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By Joseph G. Debanné

Foreword The three case histories and the liquid fuels planning scenario presented in this paper span a twenty year period, from the pioneering days of computers in the petroleum producing industry during the mid-fifties, to the energy crisis era of the seventies. Inasmuch as two of the main actors, Ian McKinnon and I, are featured in all three case histories, while I am currently involved in the fossil fuels scenario, this paper provides four related and personal spot readings along an evolutionary path: from the one dimensional technical domain to the multi-dimensional techno-socio-economic domain of computer applications in the petroleum industry. Coincident with this evolution in the direction of increasingly comprehensive and powerful computer applications, the evolution in hardware/software capability and in analytical power are also kept in perspective. The three case histories are: 1. The Bonnie Glen-Wizard Lake Case (Calgary, Alberta, 1955-1957); 2. The TransCanada-Great Lakes Gas Transmission Case (Ottawa-Washington, 1966); 3. The Westcoast Transmission - El Paso Pipelines Gas Export/ Import Case (Ottawa-Vancouver-Washington, 1966-1967). The liquid fuels planning scenario is a demonstration exercise rather than a case history; however, it represents an important point on the evolutionary curve and, provides a concrete example of tech-

Jan 1, 1977

By K. J. Gill, P. Chiotti, J. T. Mason

Thermal, metallographic, and vapor pressure data were obtained to establish the pkase boundaries and the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation for the compounds in the Y-Zn system. Three coinpounds with stoichiometric formulas of YZn, YZn2, and Y2Zn17 melt congruently at 1105", 1080°, and 890°C, respectively. Four compounds with stoiclziometric formulas of YZn3, YZn4, YZn5, and YZn,, undergo perztectic reactions at 905", 895", 870º, and 685ºC, respectively. Three eutec-tics exisl in this system with the .following eutectic temperatures and zinc contents in wtpct: 875ºC, 23.2 Zn; 1015ºC, 51 Zn; 865ºC, 82 Zn. The YZn, pkase undergoes an allotropic transformation. In the two phase YZn2 -YZn alloys the trans.formation gives a weak thermal arrest at 750°C, whereas in the two phase YZn2-YZn3 alloys no thermal arrest is observed and the transformation occurs over a temperature range below 750°C. At 500°C the free mzergies of formation per lnole vavy from —18,090 for YZn to —53,430 fov YZr11 and corresponding enthalpies vary from -24,050 to -92,080. The free energies and enthalpies per g atom as a function of composition show a maximum for the YZn2 phase; the 500°C values are -9580 and -13,180, vespectively. 1 HE only information found in the literature on Y-Zn alloys was the observation reported by Carlson, Schmidt. and speddingl that Y-20 wt pct Zn forms a low melting alloy. The alloy was produced by the bomb-reduction of YF3 and ZnF2 with calcium in an investigation of methods for producing yttrium metal. The solubility of yttrium in zinc has been determined by P. F. woerner2 and reported by Chiotti, Woerner, and Parry.3 In the temperature range 495" to 685°C the solubility may be represented by the relation In these equations N represents atom fraction of yttrium and T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin. The purpose of the present investigation was to establish the phase diagram for the Y-Zn system and to determine the standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of formation for the compounds formed. MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES The metals used in the preparation of alloys were Bunker Hill slab zinc, 99.99 pct pure, and Ames Laboratory yttrium sponge. Arc-melted yttrium buttons contained the following impurities in parts per million: C-129, N-12, 0-307, Fe-209, Ni-126, Mg-13, Ca < 10, F-105, and Ti < 50. Some of the alloys containing 70 wt pct or more of Zn were prepared from yttrium containing 5000 ppm Ti as a major impurity. Tantalum containers were found to be suitable for all alloys studied and were used throughout the investigation. The pure metals, total weight about 30 g, were sealed in 1 in. diam tantalum crucibles by welding on preformed tantalum covers. A 1/8 in. diam tantalum tube was welded in the base of each crucible for use as a thermocouple well. Welding was done with a heli-arc in a glove box which was initially evacuated and filled with argon. The sealed crucibles were enclosed in stainless steel jackets and heated in an oscillating furnace at temperatures up to 1150°C. Homogeneous liquid alloys were obtained within a half hr at these temperatures except for alloys containing less than 20 pct zinc. The latter alloys were held at 1000º to 1100°C for 2 to 3 days in order to obtain equilibrium. After the initial equilibrations the tantalum crucibles containing the alloys were removed from the steel containers and used directly for differential thermal analyses. Further annealing heat treatments for alloys in which peritectic reactions were involved were carried out in the thermal analyses furnace. After thermal analyses the tantalum crucibles were opened and the alloys sectioned and polished for metallographic examination. In the following discussion alloys referred to as "quenched" were obtained by quenching the sealed stainless steel jacket containing the tantalum crucible and alloy in water. The differential thermal analyses apparatus used was a modified version of the one described in an earlier paper., The graphite crucible was replaced by an inconel crucible, the nickel standard and sampie container were separated by a 1/8 in. MgO plate, no getter was used, and provisions were made to

