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By E. H. Hamilton

THE furnace on which the following investigation was based had dimensions 48 by 160 in., and was in continuous operation during the three days of the test. The average charge consisted of PER CENT. LB. PER HOUR Bed ore?14.5?2,980 Roast from Dwight-Lloyds?44.5?9,160 Siliceous ore?3.5?720 Iron flux?2.1?430 Battery plates?0.5?103 Lime rock?23.9?4,925 Briquettes?4.0?825 Scrap iron?2.1?430 M. P. slag?4.2?865 L. P.speiss?0.7?142 Total 100.0 THE furnace on which the following investigation was based had dimensions 48 by 160 in., and was in continuous operation during the three days of the test. The average charge consisted of PER CENT. LB. PER HOUR Bed ore?14.5?2,980 Roast from Dwight-Lloyds?44.5?9,160 Siliceous ore?3.5?720 Iron flux?2.1?430 Battery plates?0.5?103 Lime rock?23.9?4,925 Briquettes?4.0?825 Scrap iron?2.1?430 M. P. slag?4.2?865 L. P.speiss?0.7?142 Total?100.0?20,580

Jan 1, 1924

By W. R. Hibbard

It has been proposed1 on the basis of slip and flow that the ideal deformation texture of drawn wire for face-centered cubic metals is a (111) direction parallel to the wire axis. Under these considerations, an intermediate [loo] texture is permissible but should eventually change to the stable [Ill] orientation. This theory does not explain why copper and its alloys containing up to about 30 pct nickel, 5 pct zinc and 1 pct aluminum were found to have a double [Ill], [100] texture, while alloys with at least 8 pct zinc and 2 pct aluminum developed essentially a single [Ill] texture.1,2 It does suggest, however, that the [loo] component of the former alloys should disappear with additional deformation.3 Some evidence exists to support this suggestion. Howald4 reported that annealed copper wire previously drawn 93.8 pct and 98.5 pct developed a single [Ill] texture. Since, in wire, the drawn and annealed textures are similar, these wires probably had a single [Ill] deformation texture before annealing. In addition, although cold rolled polycrystalline copper and 80-20 brass were found to form different types of pole figures,5,6 single crystals of these metals when rolled from the stable (110) [112] orientation were found to produce essentially the same polo figure.7.8 It may be, therefore, that while the addition of solute elements changes the path by which the final texture is obtained, the final texture is not changed. Experimental Results The wires remaining from the previous investigation1 already drawn about 50 pct reduction in diameter were further drawn to 86 pct and then to 96.4 pct total reduction in diameter. The textures were determined after these stages by transmission X ray photograms taken with a copper K-alpha beam rotated 0 degrees toward the wire axis. It was found that the ratio of the [111].] and [100] intensities of the double texture in copper and its alloys containing 0.94 pct aluminum, 30.70 pct nickel, 2.61 pct zinc and 4.99 pct zinc increased from about 3:l for the 50 pct reduction to about 9:l for the 86 pct reduction. After 96.4 pct reduction, these wires exhibited essentially a single [lll] texture. Summary Thus, the drawn wire deformation texture of copper and its alpha solid solution alloys containing aluminum, nickel or zinc is essentially a single [Ill] texture as predicted by theoretical considerations of slip and flow.' For copper and its alloys containing up to about 1 pct aluminum, 5 pct zinc and at least 30 pct nickel, an intermediate [loo] component is found after about 50 pct reduction in diameter, but disappears after about 95 pct reduction in diameter. For alpha solid solution alloys containing at least about 2 pct aluminum and 8 pct zinc the single [Ill] texture is developed considerably more easily and is found after about 50 pct reduction in diameter. No explanation of this compositional effect is apparent. Similar work is contemplated for cold rolled and cold compressed alloys. References 1. w. R. Hibbard, Jr. and M. K. Yen: Trans. AIME 175, 126. Metals Tech., Feb. 1948, TP 2334. 2. W. R. Hibbard, Jr. and D. E. Trout, 11: Trans. AIME 185, 620. Jnl. of Melals, Sept. 1949, TN 18. 3. W. R. Hibbard. Jr.: Disc. of R. M. Brick's paper on Deformation Textures, ASM Symp. on Cold Working of Metals, Oct. 1948. 4. T. S. Howald: Disc. of Ref. 1. Trans. AIME, 175, 126. Melals Tech. Aug. 1948, TP 2449. 5. R. M. Brick, D. L. Martin and R. P. Angier: Trans. ASM (1943) 31, 675. 6. 0. Dahl and F. Pawlek: Zlsch. Melall. (1936) 28, 266. 7. C. S. Barrett and F. W. Steadman: Trans. AIME (1942) 147, 57. 8. J. E. Burke and C. S. Barrett: Trans. AIME 175, 106. Melals Tech., Feb. 1948. TP 2327.

