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The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) was established in the public interest to conclude inquiries and scientific and technologic investigations on mining and the preparation, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances; to promote health and safety in the mineral industries; to conserve material resources and prevent their waste; to further economic development; to increaseee efficiency in the mining, metallurgical, quarrying, and other mineral industries; and to inquire into the economic conditions affecting those industries. The organic act of the Bureau, as amended by Congress and approved February 25, 1913, made it the province and duty of the U.S. Bureau of Mines to "disseminate information concerning these subjects in such manner as will best carry out the purposes of this Act." In accordance with this directive, USBM reports the findings of its research and investigations in its own series of publications and also in articles that appear in scientific, technical, and trade journals; in proceedings of conventions and seminars; in reference books; and in other non-USBM publications. The number of these reports, the wide range of subjects they cover, and the variety of mediums in which they appear make this kind of list both necessary and valuable. This edition describes reports and articles published during calendar years 1992 and 1993. It supplements the 50-year list of Bureau publications from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 19602; and these 5-year lists of publications and articles: from January 1, 1965, to December 31, 1969\ from January 1, 1970, to December 31,19745, from January 1, 1975, to December 31, 19796, from January 1, 1980, to December 31,19847, and from January 1, 1985, to December 31, 19898?.

Jan 1, 2007

By T. Muldoon

Literature review and extensive field survey of line and check curtain materials and practices showed: ? Miners, in general, know how to set tight curtains, and do so when needed. ? The tradeoff is economic; tight ventilation is labor-intensive. Line and check curtain techniques found are catalogued and evaluated. A fieldworthy 10 ft extensible brattice to maintain a 10 ft setback was found in use in two mines on continuous miner faces. This technique was evaluated in the laboratory for leakage and methane control at the face. Significant results include: 1) Air leakage through a gap in the extensible curtain depends upon the ratio of the cross-sectional areas between entry and return as well as gap area; 2) Gap shape has no significant effect on methane concentrations at the face -increasing gap area diminishes ventilation effectivness; and 3) Substantial reductions of CH4 concentrations at the face were accomplished by brattice extensions with gaps of up to 5 ft2 in area. An "inby hook," inserted in the roof automatically to make possible the deployment of a longer (20 ft) brattice extension in the context of a remotely controlled miner, was tested in various roof types. Insertion of this design succeeded only in coal.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. W. Thompson

ESTATE IN MINERALS. Minerals beneath the surface may be made the subject of separate ownership either by a grant of the minerals by the owner of the land or by a grant of the land excepting the minerals, and thereby an estate in fee simple is created in the minerals, as corporeal things real. Colby, In re, Iowa, 169 Northwestern 443, p. 444. DEEDS EXCHANGING DIFFERENT MINERALS-RIGHTS OF PARTIES. The lands of two adjoining owners were underlaid with cement rock and clay at a depth of about 100 feet from the surface and with coal veins some 600 feet below the surface. By an exchange of deeds one of the land owners conveyed to the other the cement rock and clay with the right to mine and remove the same without entering upon the surface, but the deed contained no covenant not to injure the surface. The other deed conveyed the coal seam and so much of the rock and other minerals just above and below the coal as might be required in connection with the mining and removing of the coal, together with the right to mine and remove the same, and the adja- cent rock, clay, and other minerals, without entering upon or injuring the surface, with one immaterial exception. The deeds do not define the word "surface" and neither expressly nor by implication did they secure to the coal owner the right to subside the overlying cement rock; but the implication is to the contrary, as the deed gives the right to mine and remove coal without entering upon or injuring the surface. The provision that the coal owner should not enter upon or injure the surface amounts to a clause that the coal mine. shall not be worked so as to let down the surface and this does not create any inconsistency with the provision giving the right to mine and carry away the coal.