Jan 1, 1963

By E. C. Rudolphy, M. E. Potter, J. R. Mitchell

The effects of 0.006 to 0.20 pet Sn ml the hot workability and the annealed mechanical properties were investigated for Types 302, 410, and 430 stainless steel. The hot workability of these steels was not significantly affected by their tin content within the range studied, although some effects on mechanical properties were noted. Apart from the effect of tin, optimum hot-working temperatures and V-notch Charpy impact transition temperatures for these grades were determined. HIGH tin residuals in some heats of stainless steel have been blamed for the poor hot workability, particularly during secondary mill rolling. However, very little quantitative information has been available. Previous work1"6 with carbon steels indicates that tin increases tensile strength and hardness but de- creases tensile and impact ductility. Halley,7 in reviewing the sources and effects of residual elements in carbon and alloy steels, concluded that much of the surface checking (hot shortness) encountered in rolling was caused by copper, and that tin, arsenic, and antimony combined with copper to form low-melting constituents which further increase the steel&apos;s sensitivity to hot shortness. These elements had little effect in the absence of copper. A more recent paper by Langenberg and Johnson8 concluded that tin reduces hot workability but that researchers disagree concerning the amounts which will cause trouble. They state that laboratory investigations with small ingots seem to indicate a higher tolerable level of tin than do statistical studies of mill data, and also that statistical analysis of mill data indicate that small amounts of residual tin are detrimental to the surface quality of stainless sheet. The accumulative increase in the general level of tin and other tramp elements in steelmaking materials will present greater problems to steelmakers in the future. The purpose of the present study was to obtain quantitative information on the specific effects of tin on the hot workability and mechanical properties of such common stainless steels as Types 302, 410, and 430.

Jan 1, 1962

By Walter Harvey Weed

CONTENTS. [ ] INTRODUCTION. THIS paper deals with certain ore-deposits whose structural features or mineral contents (or both) result, directly or indirectly, from igneous intrusions and their after-effects. It is largely a discussion of contact metamorphic ore-deposits based upon the physical changes in rocks due to contact action. It involves a classification of ore-deposits only so far as is abso-

Jan 1, 1913

By G. E. Warner

This paper presents a review and analysis of a highly stratified Burbank sand waterflooding project in Osage County, Okla. Permeability values in this reservoir range from less than 0.1 md to nearly 3 darcys, and 90 percent of the permeability capacity is contained in approximately 26 percent of the reservoir volume. To date, the project has recovered 103 bbl/flood-acre-ft since waterflood initiation, which represents 50 percent of the total preflood cumulative and 12 percent of the original stock-tank oil in place (OSTOIP). The outstanding feature of this project has been the economical recovery of a sizable quantity of oil at water-oil ratios higher than those normally considered prohibitive. Nearly 70 percent of the recovery to date has been achieved at water-cut values greater than 95 percent. An ultimate waterflood recovery of 138 bbl/flood-acre-ft, or 67 percent of the preflood recovery and 16 percent of the OSTOIP, is predicted. The ultimate primary and secondary recovery will be 302 bbl/acre-ft and approximutely 40 percent of the OSTOIP. The actual performance is compared with the predicted performance by both the Stiles and the Dykstra-Parsons methods, and applicabiliry of these methods to this particular reservoir is evaluated. The performance of this project indicafes highly stratified reservoirs can be successfully and economically waterflooded when either reservoir or economic conditions preclude the use of mechanical and chemical means of mdbility control. Introduction The concept of the stratified reservoir has been used by reservoir engineers for many years to describe the vertical variations in permeability within a reservoir. Numerous techniques have been advanced to predict the expected waterflood performance of the stratified reservoir, and in most cases they prove reasonably accurate. The advisability of undertaking a prospective waterflooding project is determined, based on these predictions. This paper presents a review of a waterflood project in a highly stratified reservoir that normally would be considered a marginal prospect, at best, when evaluated with any prediction technique properly adjusted for reservoir conditions. This kind of project can be successful if the predictions are used to design a waterflooding system capable of economically recovering an oil cut of 1 to 2 percent. Experience gained in the early stages of the project&apos;s development was profitably applied in the later development of the entire reservoir and could prove beneficial to other projects with similar reservoir stratification or fracture characteristics. The East Burbank pool waterflooding operations have been developed in three separate stages, each of which has been a separate project: Mid-Burbank Unit, Flood A, and Stanley Waterflood. When referred to collectively, these projects will be called the Composite Project. The Skelly Oil Co.&apos;s Barber lease — the only portion of the pool not included in the three projects — is operated as a separate facility with a cooperative injection-well agreement. It contains less than 80 productive acres and would not significantly affect the over-all performance picture.