Jan 1, 1950

"Located in Madison River Canyon, about 14 miles by road from Norris, Mont. Built in 1907 by Madison River Power Co.DAM: Rock filled wooden crib structure, 183 ft. long, 34 ft. high or 44 ft. to top of flashboards.SPILLWAY: 140 ft. long, equipped with flashboards 10 ft. high.PIPE: One 10-foot and one 12-foot wood-stave pipe, 7,515 feet long.PRESSURE: One pressure chamber, 32 ft. high, 30 ft. wide and 81 ft.CHAMBER: long, built of concrete.PENSTOCKS: 4 9-foot steel penstocks about 200 ft. long, one for each wheel.WATER WHEELS: 4 double horizontal, center discharge, Sampson special 44-inch turbines, 3,600 h-p., at 100 ft. head. Speed 300 r. p. m„ direct connected to generators.GENERATORS: 4 G. E., W. C., 2,250 k-w., 4,000 volts, 300 r. p. m., 3 phase, 60 cycles, alternators, with exciters mounted on same shaft.TRANSFORMERS: 12 G. E., W. C., 900 k-w., 60 cycles. High tension voltage 23,100, 34,650, 46,200; low tension voltage 4,000, 3,800, 3,600. Now operating at 46,200, delta connected. They can be connected Y for 40,000, 60,000 or 80,000.OPERATION: This is the principal plant of the whole system and carries most of the load."

Jan 1, 1913

Domestic: Middle West-,11.. B. Newcombe Eastern District-J. French Robinson1 Kansas-Henry A. Ley 2 Oklahoma-Henry A. Ley 3 Texas, except Gulf Coast and Panhandle-M. G. Cheney 5 Texas Panhandle-W. E. Hubbard and H. E. Crum 6 Gulf Coast-L. P. Teas 7 South Arkansas, North Louisiana and Mississippi-H. K. Shearer 8 Foreign Mexico-V. R. Garfias and C. 0. Isakson 9 Canada-Line M. Farish 10 Venezuela-C. W. Hamilton 10 Colombia-J. T. Duce 12 Peru-O. B. Hopkins 12 Trindad-Williaim J. Millard 13 Dutch East Indies-Fred B. Ely 13 Rumania-I. I. Gardescu . .. . 14 India-Eric J. Bradshaw 14

Jan 1, 1931

The following is a list of members who died in 1928. It is compiled from reports to the Secretary's office. Biographical sketches published in Mining and Metallurgy are indicated in the last two columns. Issue Containing Year or Date or Biography Election Name Death 1928 Page 1914 Adams. David T.................... July 22 October 471 1905 Aguilera. Pedro................... May 3 October 469 1902 Althouse, H. W.................... NOV. 3 December 559 1920 Averill: C. C...................... July 9 October 471 1915 Baldwin, C. Kemble............... Aug. 9 October 471 1926 Barquist, Walter C............... NOV. 14 June 298 Barron,* Clarence Walker......... Oct. 2 November 511 1917 Beasley, Fred E.................... Aug. 31 October 471 1901 Belden, S. B....................... May 15 July 333 1927 Binney, Edwin, Jr.................. Dec. 29 February 96 1915 Bonsall, James Malcolm............ Feb. 12 June 284 1917 Boyle, John....................... July 12 December 561 1913 BradEn, Eugene B............. Jan. 29 March 157 1889 Bulkley, Frank.................... Mar. 25 May 240 1896 Callaghan, J. T., Jr............... Apr. 1 1892 Chalmers, George.................. Feb. 4 April 197 1898 Clark, Josiah H.................. May 7 July 333 1887 Copeland, F. K............. Nov. 10 December 561 1915 Cunningham, B. L11............... Dec. 6 August 294 1888 Dana, R. T........................ Aug. 20 December 559 1907 Dennis, Clifford G............... Dec. 28 March 1 1920 DeVenny, Thomas................ Feb. 13 April 197 1882 d'Invillier-, Edward V........... Jan. 4 March 157 1884 Duncan, M. M..................... Dec. 17 February 96 1924 Dyrssen, WaldemaR ............... Aug. 4 October 471 1906 Edmondson. H. W................ Dec. 21 February 1884 Emmerton, F. A.................. Oct. 9 June 298 1911 Eu, S. H............................ July 20 February 1917 Farrand, Ira W.................... Sept. 6 October 469 1900 Fell, E. Nelson...........•......... Mar. 25 May 231 1918 Fenton, Clarence M.............. October Junet 298 1908 Ferraris, Erminio................. Sept. 22 June 298 1914 Galloway. A. D. R............... December April 215 1924 Grant, A. W., Jr................... .4pr. 5 June 285 1917 Grant, Clifford G............... Jan. 26 January? 37 1918 Grant, Frank E.............. Jan. 14 September 417 1921 Gunderoth, C. J.................. Feb. 15 1897 Harms, Ernest..................... Aug. 12 November 512 1891 Hartrick, J. S..................... Feb. 9 June 285 1925 Hochschild, Berthold.............. Jan. 24 April 197 1917 Hutton, L. W...................... NOV. 3 January 37 1894 Jenning", S. J...................... NOV. 17 December 560 1925 Jones, J. Ravenscroft............... Jan. 29 March 157 1880 Jones, J. T......................... May 4 June 284