Jan 1, 1919

By L. A. Morley

This report summarizes the work performed on Bureau of Mines Contract J0199106, "Portable Trailing Cables, Splices, and Couplers - Design and Installation Considerations," from May 1, 1979 until December 31, 1981. Splice installations and considerations for the possible use of conductive-rubber shielding in low-voltage trailing cables as well as coupler installations in high-voltage cables were the principal tasks. Flammability measurements on cable components and general testing facilities for mine electrical equipment were secondary tasks. Theoretical and empirical data indicate that conductive rubber with high resistivity values is an unsatisfactory shield design for current-sensing fault detection. Elimination of partial discharge in coupler installations requires meticulous care.

Jan 1, 1982

By S. J. Schatzel, W. P. Diamond

Longwall mining alters the fluid-flow-related reservoir properties of the rocks overlying and underlying an extracted panel due to fracturing and relaxation of the strata. These mining-related disturbances create new pressure depletion zones and new flow paths for gas migration and may cause unexpected or uncontrolled migration of gas into the underground workplace. One common technique to control methane emissions in longwall mines is to drill vertical gob gas vent holes into each longwall panel to capture the methane within the overlying fractured strata before it enters the work environment. Thus, it is important to optimize the well parameters, e.g., the borehole diameter, and the length and position of the slotted casing interval relative to the fractured gas-bearing zones. This paper presents the development and results of a comprehensive, "dynamic," three-dimensional reservoir model of a typical multipanel Pittsburgh coalbed longwall mine. The alteration of permeability fields in and above the panels as a result of the mining- induced disturbances has been estimated from mechanical modeling of the overlying rock mass. Model calibration was performed through history matching the gas production from gob gas ventholes in the study area. Results presented in this paper include a simulation of gas flow patterns from the gas-bearing zones in the overlying strata to the mine environment, as well as the influence of completion practices on optimizing gas production from gob gas ventholes.

By Charles L. Kusik

A study was conducted for the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, to provide information which will lead to an increase in the recycling of mineral materials, in order to help conserve the Nation's mineral resources. Data were collected on energy requirements to recycle prompt industrial and obsolete scrap for nine metal commodities: Iron and steel, aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, stainless steel, titanium, tin, and nickel and nickel alloys. Major process routes for recycling were considered, starting from the first collection point through scrap preparation, transportation, smelting and/or refining to the molten metal, ingot, or other semi- finished form approximately equivalent to a primary metal of a similar composition. Available data for 1976 were collected on the amounts of each metal commodity recycled by major scrap categories. In addition, energy requirements were estimated for separating municipal solid wastes into four major categories: Refuse-derived fuel, and magnetic, aluminum, and glass cullet fractions. Finally, areas of research were identified to enhance recycling and/or increase the efficiency of energy use.

Jan 1, 1978

By M. Zaki El-Sabban

Tables of chemical thermodynamic properties for the ideal gas state from 0° to 1,000° K are reported for eight alkanethiols, three cycloalkanethiols and arylthiols, six thiaalkanes, two dithiaalkanes, three thiacycloalkanes, and three thiophenes. They are based on current physical and thermochemical constants and definitions, reliable vibrational assignments, and the latest insights into molecular structure and energetics.

Jan 1, 1970

A working understanding of present coal mine communications equipment and its usage is an essential prerequisite to the determination of future communications systems needs. As a means of gaining this understanding, a field survey program was planned and implemented. The plan formulated called for obtaining both qualitative and quantitative data from three main areas of interest: the types, physical condition, and performance characteristics of equipment presently used in the sample of mines to be visited; the relationship present communications has to safety and productivity; and the practical, future communications needs as derived through interviews with present mine management. In compliance with the original plan, the type and physical condition of equipment in use was found through at-mine interviews of personnel responsible for installation and maintenance. Further evaluation was made through the review of equipment instruction books and maintenance manuals and through in-mine inspection of communications equipment and signal distribution networks. The performance characteristics were determined through listening to conversations and noise levels and by talk-testing from randomly selected stations throughout each mine. System operation was evaluated by asking communication system users their opinions and by noting any difficulties personnel had using the systems.