Jan 1, 1969

By A. T. Tye

REGARDING the results of preferential flotation at Cananea, Weinig has stated that "The concentrating mill of the Cananea Consolidated Copper Company at Cananea, Mexico, furnishes an excellent example of modern flotation practice. The complete figures are given because they present so forcibly the advantages of modern selective flotation."&apos; L. O. Howard notes that "Perhaps the outstanding example so far published of improvements in results through the use of selective flotation is that at Cananea, Mexico." The following notes indicate the conditions under which the results were obtained at Cananea; also the effect of preferential flotation at the concentrator and at the smelter. In the majority of cases the full benefit of selective flotation is not fully realized, as the concentrates are shipped from the mill to smelters owned by other companies. The saving made at a certain concentrator by this method of flotation may be well understood but the saving resulting at the smelter from the results of preferential flotation at the mill is not so apparent, as the data are contained in the smelting records of some other company. Even at the smelter the great gains following preferential flotation may not be noted, as a variety of ores and concentrates from various sources are received and the difference from the changed concentrator operations of a certain mill may be obscured. As noted by Professor Weinig and Professor Howard, the results obtained at Cananea brought about a veritable metallurgical revolution at the smelter. There are probably plants at which a better preferential separation is being made than at Cananea. Many ores contain barren iron pyrite which, when depressed, does not carry copper into the tailing. Some concentrators use clean uncontaminated water for milling and in others the ore is ground much finer than at Cananea. All of these items are concerned in perfect separation. The details of preferential flotation at Cananea, therefore, are not presented on account of the perfection of the

Jan 1, 1928

By John F. Burst

GENETIC correlations of the various types of Cheltenham fireclays found in Missouri have been the subject of several papers. The correlations usually have been attempted on the basis of stratigraphic and leaching patterns (Wheeler,18 1896; Allen, 1,2 1935 and 1937; McQueen,13 1943). Herold10 (1943), as well as Allen,l,2 has dealt at length with the mineral¬ogy of Missouri fireclays and postulates genetic relationships from min¬eralogical findings. Both researchers cite kaolinite as the primary clay mineral of the Cheltenham formation and suggest that differences in physical proper¬ties are due to clay mineral impurities such as halloysite or illite (not recog¬nized by the name "illite" at the time of Allen&apos;s papers). By ascribing the differences to impurities, it is possible to use weathering as the only major alteration factor. This paper seeks to probe still farther into the clay mineral composition of the Cheltenham formation and to show thereby that the mineralogical differ¬ences that have been found to exist within the "kaolinite" component of the Cheltenham fireclay may alter somewhat the previously held theories of diagenesis. Two Missouri fireclays, which have been rather thoroughly investigated, were chosen for comparison of genetic relationship to clay mineral content. One is a typical plastic fireclay of the middle Cheltenham (McQueen&apos;s classification13) obtained at Mexico, Audrian County, Missouri, from a large open pit operated by the A. P. Green Fire Brick Co. The other-a typical hard flint fireclay-was obtained from a pocket deposit in southwestern Mont¬gomery County, Missouri.