Jan 1, 1929

By Lawrence S. Darken

STAFF: Editor, Gerhord Derge Cornegie Institute of Technology Schenley Pork Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: J. S. Smart, Jr., President; C. C. Long, Past-President; K. L. Fetters, Vice President; T. D. Jones, Treasurer; R. W. Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, K. L. Fetters, J. J. Harwood, W. A. Krivsky, F. C. Longenberg, R. E. Lund, W. 0. Philbrook, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and F. L. Vogal. Review and selection of manuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; R. E. Lund, Vice-chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewis, Paul Qusneau, A. S. Russell, R, E. Shinkoskey, W. W. Stephens, and M. E. Wadsworth. Institute of Metals Division: L. L.Seigle, Chair-man, P. A. Back, J. J. Backer, l.l. Bessen, J. 0. Betterton, Jr., J. 8. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, R. B. Gordon, C. D. Graham, Jr., R. W. Guard, J. C. Gurland, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Hager, A. A. Hendrickson, M. Harmon, J. N. Hobstatter, H. H. Johnson, Jr., H. 5. Kolish, R. R. Nash, T. N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, W. Rostokar, P. G. Shawmon, C. W. Spencer, L. Slifkin, J. K. Stanley, C. D. Starr, R. Steinitz, and H. C. Stumpf. Iron and Steel Division: H. L. Bishop, Chairman; 2. E. Boni, F. C. Langenberg, J. B. Wagstaff, and T. V. Wainwright. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Telephone: PEnnsylvania 6-9220. Subscription PetroleumEngineers,$30 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; 332, foreign; $5 for AlME members. Single copies, $4.00, single copies foreign, $5.00. The AlME is not responsible for any statement mode or opinion expressed in its publications . . . Copyright 1%1 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . Registered cable address; AIME New York ..Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts.. .Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 221, Number 4.

Jan 1, 1962

[A Aalseth, Earl P. (M 51) Geol, Amerada Petr. Corp., Box 1498, Billings, Mont. Abadie, Henry G. (M 43) Asst to Supvr of Oper, Long Beach Oil Dev. Co., 255 S. Santa Clara, Long Beach 7, Calif. Abbe, T. Waldo (A 56) Ass't Dist Oper Supt, Sun Oil Co., Beaumont, Tex. Abbott, J. L. (M 56) Partner, Pritchard & Abbott, 501, Century Bldg, Fort Worth, Tex. Abbott, Richard H. (J 51) Owner, Abbott & Howard, 422 W. Hermosa, San Antonio, Tex. Abbott, Seth J., Jr. (M 51) Tekoil Corp., .2;A6 Mercantile Nat'l. Bank. Dallas, Tex. Abbott,. William G. (M 50) Div Mgr, Rice Eng. & Op. Inc., Box 1142, Hobbs, N. M. Abderhalden, R. R. (J,59) Box 100, Carmi, Ill. Abel, Malcolm D., Gen Mgr, Bakke Oil Co., Midland, Tex. Abel, Raymond L. (M 28) Prof of Chem Engr, Univ. of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Abel, Wayne K. (M 57) 1513 Patton Drive, Odessa, Tex.]

Jan 1, 1961

By AIME AIME

HOWARD H. PRESTON, professor of economics and business at the University of Washington, presented a paper before the North Pacific Section, A.I.M.E., on Jan. 23, on the "Economic Aspects of Gold and Silver." He carefully reviewed recent governmental actions that have affected those metals and gave an interpretation of their effects. A brief excerpt from his address; follows: Including the proclamation of March 6, 1933, the principal steps of the present Administration which have carried the United States off the gold standard and led up to the present program have been: (1) The Presidential proclamation of March 6 controlling gold. (2) The monetary sections of the Emergency Banking Act of March 9. (3) Mobilization of gold under Executive orders issued March 10 and April 5. (4) The gold embargo by Executive order, April 20. (5) The controlled inflation bill, May 12. (6) The joint resolution abrogating the gold clauses, June 5. (7) The Executive orders on newly mined gold, Aug. 28. (8) The President's radio address of Oct. 22 and the R.F.C. gold-buying program. (9) New anti-hoarding order calling in small holdings of gold, Dec. 28, 1933 and Jan. 15, 1934. (10) Nationalization and revaluation of gold' (Message to Congress, Jan. 15).

Jan 1, 1934

By B. W. Levinger

THE lattice parameter of the ß form of pure titanium has been measured at elevated temperature.', ' No attempt was made, however, to correct the parameter obtained to room temperature. In the course of phase diagram studies at Armour Research Foundation and elsewhere, the variation of ß-phase lattice parameter with composition has been established in a number of binary and ternary systems involving titanium. It was possible to extrapolate in these instances to 100 pct Ti to find the apparent lattice parameter of ß titanium at room temperature. Table I lists the results thus obtained. The suggested value for the lattice parameter of ß titanium is the average of the extrapolated values 3.276 ±0.003 kX. This suggested value gives an interatomic distance in ± titanium of 2.837 kX and hence a Goldschmidt atomic diameter (coordination number 12) of 2.925 kX. The latter agrees closely with the value of 2.93 given by Hume-Rothery." From the data of Adenstedt and coworkers' it was possible to determine by extrapolation the mean coefficient of linear expansion for /3 titanium in the range from room temperature to 1000°C. This value, 10.1x10-8 per degree C, compares with about 11x10-8 for a titanium in a similar range." It was thus possible to calculate the parameter at 900 °C. The value of 3.305 kX agrees well with 3.3065 given by Eppel-sheimer.' The majority of values reported in the literature7-', ' were given as Angstroms. In at least one case, ref. 8, it was shown that they actually represented kX units. The source of this confusion appears to be that a large number of tables of X-ray emission spectra list wavelengths as Angstroms and give values in kX units. The accepted conversion factor for kX units to Angstroms (10.' cm) is 1.00202. Thus the parameter of ß titanium suggested corresponds to 3.282A. References J. H. de Boer, W. G. Burgers, and J. D. Fast: Proc. Acad. Amsterdam (1936) 39, p. 515. 2D. S. Eppelsheimer and R. R. Penman: Nature (Dec. 2, 1950) 166, p. 960. 3 W. Hume-Rothery: The Structure of Metals and Alloys (1945) London. Inst. Metals. 4 H. K. Adenstedt, J. R. Pequignot, and J. M. Raymer: Trans. ASM (1952) 44, p. 990. 5 Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie. Titan, Verlag Chemie, Weinhein (1951). 8 P. Pietrokowsky and P. Duwez: Trans. AIME (1952) 194, p. 627; Journal of Metals (June 1952). 7 P. Duwez and J. L. Taylor: Trans. ASM (1952) 44. D. 495. 8 M. Hansen, E. L. Kamen, H. D. Kessler, and D. J. McPherson: Trans. AIME (1951) 191, p, 881; Journal of Metals (October 1951). 8 Unpublished Research, Armour Research Foundation.

