementation of the aggregates. INTRODUCTION Many laboratory studies of porous media are based on experiments using test packs of sand, glass beads and other granular materials. More confidence can be had in the results of such studies if the test packs are known to have uniform properties throughout, to be mechanically stable and to be accurately reproducible. This paper presents a method by which such packs of a variety of shapes and sizes may be constructed using a particle distributor. Some factors which limit the usefulness of unconsolidated packs as a means for simulating reservoir rock are described. A method of overcoming these limitations, which involves artificial cementation of the packs, is presented. DEVELOPMENT Particles packed by the tamping or vibrating techniques are usually either non-uniform or mechanically unstable. An invention by Currie and Gregoryl overcomes these difficulties to some extent. The invention is based on the use of a stream of falling particles impinging on and passing through a distributor matrix of several layers of closely spaced spheres. The particles are well dispersed by numerous collisions with the spheres. They become homogeneously distributed at some distance below the distributor matrix and at that position are collected in the sample container. This apparatus, however, was found to be ineffective when small particles were used since small particles accumulate on the top surfaces of the spheres. An improved distributor matrix was made, first in the form of a stack of five sieves, and then in the more adaptable form of spaced layers of wire screen. Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal view through a five-layered distributor of eight-mesh wire screen. This device gives excellent results.* Fine particles pass through the distributor with very little hold up. The fine structure of the wire matrix with its many deflecting surfaces ensures good particle distribution. There are no dead areas immediately below the screen as were sometimes observed to occur below a matrix of spheres. Using such a device, 20-30 mesh sands were packed to a porosity of 32.1 per cent at rates varying from 0.17 to 6 lb/rnin. The lowest porosity achieved by tamping small increments of similar sands into a container was 33 per cent. Motion pictures at 3,000 frarnes/sec of the surface of a growing pack of 2-3/4 mm glass beads have helped to show the mechanism by which packs of low porosity are obtained. The beads, although packed at the rate of 5 lb/min, were observed to hit the pack surface singly, for the most part, and at well spaced points of impact. Part of their energy is transferred to surface beads which are thereby

By Harold Powers

THIS paper presents geophysical and subsurface data observed in the vicinity of Shafts No. 1 and and 5 of the National Lead Co. lead mines at Fredericktown, Madison County, Missouri, see Fig. 1. The area selected is an excellent example to illustrate the close correlation between geophysical data and geological facts as revealed by drilling and mining. Such close correlations make geophysical applications appropriate to the development of known ore-bodies as well as the exploration for new orebodies.

Jan 3, 1953

By M. L. Jeremic

The massive Pb-Zn-Ag sulfide ore body is originated at the contact between the porphyry (footwall) and volcanic (hanging wall). The ore zone is folded and refolded, which results in two different structural geometries of the individual ore bodies. This requires both shrinkage and cut-and-fill mining methods. Strong bedrock resists caving after shrinkage stope completion, so high stress zones are developed below and above the mined area. The cut-and fill system has a limited destressing mechanism, where the stope walls with a backfill exhibiting stress close to a primitive one. This results in closure deformation of the open stope walls, yielding deformations of crown pillars and roof falls of the wide stope backs.

Jan 1, 1985

By E. Wainer, K. D. Burnham

A wet beneficiation technique for producing wollas-tonite from its ore in high yield and purity has been evaluated in a pilot plant operation at the rate of 75 tons per month. Finely crushed, unsized wollastonite ore mixed with water is passed through a high in tensity oscillating wet magnetic separator of unique design and in a single pass over 90% of the wolla-stonite exhibiting a crystal purity of 99.8% is obtained irrespective of size of feed fraction. Thereafter, the material is processed by closed cycle standard wet milling and classification techniques to yield a 1µ size product, though any mesh size up to and including 50 mesh may be obtained, if desired. Costs appear to be significantly lower than those available from dry processed techniques. Wollas tonite made by this unusual wet process appears to have potential utility in the following fields: ceramics, paints, plastics, paper, organic finishes, reinforcement of portland cement items, controlled porosity refractory ceramic foams, cinder and concrete block paint, and the like. The 1µ and certain chemically processed varieties of wollastonite may have unusual utility in the paper industry both as a filler and as a coating material and in the organic finish industry. Extensive deposits of wollastonite ore equivalent to an average tenor of 50% to 60% of this latter mineral in easily separable form exists in and around Essex County in northern New York State in reserves of the order of several tens of millions of tons. While important portions of these deposits are susceptible to open pit mining techniques, one operation near Wills-boro, N.Y., involves tunnel mining and dry milling and beneficiation techniques. This mill and tunnel mine is presently being operated by The Cabot Corp. and a variety of particle sizes are now sold into markets in the ceramic, paint, plastic finish, floor tile and in similar fields in substantial tonnages on a repetitive basis. Serious investigation and study over the past several years has indicated that, outside of the obvious economies of open pit techniques for mining purposes, wet beneficiation and milling procedures applied to the ore not only represent a potential for greater economies in the production of a superfine finished product but yields products of improved properties exhibiting increased market potential which may not be available from the dry ground product. The Lewis and Deerhead deposits, controlled by the Adirondack Development Corp., appear to be identical to the Wilisboro deposit. Utilizing ore taken from the Lewis and Deerhead deposits, a pilot plant process for the wet beneficiation, milling and classifying of wollastonite ore has been operated for several months. After scalping a marketable garnet product from a minus 16 mesh dry crushed feed on a high intensity roll magnet the balance of the material is then roll crushed in a closed cycle until it will pass a 50 mesh screen. The product constitutes the feed of the wet magnetic separator. The heart of the new beneficiation process is a cyclically operated wet magnetic separator which exhibits the unique feature that unsized feed is easily handled. Product yields of higher purity are equal to that obtained with dry magnetic separations which use closely sized dry ore and multiple passes, but only produce wollastonite of about 98% mineral purity as determined by sink float techniques. It was anticipated that the wet processing through the grinding, milling and classification stage would yield a low cost 1µ ground product which should make available greatly increased applications for the mineral beyond those presently enjoyed. The improved purity was also expected to provide coarser sizes which might be utilized as a raw material for chemical modification which again would expand the uses of wollastonite. The evidence thus far collected appears to indicate that this premise may be expected to be fulfilled. There are on the surface of wollastonite particle sites at which cheinical reactions may occur1. It is believed that wet ground material provides a better base which will allow wollastonite a deeper entree into the field of chemical raw materials. Wet ground at 20µ and finer permits with certainty a number of chemical reactions, some of which are mentioned later in this article. While well crystallized wollastonite makes up the majority of the ore, the balance consists mainly of very weakly magnetic diopside of the hedenbergite-