Jan 1, 1952

The Maas patent drill-hole compass, for determining the direction and dip of drill holes, is successfully used to a depth of 3,000 ft. APPARATUS FOR SURVEYING DEEP DRILL HOLES. The compass is placed in a thermos bottle or glass tube with hot liquid gelatine and lowered in a water-tight phosphor-bronze case, with a tube containing hydrofluoric acid. When the gelatine is cold the rods are pulled, the direction of the needle is marked on the tube which contained the acid, and the direction and inclination of the hole determined from this tube in a goniometer. There is nothing to get out of order and the compass can be used by any drill foreman, the mark and etching on the tube making a permanent record of direction and inclination. (See Fig. 1.)

Jan 1, 1916

H. H. Hill.—I believe that as petroleum engineers you are all more or less interested in geophysical prospecting. A large number of the papers that have been written on that subject are too detailed or too much involved to be of much value to a person who is not familiar with the subject, so I suggested to Mr. Fohs that he might bring us something that we could all understand. As I take it, we are interested in learning something about the different methods, the places where they have been used, their limitations and in general whether they have given satisfaction in locating oil deposits. F. J. Fohs, New York, N. Y.—I will briefly summarize some of the results as I Bee them from my practical contacts with them and my discussion of the subject with some of the more important rnen both in this country and Europe. Geophysical Methods 1. Seismographs: A. 1. Sonic refracting seismographs of Karcher, McCullom and Reiber. For rapid reconnaissance and also for detail—perhaps, the best type of instrument. 2. Mechanical refracting seismographs of the Weichert-Mintrop type. B. I. Sonic seismographs using reflected sound from contacts of sufficiently unlike beds where latter are thick enough, being used for detail of both salt domes and ordinary structures where a good reflecting key bed occurs. 2. Torsion Balances: Made in three sizes with greater portability and loss of but 20 per cent. in medium size and loss of 40 per cent. efficiency in smallest size. A. Used to best advantage in detailing salt domes, in noting anomalies of deep-seated structures of the Edgerly, La., type (but not always certain here and dependent on interpretation which involves both experience and the human equation to a large degree). R. Used to advantage in mapping faults where a lime or other denser bed occurs upthrown, and the topographic irregularities are not too involved. C. Of use where buried granite plugs and buried-hill structures occur as in the Western Texas fields. D. Believed of little use for other types of structure. 3. Magnetometers or Variometers: Now built horizontal and vertical with declinometer combined in one instrument. A. Practical in mapping granite or basic igneous rock plugs and intrusions, or of detritus therefrom. Adams has recently demonstrated definite results in mapping the well known Panhandle arch.

Jan 1, 1928

By W. J. Rooney, James Fisher, W. O. Hotchkiss

During the summer of 1927, the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington joined with the Michigan College of Mining and Technology in conducting a series of earth-resistivity measurements in the Michigan copper country. The geological structure in this section is quite varied and fairly well known. The purpose of the investigation was to discover the correlation between the variations in electrical resistivity of large masses of soil and rock in place and the geological structure below the surface. The work done may be roughly divided into two parts: (1) Measurement and study of the variations in resistivity with depth, or with volume, to establish such general relations as exist between the two; and (2) the determination of the specific resistivity of various formations in order to make available more fundamental data which may aid in the interpretation of the results of the former type of measurement. A report by Mr. Rooney, which gives in detail the measurements made and the results obtained, forms the basis for this article. Measurement and Study of Variations in Resistivity The possibility of applying data from measurements of the physical properties of earth material to the study of the geological structure has long been recognized, and a number of methods for determining the position and character of concealed rock strata by means of seismic, gravitation, magnetic and electrical measurements made on the surface are being used with varying degrees of success. One physical property which varies widely for different materials, and hence affords an opportunity for distinguishing between them, is their electrical resistance. Locations • were selected where the geological structures were well known and where the depths to the water level and bed rock had been determined by drilling. The problem was to determine the value of measurements of resistivity and its variations as indications of the geological structure below the surface.