Jan 1, 1954

ALEXANDER, JOHN S, M,'74-6,'81-3 ASHBURNER, C A, M, '85-7 ASMUS, GEORGE, Dl, '78-80 BACON, D H , M, '00-2 BAYLES, JAMES C , M,'80-2,'91-3 P, '84-5, V,'88-9 BIRKINBINE, JOHN, M, '83-5, V, 'S7-J, P, '91-2 BLAIR, THOMAS S , M, '74-43 BLAKE, WILLIAM P , V,'71-4,'76-7,'05-6 BLANDY, JOHN F, V,'71-3,'78-9 BLOW, A A, C, '05-7 BOWIE, A J , JR, V,'93-4 BRAMWELL, J H , A1, '89-91 BROOKS, THOS B , M, '72 BRUNTON, D W , V, 97-8 BUCK, STUART M , M, '83-5 BURDEN, JAMES A, V,'80-1 BURNHAM, WILLIAM, M, '82-4. CAMPBELL, H H, M, '93-5 CHAMBERLAIN, H S , V, '96-7 CHANNING, J PARKE, V,'08 CHRISTY, S B , V. '91-2, '07-8 CHURCH, JOHN A, M, '79-8l,'94-6, V, '07-8 COGSWELL, W B, V, '74-5,'86-7

Jan 1, 1910

ALEXANDER, JOHN S, M,'74-6,'81-3 *ASHBURNER, C A, M, '85-7 ASMUS, GEORGE, Dl, '78-80 BACON, D H , M, '00-2 BAYLES, JAMES C , M,'80-2,'91-3 P, '84-5, V,'88-9 BIRKINBINE, JOHN, M, '83-5, V, 'S7-J, P, '91-2 BLAIR, THOMAS S , M, '74-43 BLAKE, WILLIAM P , V,'71-4,'76-7,'05-6 *BLANDY, JOHN F, V,'71-3,'78-9 BLOW, A A, C, '05-7 BOWIE, A J , JR, V,'93-4 *BRAMWELL, J H , A1, '89-91 BROOKS, THOS B , M, '72 BRUNTON, D W , V, 97-8 BUCK, STUART M , M, '83-5 *BURDEN, JAMES A, V,'80-1 BURNHAM, WILLIAM, M, '82-4. CAMPBELL, H H, M, '93-5 CHAMBERLAIN, H S , V, '96-7 CHANNING, J PARKE, V,'08 CHRISTY, S B , V. '91-2, '07-8 CHURCH, JOHN A, M, '79-8l,'94-6, V, '07-8 COGSWELL, W B, V, '74-5,'86-7

Jan 1, 1910

By David Turnbull

STAFF: Editor, Gerhard Derge Carnegie Institute of Technology Schenley Park Pittsburgh 13, Pa. Editorial Assistant, M. A. Redmerski Production Editor, Otto T. Johnson THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: J. S. Smart, Jr., President; C. C. Long, Past-President; K. L. Fetters, Vice President; T. D. Jones, Treasurer; R. W, Shearman, Secretary. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF THE METALLURGICAL SOCIETY: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; H. L. Bishop, K. L. Fetters, J. J. Harwood, W. A. Krivsky, F. C. Langenberg, R. E. Lund, W. O. Philbrook, L. L. Seigle, R. L. Smith, and F. L. Vogel. Review and selection of monuscripts is under the supervision of the following Publications Committees: Extractive Metallurgy Division: C. L. McCabe, Chairman; R. E. Lund, Vice-Chairman; D. H. Baker, Jr., W. A. Krivsky, R. A. Lewis, Paul Queneau, A. S. Russell, R. E. Shinkoskey, W, W. Stephens, and M. E. Wadsworth. Institute of Metals Division: L. L. Seigle, Chairman, Paul A. Beck, I. I. Bessen, J. 0. Better-ton, Jr., J. B. Clark, R. S. Davis, A. E. Dwight, R. W. Fountain, R. B. Gordon, C. D. Graham, Jr., R. W. Guard, J. C. Gurland, E. L. Harmon, J. J. Heger, A. A. Hendricksan, M. Herman, J. N. Hobstetter, H. H. Johnson, Jr., R. R. Nash, T- N. Rhodin, R. H. Richman, W. Ros-toker, P. G. Shewmon, C. W. Spencer, L.SIifkin, J. K. Stanley, C. D. Starr, and H. C. Stumpf. Iron and Steel Division: H. L. Bishop, Chairman; R. E. Boni, F. C. Langenberg, J. B. Wagstaff, and T. V. Wainwright. Published bimonthly by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., 29 West 39th Street, New York 18, N. Y. Telephone: PEnnsylvania 6-9220. Subscription $20 per year for non-AIME members in United States and North, South, and Central America; $25, foreign; $5 for AIME members. Single copies, $4.00, single copies foreign, $5.00. The AIME is not responsible for any statement made or opinion expressed in its publications . . . Copyright 1961 by the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. . . . Registered cable address, AIME New York .. . Indexed in Engineering Index, Industrial Arts Index, and Chemical Abstracts . . . Second class postage paid at New York, N. Y., and Ann Arbor, Mich. Volume 221, Number 3.