Jan 1, 1974

By Adrian J. Mathias

This report presents the results of an investigation of a mine production-scheduling model and a critical path analysis for long-range mine planning. An example is given to illustrate how these techniques might be used to plan long-range development and production scheduling for a large underground mine. The model, based on estimated ore block grades and tonnages, and on designed mine development layout, simulates mining of ore blocks in a sequence necessary to fulfill mill requirements for ore tonnage and grade evaluation within pre-established system restrictions. Simulated production schedules are obtained as output from the model. These production schedules are then incorporated into a critical path analysis to determine the sequence for the long-range development work so as to fulfill the production schedules and thereby meet the ore grade and tonnage requirements of the mill.

Jan 1, 1967

By Christopher Mark

This proceedings volume contains papers presented at technology transfer seminars sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) on New Technology for Ground Control in Retreat Mining. The seminars were conducted at five locations: Uniontown, PA (March 26, 1997), Norton, VA (April 8, 1997), Pikeville, KY (April 10, 1997), Charleston, WV (April 17, 1997), and Evansville, IN (April 22, 1997). The papers presented here describe several new, highly practical technologies developed by the NIOSH Pittsburgh and Spokane Research Centers3 to improve safety during pillar retreat operations. Two central issues are addressed: pillar design and mobile roof supports (MRS's). Proper pillar sizing is essential for safe pillar extraction. The Analysis of Retreat Mining Pillar Stability (ARMPS) program and its large data base of actual mining case histories are presented. LAMODEL, a second computer program, can be used for analysis of multiple-seam and other complex mining situations. Other papers address pillar design to avoid massive pillar collapses and the proper role of coal strength testing. MRS's have greatly improved safety where they are used for pillar line support. We studied the application of MRS's at 20 mines throughout the Eastern United States. Conclusions regarding the most effective section layouts, cut sequences, and support placements are reported. Field and laboratory tests of MRS's are also described.

Jan 1, 1997

By Bruce F. Grant

"INTRODUCTION The future of oil production in the part of the Appalachian region included in southwestern Pennsylvania; West Virginia, and southeastern Ohio is directly dependent on the maintenance of existing wells. This report presents an analytical study of the methods used in oil-well reconditioning in this area. The study is part of a research program designed to evaluate those means of stimulating oil production that can effectively and economically maintain present oil-production rates and make it possible to keep existing wells in operation. Well-reconditioning work was curtailed during the war; therefore, an abnormally large number of wells in the Appalachian Region is now in need of repair. Because the lubricant content of Appalachian crude: oils is high and the refined lubricating oils an; particularly suited to use in high speed, high-temperature engines, the demand for these crude oils during the war exceeds, the maximum rate of production obtainable under wartime operating conditions. Increases in operating, expenses, inability to meet war-time reconditioning costs, and inflexible price structures caused the abandonment of an alarming number of wells during the past 4 or 5 years.As a means of increasing regional oil-production rates, new drilling in the older fields for primary production generally is uneconomical because reservoir pressures in most of the fields have virtually been depleted and the production rates of newly drilled wells are small."

Feb 1, 1948

By G. W. Josephson

WHILE methods of utilizing blast-furnace slag have been developing, a great deal of literature on the subject has accumulated, but no comprehensive summary of information that would be helpful to engineers, contractors, architects, chemists, and others in under-standing and more successfully using this byproduct of the iron and steel industry has been published in the English language. The National Slag Association recognized the need for such a publication, and the Problems Committee of the Association under-took in 1943 to accumulate the necessary material. Over a period of several years this committee compiled pertinent information in manuscript form, and in 1948 the Bureau of Mines and the National Slag Association made an agreement whereby the Bureau was to prepare the data for publication as a cooperative bulletin of the Bureau of Mines and the National Slag Association.

Jan 1, 1949

By Oliver C. Fursman

These investigations were conducted to determine conditions for recovery of nickel and copper from Funter Bay, Alaska, sulfide ore and recovery of nickel from nickel-silicate ore, Nickel Mountain, Riddle, Oreg. Samples of Funter Bay cupriferous and nickeliferous pyrrhotite ore, were treated by beneficiation, roasting, electric smelting of roasted are for matte production, chlorination, leaching, and sulfatizing roasting with subsequent leaching. Funter Bay and Nickel Mountain ores were smelted together to produce matte. Total sulfide flotation, followed by magnetic separation of the tailings to recover entrained nickel-bearing pyrrhotite, resulted in the highest nickel recovery in beneficiation tests on Funter Bay are. Overall beneficiation resulted in recovery of 98.5 percent of the copper and 95.4 percent of the nickel in the concentrate that contained 3.5 percent copper and 1.7 percent nickel.