Jan 1, 1965

In the Texas Panhandle 277 oil wells and 60 gas wells were completed during 1942, as compared with 647 oil and 52 gas wells completed in 1941. Fourteen dry holes were drilled in the Texas Panhandle in 1942, of which five were wildcats, resulting in four failures and one gas-field discovery in Sherman County; the latter being Hazy-Herrington-Marsh No. I Bivins completed for 5,600,000 cu. it. ol gas from 2989 to 3226 feet. During the year 1942 the Texas Panhandle produced, by counties, the following quantities of oil:

Jan 1, 1943

In the Texas Panhandle 277 oil wells and 60 gas wells were completed during 1942, as compared with 647 oil and 52 gas wells completed in 1941. Fourteen dry holes were drilled in the Texas Panhandle in 1942, of which five were wildcats, resulting in four failures and one gas-field discovery in Sherman County; the latter being Hazy-Herrington-Marsh No. I Bivins completed for 5,600,000 cu. it. ol gas from 2989 to 3226 feet. During the year 1942 the Texas Panhandle produced, by counties, the following quantities of oil:

Jan 1, 1943

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Jan 1, 1938

By H. S. Drinker

THE first discovery of zinc 011 the property now worked by this company was made by the celebrated mineralogist, Prof. William Theodore Rapper, in 1845. Different claimants kept the property in continual litigation till 1861, when everything was satisfactorily settled by the purchase of the land by the company, who have worked it ever since. The mines are situated in a valley, four miles south of Bethlehem, Pa., in Lehigh County. The valley is from two to three miles broad, and is bounded 011 the north and south by syenitic hills. Syenite underlies the valley, and upon this is deposited the Potsdam sandstone, then a layer of slate, and, finally, a dolomitic limestone, belonging to the Chazy or Black River formation, in which the zinc deposits are inclosed. The rocks occur in folds, and have evidently been subjected to tremendous pressure from below, the zinc deposit being found in an anticlinal axis, in nearly vertical veins. I t is supposed that the zinc was originally disseminated through the

By Arthur F. Taggart

In 1900, Elmore found that if an acidulated pulp was stirred up with an oil which was relatively insoluble in and lighter than water, and the mixture was allowed to stratify, much of the sulfide would be found hanging to the lower surface of the floating body of oil and could be skimmed off or overflowed with it. The action of the flotation agent here is twofold, first to select the sulfide from the gangue—what today is called collection—and second, to buoy the collected sulfide away from the gangue. The action in collecting is illustrated by Fig. 1: which contrasts the behavior of drops of oil brought, under water, to the surfaces of gangue and sulfide particles, respectively. The oil displaces water from the surface of the sulfide; the water displaces oil from the gangue surface. If, instead of considering the solid particles the fixed parts of the system of oil, water and solids. we consider the oil and water fixed and the solids presented to the surface of contact, the condition will be as shown in Fig. 2; the sulfide tends to be drawn into the interface and the gangue to be excluded. The sulfide particles are held in the oil-water surface by the tension of this surface. The buoyant effect is supplied by the oil droplets in bringing the sulfides to the water surface, but not in holding them there. Gas as Buoyant Medium of Flotation In 1906 Sulman. Picard and Ballot discovered a practical and substantially fool-proof method of doing what Everson, in 1886, and Fro-nlcnt. DeBavay Bessel and Elmore had been doing in the intervening years, viz.: using gas in place of oil as the buoyant medium for flotation, but retaining oil as the agent. To all of these inventors "oil," with no qualification as to its kind and no true understanding of its function, was the important thing. Hut they placed on the oil an additional burden viz.: froth-making, and it soon became apparent that not all oils were suitable for the dual purpose. As a matter of fact, it is probable that each of these inventors knew only one suitable oil at the time he wrote his patent, but used the generic term in the patent with the usual idea

Jan 1, 1928

H. A. SCHWARTZ, ? Indianapolis, Inc. (written discussion§).-Re-ferring to the very interesting paper on the graphitization of white cast iron, the writer desires to present certain facts and conclusions, entirely, in harmony with those of the authors but which may he not without interest as furnishing additional evidence upon the same subject. The graphitization of white cast iron, being the basis of malleable

Jan 10, 1919