Jan 1, 1962

By Paul A. Beck, John Towers, W. D. Manly

Recent work on grain growth in high purity aluminum and in a solid solution type alloy of aluminum and magnesium1 showed that the isothermal increase of the average grain diameter D with time follows the equation D = K(tg + A)2 Eq 1 Here tg is that portion of the total annealing time 1, which is available for grain growth, that is the annealing time less the time necessary for complete recrystallization. The parameters A and n depend only on the temperature. A has the dimension of time, and is usually of the same order of magnitude as the time for recrystallization: R. In some instances R may be substituted for A in Eq I. This is the case for example at long periods of annealing or at high temperatures, where both A and R become small in comparison with t. In such instances Eq I is simplified to D = K, tn Eq 2 For high purity aluminum the exponent n increases in the ratio of about I to 5 in. the temperature range of 350' to 6w°C. 70-30 brass has been long known to exhibit grain growth of the continuous type, such as occurs in pure metals. For this reason, it was of interest to determine whether grain growth in brass also follows Eq I and 2 as it does in aluminum. Isotherma1 grain growth data for 70-30 brass were published in recent years by R. S. French2 and by H. L. Walker.' Fig I shows a log D vs. log t plot of French's data, together with the 500, 600 and 700°C data by Walker for 42.8 pct reduction by rolling. In such a log D vs. log t plot Eq 2 corresponds to a straight line with a slope of n. As seen in Fig I, the data of French and the 600°C data of Walker can be represented by straight lines. However, the 500 and 7c0°C data of Walker give curved lines and the average slope of his 500°C line is very different from the slope of the line representing French's data for the same temperature. Furthermore the curvature of the 700°C line suggests a tendency for grain growth to stop after 8 hr. If confirmed, this would constitute a definite deviation from Eq 2, not explainable on the basis of the specimen thickness effect found in high purity aluminum.' Walker's specimens were 0.125 in., or 3.18 mm thick, while the deviation occurs at a grain size of approximately 0.4 mm. A further point of divergence arose recently, when J. E. Burke suggested4 on the basis of Walker's data, that, instead of Eq 2, grain growth in 70-30 brass follows the equation D - D, = K . tgn Eq 3 Here D, is the grain size as recrystallized at the temperature in question. Although it was possible to show5 that, for pure aluminum, for which isothermal grain growth has been carefully investigated, Eq 3 is incompatible with the experimental facts, the situation remained somewhat obscure with respect to 70-30 brass. In view of the discrepancies between the published data on brass from different

Jan 1, 1949

By John Towers, Paul A. Beck, W. D. Manly

Recent work on grain growth in high purity aluminum and in a solid solution type alloy of aluminum and magnesium1 showed that the isothermal increase of the average grain diameter D with time follows the equation D = K(tg + A)2 Eq 1 Here tg is that portion of the total annealing time 1, which is available for grain growth, that is the annealing time less the time necessary for complete recrystallization. The parameters A and n depend only on the temperature. A has the dimension of time, and is usually of the same order of magnitude as the time for recrystallization: R. In some instances R may be substituted for A in Eq I. This is the case for example at long periods of annealing or at high temperatures, where both A and R become small in comparison with t. In such instances Eq I is simplified to D = K, tn Eq 2 For high purity aluminum the exponent n increases in the ratio of about I to 5 in. the temperature range of 350' to 6w°C. 70-30 brass has been long known to exhibit grain growth of the continuous type, such as occurs in pure metals. For this reason, it was of interest to determine whether grain growth in brass also follows Eq I and 2 as it does in aluminum. Isotherma1 grain growth data for 70-30 brass were published in recent years by R. S. French2 and by H. L. Walker.' Fig I shows a log D vs. log t plot of French's data, together with the 500, 600 and 700°C data by Walker for 42.8 pct reduction by rolling. In such a log D vs. log t plot Eq 2 corresponds to a straight line with a slope of n. As seen in Fig I, the data of French and the 600°C data of Walker can be represented by straight lines. However, the 500 and 7c0°C data of Walker give curved lines and the average slope of his 500°C line is very different from the slope of the line representing French's data for the same temperature. Furthermore the curvature of the 700°C line suggests a tendency for grain growth to stop after 8 hr. If confirmed, this would constitute a definite deviation from Eq 2, not explainable on the basis of the specimen thickness effect found in high purity aluminum.' Walker's specimens were 0.125 in., or 3.18 mm thick, while the deviation occurs at a grain size of approximately 0.4 mm. A further point of divergence arose recently, when J. E. Burke suggested4 on the basis of Walker's data, that, instead of Eq 2, grain growth in 70-30 brass follows the equation D - D, = K . tgn Eq 3 Here D, is the grain size as recrystallized at the temperature in question. Although it was possible to show5 that, for pure aluminum, for which isothermal grain growth has been carefully investigated, Eq 3 is incompatible with the experimental facts, the situation remained somewhat obscure with respect to 70-30 brass. In view of the discrepancies between the published data on brass from different