Jan 1, 1929

By Ancel St. John

At the New York meeting of the Institute of Metals Division in February, 1927, Jeffries and Tarasov presented a paper on Tungsten and Thoria,&apos; in which the experimental facts were interpreted in accordance with the prevailing point of view that the thorium is present as the oxide, thoria. In discussing that paper the writer of this article stated that his own investigations, which had been unavailable to Messrs. Jeffries and Tarasov, showed that the so-called "thoriated" tungsten filament failed to disclose any sign of the oxide when subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis, but did give plenty of evidence of the presence of metallic thorium and, in certain cases, of a material believed to be an alloy of tungsten in thorium. Since these results were completely at variance with the results reported in the paper under discussion and with other papcrs which had preceded it from time to time in the past, it was felt that further discussion should be withheld until the new evidence could be presented adequately. Arrangc-mcnts were therefore made to present that evidence at this meeting. Material Examined The material exalllined was high-ernission filament such as is used in radio tubes, supposed to contain about 0.75 per cent. thoria. The actual analysis was not stated. Scope of the Investigation The investigation was undertaken because of a feeling that the thorium present in filamentary material of this type exists as metallic thorium or as an alloy of thorium and tungsten and not as the oxide. Attention was therefore directed to determining: 1. The minimum amount of thoria detectible in a mechanical mixture of thoria powder and finely divided tungsten. 2. The amount of t.horia detectible in the filament. 3. The condition of any thorium present in other form than as thoria. 4. The amount of thorium dissolved in the tungsten.

By Jed H. Mosgrove

One of the most interesting of all the subjects required of persons studying the different facets of coal mining is coal mine gases. Some mine gases have been a real problem since the very beginning of underground mining, and in the early days there was insufficient knowledge to cope with them. The history of mining shows that until about the last 50 years, much work was done primarily by the hand methods which are primitive by today&apos;s standards. Miners had to contend with gases without the aid of enclosed lighting, permissible mine machinery, sophisticated testing devices, and high-pressure ventilating fans. In early days the miners were not educated about the different mine gases nor did they have the technical equipment to determine the actual composition of the deadly atmospheres they encountered. They simply applied a descriptive term to each gas or mixture of gases depending on its, effect on a person or the surrounding atmosphere. The gases or mixtures of gases were then referred to as "damps," a term which was probably derived from the German word "damps," meaning vapors or gases. The more common damps encountered were : Blackdamp A condition of the atmosphere in which a miner&apos;s light would be extinguished and in which breathing would be difficult, sometimes even resulting in suffocation. An atmosphere deficient in oxygen which could contain a combination of any of the mine gases. Firedamp A flammable mixture of methane and air which would either burn or explode when ignited. White Damp A mixture of gases containing carbon monoxide, most often found in mines during fires or after explosions.

Jan 1, 1981

By Henry M. Bates, Roscoe Pound

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: I accepted your Chairman&apos;s invitation to speak to a group of experts in this field with the greatest hesitation, because I know little or nothing about it. Certainly I can make no detailed suggestions, or suggest planning along very definite lines. You cannot do that sort of thing in a vacuum, and as I have suggested, my knowledge of the whole oil problem is next to nothing. It is possible that as a student of our public law, constitutional law particularly, for a number of years, I have acquired a perspective that may enable me to offer, for what they are worth, some general thoughts on these problems. I think that nothing in the whole field of law requires more definitely and clearly the functional approach than does the problem of a sound legal solution of the difficulties of the oil and gas industry. The industry is dealing with substances that are peculiar, and one must know how those substances act and what has been the history of the industry, to undertake to make anything like specific suggestions. I certainly am not qualified.

Jan 1, 1935

TO THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGICAL ENGINEERS GENTLEMEN: Submitted herewith are the report of the Treasurer for the year 1945 and reports for the same year of the following standing committees: Membership, Admissions, Papers and Publications, Mining and &apos; Metallurgy (Magazine), and Library. To these reports you are referred for additional details. Membership Membership, counting all categories other than Student Associateship, continues the upward trend of the last 10 years, reaching a total, as shown in Table 1, of 12,081. The net gain of 406 would

Jan 1, 1944

By Andrew Hyslop

In our never ending search for new and better ways of underground mining, we find that transportation has had its share of new ideas in the past few years. The old and still effective method of track haulage has had some competition from rubber-tired cars and belt conveyors, each of which has its own safety hazards which demand close scrutiny in any safety study. The use of shuttle cars, in particular, has introduced clearance hazards caused by the absence of the more or less positive guides formed by the rails of a track sys- tem; likewise the requirement of greater clearance tends to increase roof hazards which we all know to be great enough with the best of methods. However, the subject of transportation hazards is too broad to be covered entirely in one paper, so I will confine myself to track methods which carry the preponderance of underground tonnage. I am quite sure that to this group it is an evident fact that haulage accidents are of major importance. However, to stress the point, it may be well to look at a few figures. Safety statistics can be quite boring and often are subject to question as to mathematical accuracy because of different