Jan 1, 1962

By Wm. F. Netzeband

"The mode of ore occurrence and the methods and costs of mining at one of the zinc-lead mines in the Tri-State zinc and lead district, Oklahoma, are presented in this paper for the information of mine operators in other districts.No. 2 mine property was acquired by lease in 1918 after some 30 holes had been drilled and a shaft had been sunk to the 305-foot level by the first lessees. After acquisition of the lease, the present operating company drilled a rich ore body on the 260-foot level and in 1920 started sinking two shafts. Production was begun late in 1921, and the mine has been operated more or less continuously to the present time.The mill has a capacity of 400 tons in 10 hours, the usual length of the mill shift in the district.The geology of Mine No. 2 is very similar to that of Mine No. 13 except that the Cherokee shale is thicker, ranging from 80 to 160 feet, and all the formations are correspondingly deeper, the Short Creek oolite horizon here being at a depth of about 300 feet. The oolite has not been found on this property, but the lime comes in at about the level at which the oolite should appear.The ore deposits of Mine No. 2 occur in the brecciated and bowlder ground above the Short Creek oolite. The main or 260-foot level is about 40 feet above the oolite horizon, and the lower or 300-foot level is immediately above it.The ore deposition is controlled by a zone of shearing and fracturing, and the mineable areas are divided into two distinct runs which have a northwest trend with a lean or practically barren area dividing them. This characteristic has controlled the mining to a large extent, for it enables the mine superintendent to locate the large pillars in lean ore and leave only small pillars in the richer ore. Figure 1 shows the outlines of the ore body and the pillars.The ore on the main level occurs disseminated throughout the jasperoid breccia as patches or lenses in the jasperoid, or cementing massive bowlders of jasperoid breccia and chert. The ore of the lower level is more of the bowlder type than that on the main level and occurs chiefly cementing the bowlders but also with some disseminated ore in the jasperoid breccia.The gangue minerals are jasperoid breccia, chert, and dolomite. Calcite is found in minor quantities. Sphalerite is the principal ore mineral; galena is found only in minor quantities around the edges of the ore body. When galena is encountered in this ore body, the limit of the ore can be expected.The exploration and estimation of ore reserves at Mine No. 2 are similar in many respects to the methods used at Mine No. 1.4After the mine was opened up and the general character of the ore deposit had been determined, drilling operations were concentrated along the trend of the shear zone. Later drilling has proved what appears to be a parallel shear zone or an offset of the zone now being mined."

May 1, 1929

By Richard B. Moore

This bulletin presents a summary of available information regarding the sources of uranium, radium, and vanadium, the methods used in treating the ores, and the uses of the finished products. In particular the paper describes the ores found in the United States, giving especial attention to those characteristics of the ores and the conditions of their occurrence that affect mining and treatment. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In the preparation of this bulletin a number of persons rendered assistance by furnishing information and by making it possible for us to visit the carnotite deposits in western Colorado and eastern Utah at a time of the year when without this assistance it would have been difficult to obtain satisfactory results. We desire to express our thanks to the following persons: Henry Hall, W. L. Cummings, T. V. Curran, K. D. Hequembourg, David Taylor, H. C. Brown, Forbes Rickard, George W. Alsdorf, Dr. Herman Fleck, Orr J. Adams, C. S. Cherrington, Newt. Stewart, O. B. Willmarth, Angus Cameron, George A. Head, and Lorimer Bros.