Jan 1, 1949

By F. W. Maclennan

The following is a list of members who died in 1929. It is compiled from reports to the Secretary's office. Biographical sketches published in Mining and Metallurgy are indicated in the last two columns. Issue Containing Year of Date of Biography Election Name Death 1929 Page 1922 Adams, Waldo Peck................................ June 2 September 435 1903 Argall, Joseph.................................... Nov. 1 1894 Austin, Leonard S................................. Oct. 30 December 580 1905 Bailed, Melbourne.........................Dec. 12 May* 280 1890 Barringer, Daniel M.............................. Nov. 30 February* 119 1895 Batchelleb, HENRr R.............................. Jan. 15 March 167 BINGHAM Charles E............................. 1923 Bibkett, E. H..................................... Apr. 23 August 394 1913 Bibbell, Robert W................................. Jan. 18 April 214 1926 Blackmar, Don C.................................. June 4 March* 189 1920 Bosworth, T. O.................................... Jan. 18 April 214 1894 Boucher, Arthur S..........................Jan. 6 May 257 1927 Brandenthaler, R. R.............................. Dec. 14 January* 64 1889 Bretherton, S. E............................... Oct. 4 December 581 1911 Brunton, F. K................ .. Aug. 17 1924 Brush, Charles F................................. June 15 September 436 1925 Cameron, Frank N........................May 16 July 349 1891 Chambers, Robert E.............................. May July 348 1908 Clark, J. Murray................................. Dec. 3 August* 407 1883 Clymer, edward T............................. Oct. 13 December 579 1914 Cofpey, George T................................. May 8 July 349 1901 Cooke, L. H....................................... Aug. 23 November 537 1915 Cousins, George W........................ June 30 February* 118 1886 Cowles, A. H...................................... Aug. 13 September 436 1892 Crane, Theron I............................. Nov. 2 December 579 1921 Crowell, Samuel B................................ Dec. 9 January* 64 1907 Curtis, Bracey.................................... Jan. 31 April 215 1895 de Batz, Rene........ ............... January March* 189 1928 Dines, Tyson S.................................... March May 257 1909 Dufourco, R. G............................. January November 537 1920 Ericsson, Eric A.................................. Apr. 4 April* 231 1920 Erlenborn, Willi....................... Nov. 10 March* 189 1888 Farish, John B.................................... Nov. 14 December 580 1891 Ferguson, Vincent........................... Mar. 8 May 257 1917 Finucane, T. R.................................... Mar. 22 February* 118 1921 Foch, Ferdinand................................... Mar. 20 1885 Foucar, Edouard I....................... Jan. 3 March 167 1880 Francklyn, Charles G............................. Jan. 11 April 214 1925 Friedl, Arthur J.............................. July 9 September 435 1894 Fuller, James W. Jr............................... April 4 1876 . Goodale, Charles W.............................. April 11 May 258 1912 Graybill, John..........................Dec. 11 June* 320 1887 Gritzner, F. A.................................. Mar. 26 July 394 1906 Gunther, C. Godfrey.............................. Deo. 26 February* 118 1900 Haggen, Edward A.............................. Apr. 22 October 488 1895 Hall, Benjamin M........................Nov. 19 March* 189 1913 Harper, Walter S................................. Feb. 15 August 394 1921 Hawley, William S................................ Apr. 20 June 298 1920 Herd, Walter ... . . . ..... Aug. 23 September 435 1889 Holt, Marmadtjke B............................... Dec. 26 February* 118 1928 Husk, Albert D .... ................June 9 December 580 1920 Hutchinson, S. Pemberton......................... Feb. 16 April 214 1926 Ivanoff, Constantine L............................ Mar. 7 June 298 1914 Jaeger, Frederick..... .............July 28 October 488 1891 Jennings, Robert E.......................Oct. 30 December 580 1922 Johnson, Homar L................................. Sept. 17 October 483 1927 Johnson, Homer H................................. Mar. 21 May 257 1918 Jones, Jesse L ..... ...............Jan. 22 April 214 1892 Jones, Thomas J................................... June 18 October 488 1883 JoOet, Cavalier H................................. Mar. 29 May 258 1881 Kennedy, John S . . . . ... ..........Apr. 22 August 394 1881 Kennedy,- Hugh.................................... May 23 September 435 1895 Kebvin, James H................................... September October 488 1926 Kkom, L. J........................................ Dec. 24 January* 64 1905 La Follette, Harvey M........................... Sept. 19 November 538 1920 MacDonald, Alexander............................ May August 394 1904 Marengo, Paolo................................... May 257 1925 Maxwell, Allison R............................... May 7 November 538