Jan 1, 1949

By C. H. Herty

Almost every metallurgist who has given the Howe Memorial Lecture has had a personal contact with the distinguished gentleman to whose honor this hour is devoted. Unfortunately for me, such personal contacts were not possible. However, in the preparation of a thesis on the open-hearth process, one of my earliest tasks was to make a survey of the literature, and it was from Professor Howe&apos;s Metallurgy of Iron and Steel that I drew a number of references to previous work which formed the foundation for my reading. In his volume there is such a complete exposition of the then current thought on the subject of slags and on their role in the elimination of phosphorus from steel that I feel no hesitation in discussing in this Howe Lecture the subject of "Slag Control." In the present era of close specification, the drive for uniformity of product, and the close inspection of the product and of the cost sheet, the utmost efforts must be made to control the steelmaking variables to the best advantage of the steel producer. One of the major variables is the slag in the furnace and its effect upon the composition and quality of the metal. What advantages are to be gained from slag control? In the broad sense the advantages must be tremendous, because the very foundations of good steel melting are based on "shaping up" the slag to a point where, with proper temperature, the heat is ready for the final additions. Every melter works toward these ends through his experience with innumerable heats of steel. The elimination of undesirable constituents such as phosphorus and sulphur is entirely a matter of slag composition and physical nature, a point well known for over half a century. The role played by the slag in assisting in proper heat transfer from roof and flame to the steel has been equally well known. In more recent years there has come the problem of oxygen control in the more accurate gauging of additions for making high-grade rimmed steel for the new strip mills, and in the deoxidizing additions for grain-size control and cleanliness of forging steels, both carbon and alloy. In this problem the oxidizing characteristics of the slag are of prime importance.

Jan 1, 1940

By C. H. Herty

Almost every metallurgist who has given the Howe Memorial Lecture has had a personal contact with the distinguished gentleman to whose honor this hour is devoted. Unfortunately for me, such personal contacts were not possible. However, in the preparation of a thesis on the open-hearth process, one of my earliest tasks was to make a survey of the literature, and it was from Professor Howe&apos;s Metallurgy of Iron and Steel that I drew a number of references to previous work which formed the foundation for my reading. In his volume there is such a complete exposition of the then current thought on the subject of slags and on their role in the elimination of phosphorus from steel that I feel no hesitation in discussing in this Howe Lecture the subject of "Slag Control." In the present era of close specification, the drive for uniformity of product, and the close inspection of the product and of the cost sheet, the utmost efforts must be made to control the steelmaking variables to the best advantage of the steel producer. One of the major variables is the slag in the furnace and its effect upon the composition and quality of the metal. What advantages are to be gained from slag control? In the broad sense the advantages must be tremendous, because the very foundations of good steel melting are based on "shaping up" the slag to a point where, with proper temperature, the heat is ready for the final additions. Every melter works toward these ends through his experience with innumerable heats of steel. The elimination of undesirable constituents such as phosphorus and sulphur is entirely a matter of slag composition and physical nature, a point well known for over half a century. The role played by the slag in assisting in proper heat transfer from roof and flame to the steel has been equally well known. In more recent years there has come the problem of oxygen control in the more accurate gauging of additions for making high-grade rimmed steel for the new strip mills, and in the deoxidizing additions for grain-size control and cleanliness of forging steels, both carbon and alloy. In this problem the oxidizing characteristics of the slag are of prime importance.