Jan 1, 1913

By Robert A. Jankowski, J. Drew Potts

In this U.S. Bureau of Mines study, four underground respirable dust surveys were conducted to determine factors affecting belt entry dust levels and how using belt air to ventilate work areas affected dust exposures. Belt entry dust levels on the surveyed longwall and continuous miner sections averaged 0.59 and 0.26 mg/m3, respectively. The stageloader-crusher contributed an additional 0.5 to 0.9 mg/m3 of dust to belt air, while the feeder-breaker contributed 0 to 0.2 mg/m3 of dust. A 1,000-ft increase in belt entry length or a 200- to 500-st-per-shift increase in production resulted in roughly a 0.1-mg/m3 increase in dust. Using the belt entry as an intake entry on the continuous miner section appeared to reduce dust levels by 0.1 to 0.3 mg/m3 during cutting. Belt air was not used to ventilate the face on the longwall section.

Jan 1, 1992

By R. E. Hershey

1. Reserves were estimated for three coal beds: Lantana, Sewanee, and Richland. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves for all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and on 1,800 tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 34 million short tons as of Januray 1, 1954. Of this total, 15 million short tons represents coal 28 inches and more thick. Areas in the beds were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics were insufficient to permit making an estimate conforming with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves determined by this investigation.

Jan 1, 1956

By Sean Gallagher, Gene Wilson, Christopher Mark, Craig S. Compton, Gregory M. Molinda

Falls of small pieces of rock from between roof bolts continue to cause fatalities and to injure hundreds of coal miners each year. Roof screen is the most effective way to prevent these incidents, but some mines are reluctant to use it because they believe installing screen can be awkward, expensive and time-consuming. The most common type of roof bolting machine used in mines today is the dual boom, outside-controlled roof bolter. Mines who install roof screen using these machines have developed some machine modifications and techniques to ease roof screen installation. This paper describes some successful techniques and machine modifications that are being used in productive mines to assist with roof screen installation. Since the material handling involved with roof screen installation can expose miners to an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ergonomists, designed machine modifications and implemented a series of tests to evaluate roof screen handling procedures for outside-controlled, dual boom roof bolting machines. Roof screen installation can also have a positive economic impact on a mine by reducing the cost of injuries, workers’ compensation, required spot or re-bolting, and clean-up of long term travel and belt entries.

By John W. Mentz

Phase I study efforts addressed: 1) acid mine drainage formation theory; 2) effects of inundation in reducing acid mine drainage formation; 3) summary information on the types of acid abatement technology currently available and the problems inherent in each; 4) analysis of two potential means of partially inundating abandoned segments of active underground mines to reduce acid formation. This subsequent Phase II Draft Final Report addresses all of the above, but concentrates on and defines Item 4. Seal construction techniques were taken through five logical steps as follows: A) Location Analysis; B) Coal Barrier Pillar Analysis: C) Ground Water Analysis; D) Design Considerations: E) Economic Analysis. The design details of both low wall dams and section seals were discussed in a series of segments: a) Case Histories; b) Feasibility Analysis; and c) Design (including representative calculations). Study efforts showed that both concepts are feasible only in certain mines where the geologic-hydrologic physical makeup is suitable to contain a mine pool. Low wall dams in particular were found to have extremely limited applicability as a means of pollution reduction. Section seals, while clearly dependent upon site specific conditions, have a some what broader range of utility and are more effective in pollution reduction. The proven dramatic reduction in acid mine drainage attributable to inundation makes this a concept that must be considered.

Jan 1, 1981

By Radford B. Langston, John A. Marjerison, Graham C. Howell, Hendrik A. D. Kirsten

Probabilistic design is gaining wider acceptance in the rock engineering community since it allows more rigorous determination of risk relating to ground fall or excavation instability. Risk analysis can be conducted by various means, but the basis is formed by either objectively or subjectively determining probability of occurrence of an event. In the case of rock engineering, this event is either instability or excavation failure. Rock mass classification systems provide objective analysis of data collected on a typically subjective basis that also relate closely to excavation stability. A probabilistic analysis technique is presented that uses statistical distributions of rock mass and material properties, ground support fixture specifications, stress conditions, opening geometry, and ground support installation quality to more rigorously determine probability of failure for an underground opening and the subsequent risk to personnel.

Jan 5, 2007