Jan 1, 1930

The State Mining Experiment Station, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo Charles H. Fulton, Director of the School of Mines Martin H. Thornberry, Director of the Mining Experiment Station. From the State Mining Experiment Station are issued all the general and technical bulletins of the School of Mines The latest bulletin containing a complete list of publications will be sent upon application to the Director of the Station Residents of the state may obtain bulletins as issued without charge, or may ask to be placed on the mailing list. Nonresidents should write to the Director for further information concerning specific bulletins. From the long list of bulletins the following have been care¬fully selected as being most likely to interest the geologist and the mining engineer. Vol 8, No. 1 (1916), Bibliography of concentrating ores by flotation, by J Cunningham, vol 1, No 3 (1912), Some apparatus and methods for demonstrating rock drilling and the loading of drill holes in tunneling, by L E Young, vol 2, No 1 (1915), Comparative tests of piston drill bits, by C R Forbes and L M Cummings; vol 2, No 3 (1916), Cupellation losses in assaying, by H. T Mann and C. Y Clayton; vol 4, No 1 (1917), The hydrometallurgy and electrolytic precipitation of zinc, by F D. James; vol 4, No 2 (1917), The effect of additional agents in flotation, pt 1, by M. H. Thornberry and H T. Mann, vol 5, No 1 (1919), The carbonization of Missouri cannel coals, by H L. Dunlap, K. K. Kershner and V. X Smiley. Vol 5, No. 4 (1921), Coal mining methods in Missouri, by W W Weigel, vol 6, No 1 (1921), The problem of the St Peter sand¬stone, by C L Dake, 50 cents, vol 6, No. 2 (1922), Bibliography on the electrothermic metallurgy of zinc, by B M. O'Harra, vol 6, No. 4 (1923), Experiments on the distillation of zinc from complex zinc-lead-silver ores, by B M. O'Harra and E S. Wheeler, vol 7, No 3 (1924), Underground loading devices, by C. E. van Barneveld, 81; vol 7, No. 4 (1924), Briquetting of zinc ores, by B. M. O'Harra; vol. 8, No 2 (1925), A treatise of Missouri clays, by M. H. Thornberry.

Jan 1, 1933

CONTENTS PAGE THOENEN, J. R.-Limestone Production as a Mining Problem. Discussed by Oliver Bowles, J. T. Singewald, S. R. Russell 1 GRIGGS, C. C.-Engineering in Limestone Production. Discussed by W. C. Phalen, John Rice, Samuel M. Shallcross, Oliver Bowles, Nathan C. Rockwood, George Milliron 2 WILDER, FRANK A.-Rotary Calciners for Gypsum. Discussed by L. K. Arm-strong 9 PORTER, JOHN J.-Manufacturing Problems of Cement Industry. Discussed by Samuel M. Shallcross 9 KIRKHAM, VIRGIL R. D.-Phosphate Deposits of Idaho and Their Relation to the World Supply. Discussed by F. A. Wilder, S. L. Willis, G. R. Mansfield, R. W. Stone, L. K. Armstrong 9 Limestone Production as a Mining Problem Discussion of the paper of J. R. THOENEN, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1925, and issued, as Paper 1417-H, with MINING AND METALLURGY, February, 1925. OLIVER BOWLES, New Brunswick, N. J.-I am so thoroughly convinced of the growing importance of underground work in the production of limestone that I had the author make a detailed study of limestone mining for the Bureau of Mines and prepare a report on the principles of limestone mining. Many limestone operators, long accustomed to open¬pit work, are being forced to mining. About 6 months ago I thought there were twenty-five or thirty underground limestone operations in the United States but the author has been finding new ones until his list now runs nearer sixty. Some of these are very extensive; one at least has 4 ½ miles of underground workings. There is an ever-expanding field for the engineer in the operation of limestone mines and quarries. Some of the larger companies realize the need of skilled engineering advice, but many of the companies regard the engineer as an unnecessary expense. Although almost every metal mine, even those handling only a few hundred tons of ore per month, employs a mining engineer, many limestone operations ten times as large employ no mining engineers. Few mining engineers are at all familiar

Jan 6, 1925

By L. C. Graton

[CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. By George M. Fowler2 Question 1-Is Structural Deformation of Some Character Always Necessary for the Migration of Mineralizing Solutions, Especially in Limestone or Other Dense Rock? DISCUSSION by: A. M. Bateman 10 S. F. Kelly 15 C. H. Behre, Jr 8, 13 G. B. Langford 13 T. M. Broderick11 H. E. McKinstry6 R. H. Clarke 13 D. H. McLaughlin8 J. D. Forrester for M. H. Gidel . . . 4 W. H. Newhouse13 G. M. Fowler 2, 6, 11 R. H. Sales 6 L. C. Graton 11 Edward Sampson 12 R. D. Hoffman 10 J. S. Stevenson 7 I. B. Joralemon11 L. B. Wright 2 Question 2-What Are Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Certain Beds within a Limestone Formation that Determine Their Favorable or Unfavorable Aspects as Reservoirs for Ore and Other Introduced Minerals? DISCUSSION by: G. W. Bain 17G. M. Fowler 21 C. H. Behre, Jr21L. C. Graton18 J. S. Brown 16G. F. Loughlin18 E. L. Bruce 19R. H. Sales 19 R. H. Clarke 20A. K. Snelgrove 20 Question 3-Are There Any Criteria by Which One Can Determine When Mining Operations Have Reached the Roots of an Ore Deposit? DISCUSSION by: J. M. Boutwell29G. B. Langford 29 T. M. Broderick28G. F. Loughlin25 E. Y. Dougherty27R. H. Sales 24 G. M. Fowler 22F. A. Thomson 26 I. B. Joralemon 22Edward Wisser 30 General S. F. Kelly35 References36