Jan 1, 1940

By F. Peter

I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION. TECHNICAL progress takes place in two directions: the improvement of methods, affecting the quality of the product; and increase in the economy of operations, affecting its cost. In the iron-industry, practice is pretty well settled, and. revolutionary changes of method are, for the present, not to be expected. Hence, in this industry, the principal endeavor is to reduce costs by the use of labor-saving inventions, such as the machines brought into use during the last decade. But it is not alone necessary to reduce the labor-cost; complete economy requires also a saving in raw material. Under this head we may rank the coal employed as metallurgical fuel; and it follows that progress includes the economic use of fuel, so managed as not to injure quality of product. In the present paper it will be shown how, by suitable utilization of the heat from the furnace, a large portion of it may be made available for other purposes. Such utilization of waste-gases is important in all industries which employ furnaces (especially heating- and smelting-furnaces); and in the first rank of these stand the iron-, glass-, and porcelain-manufactures. The following pages are devoted chiefly to the waste-gases of smelting-works, and especially to those reverberatory-furnace gases which are not combustible.&apos;

Jan 12, 1913

By L. L. Handy

Two equations are compared for calculating imbibi-tion rates of water into porous media. A linear relation was found to apply when the square of the volume of water imbibed was plotted against time for water imbibing in natural rock materials. The effect of adsorbed organic materials on surface wettability was determined from measurements of rate of imbibition, water saturation and water permeability. INTRODUCTION An understanding of the mechanisms by which water displaces oil from porous media requires an understanding of the role of capillary forces in the displacement process. The capillary forces are determined by properties of the water-oil-solid surfaces. Consequently, some measure of the surface properties of reservoir rocks is necessary if displacement behavior in oil reservoirs is to be predicted from laboratory measurements. Several experimental procedures have been proposed to assign quantitative wettability indexes to reservoir rock surfaces. The most recent of these proposals are those of Bobek, Mattox and Denekas&apos; and Amott.&apos; These indexes are designed to show a continuous variation from the preferential oil-wet to the preferential water-wet systems. They require measuring some property of the rock which is a function of surface wettability. The quantities are measured on unaltered core material and compared with values obtained for known oil-wet and water-wet extremes on the same material. These methods are useful but are semi-empirical in nature. They have the disadvantage that the measured quantities may be functions of other variables in addition to surface wettability. Some understanding of the behavior of water-oil-rock systems may be obtained from studies of the simpler water-air-rock systems. Surfaces of a given wettability are more easily maintained for the latter. Also, certain approximations can be made for the flow of water and air which are not justified for water-oil flow. The theoretical and experimental work discussed in this paper is part of a study of the role of capillarity in the dynamic displacement of air by water. The expec- tation is that observations for the water-air system will lead to generalizations which are applicable to water-oil systems. THEORY Imbibition is defined as that process by which one fluid displaces another from a porous medium as a result of capillary forces only. Differential equations have been derived to describe the displacement of oil by water during imbibition, but these equations have not been solved.".&apos; With certain assumptions, however, solutions are possible for water-air imbibition.

By Chester T. Sims, Robert I. Jaffee

The thermoelectric behavior of the Pt—Pt-Re thermocouple and the resistance of rhenium to attack by certain molten metals is discussed. In addition, data are presented on the stress-rupture behavior of drawn wire, the tensile characteristics of rolled sheet, the variation of Young&apos;s modulus with temperature, and the effect of specimen size and fabrication method on the work harden ability. Mechanical properties of thoriated rhenium are discussed. This includes data on the effect of thoria in rhenium on tensile properties, ductility, work hardening, and recrystallization. RECENT work by the authors&apos;, has described methods of fabrication and some of the physical and mechanical properties of rhenium. Rhenium was established as a high melting, dense, refractory-type metal with favorable mechanical properties. In addition, Todd and co-workers&apos; and others" have studied such properties of rhenium as the work function, specific heat, and the resistance of rhenium to the water cycle. Revelation of these and other properties has led to serious consideration for application as electrical contacts, high temperature thermocouples, and wear resistant materials. chanical properties reported previously,&apos; several additional examinations have been conducted. The stress-rupture behavior and the Young&apos;s modulus of rhenium have been investigated at elevated temperatures. Tensile data have been obtained for rolled sheet, and a study of the relative work hardening characteristics of rod, wire, and sheet has been conducted. Variation of Modulus of Elasticity With Temperature—The Young&apos;s modulus of a % in. diam annealed rhenium rod was determined from room temperature to 880"C (1620OF). The rod, approximately 6 in. in length, was activated in a transverse vibration apparatus suspended in a furnace. The resonance frequencies of the rod were measured and used to calculate the moduli values. The driven frequency was 569 cycles per sec, and a protective helium atmosphere was used. The data, plotted in Fig. 1, show that the modulus decreases in an approximately linear manner with temperature over the range tested.

Jan 1, 1957