Jan 1, 1940

By W. J. Romanow

RECENT papers by Williams, Sherwood, and Boothby,1 Seybolt et al.2 Heikes; and Roberts4 attest to the increasing importance of the hexagonal ferromagnetic compound MnBi. Since the magnetic properties of MnBi crystals are highly anisotropic, it is useful and necessary to have appropriate aids for determining their orientations—a (00.1) standard stereographic projection and a corresponding table of crystallographic angles for this structure. The tables of crystallographic angles for the hexagonal system available in the literature5 are computed for c/a ratios greater than that of MnBi and cannot satisfactorily be used to find the crystallographic angles of MnBi. A table of angles between the crystallographic planes (HK.L) and (hk.1) was calculated for MnBi from the formula0 F=are cos Hh+Kk+ 1/2(Hk+hK) + 3/4 (a/c)2Ll/v(H2 + K2 + HK + 3/4 (a/c)2L2) (h2+ k2+hk + 3/4 (a/c)2l2) on an IBM Type 650 Magnetic Drum Data Processing machine. The lattice constants used are listed in Table I and are those determined by Willis and Rooksby7 at 20°C. More recently published values obtained by both X-ray and neutron diffraction"' show no difference from these significant to the calculation. From the crystallographic angles between the basal plane (00.1) and the general plane (hk.1) in Table I, an (00.1) standard stereographic projection was made for MnBi which is shown in Fig. 1. Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank R. G. Treuting and J. N. Hobstetter for their technical assistance, and Miss D. P. Booth for programing the IBM machine for the calculations. He appreciates the opportunity to read the paper of B. W. Roberts of General Electric Co. prior to its publication. References 1H. J. Williams, R. C. Sherwood, and 0. L. Boothby: Bulletin Amer. Physical Soc., 1956 vol. 1, p. 132. 2 A. U. Seybolt, H. Hangen, B. W. Roberts, and P. Yurcisin: AIME Trans., 1956, vol. 206, p. 605: Journal oF Metals, May 1956. 3R. R. Heikes: Physical Review, 1955, vol. 99, p. 446. .B. W. Roberts: A Neutron Diffraction Study of the Structures of Manganese B.W.Roberts:ANeutronDiffractionBismuthide, Physical. Review, 1956, vol. 104, p. 607. 5 A. Taylor and S. Leber: AIME Trans., 1954, vol. 200, p. 190; JouRNal of Metals February 1954. « C. S. Barrett: Structure of Metals, 2nd Ed., p. 635. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York and London, 1952. 7B. T. M. Willis and H. P. Rooksby: Proceedings Physical Soc., London, 1954, vol. 67B, p. 290.

Jan 1, 1958

CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. By George M. Fowler 2 Question 1-Is Structural Deformation of Some Character Always Necessary for the Migration of Mineralizing Solutions, Especially in Limestone or Other Dense Rock? DISCUSSION by: A. M. Bateman 10 S. F. Kelly 15 C. H. Behre, Jr 8, 13 G. B. Langford 13 T. M. Broderick 11 H. E. McKinstry 6 R. H. Clarke 13 D. H. McLaughlin 8 J. D. Forrester for M. H. Gidel . . . 4 W. H. Newhouse 13 G. M. Fowler 2, 6, 11 R. H. Sales 6 L. C. Graton 11 Edward Sampson 12 R. D. Hoffman 10 J. S. Stevenson 7 I. B. Joralemon 11 L. B. Wright 2 Question 2-What Are Some of the Chemical and Physical Characteristics in Cer¬tain Beds within a Limestone Formation that Determine Their Favorable or Unfavorable Aspects as Reservoirs for Ore and Other Introduced Minerals? DISCUSSION by: G. W. Bain 17 G. M. Fowler 21 C. H. Behre, Jr 21 L. C. Graton 18 J. S. Brown 16 G. F. Loughlin 18 E. L. Bruce 19 R. H. Sales 19 R. H. Clarke 20 A. K. Snelgrove 20 Question 3-Are There Any Criteria by Which One Can Determine When Min¬ing Operations Have Reached the Roots of an Ore Deposit? DISCUSSION by: J. M. Boutwell 29 G. B. Langford 29 T. M. Broderick 28 G. F. Loughlin 25 E. Y. Dougherty 27 R. H. Sales 24 G. M. Fowler 22 F. A. Thomson 26 I. B. Joralemon 22 Edward Wisser 30 General S. F. Kelly 35 References 36

Jan 1, 1940