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By Oliver C. Ralston

[This paper is an expmded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flota- tion and Agglomerate Tabling of Honmetdlic Idinerds, " published in Trans- actions of the Canadian Ir-stitute of Iriining and !,letdlurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 6? 1-726) and al'enared a year pr~viousl:~. Revisions en'oodied herein brinc the &ta I:T to Jn?uac"g 1, 193;. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered. This paper is an expmded revision of a report entitled "Froth Flota- tion and Agglomerate Tabling of Honmetdlic Idinerds, " published in Trans- actions of the Canadian Ir-stitute of Iriining and !,letdlurgy (vol. 40, November 1937, pp- 6? 1-726) and al'enared a year pr~viousl:~. Revisions en'oodied herein brinc the &ta I:T to Jn?uac"g 1, 193;. References have also been added to make the earlier paper more complete for the period it covered.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Israel Liebman

The Bureau of Mines developed three types of passive water barriers for suppressing slow-moving coal dust explosions. One type is a modification of a conventional tub barrier and depends on the dynamic pressure generated ahead of an explosion to tilt the tub to release its water and suppress the explosion. The other two barriers operate in response to an increase in static pressure developed ahead of the explosion. Tests indicate the first barrier begins to release its water at air speeds as low as 50 ft/sec, and the second and third barriers will operate at a rise in static pressure as little as 0.5 psi. All three barriers were found to be effective in suppressing coal dust explosions propagating at speeds as low as 100 ft/sec. A plan is described for installing a water barrier in a working mine on a trial basis.

Jan 1, 1976

By Shiro Watanabe

To determine the potentialities of nickel as a substitute for cobalt in catalysts for the synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, RESULTS The maximum oil yields obtained in bench-scale equipment were as follows: Using 100N1:20Mn:100 kaolin:200 diatomaceous earth catalyst, a maximum yield of 133.8 cm.3/m.3 of pure CO+2H2 was obtained from one pass of the feed gas, With a nickel:cobalt mixed catalyst (Ni:Co - 3:7) having the composition 100(Ni+Co):8MgO: 5Th02:200 diatomaceous earth, a maximum of 172.2 cm.3/m.3 of pure C0+2H2 was obtained.

Jan 1, 1951

By W. E. Young

This paper describes operations of the Chief Consolidated Mining Co. at the Chief mine in the Tintic district, Juab County, Utah, where the outstanding problem is water control; the unique pumping methods employed are featured in this report. The ore bodies in this district occur as long, narrow shoots along fault fissures, usually in the Bluebell dolomite of Ordovician age. Oxide ores predominate above the 1800 level, which is also the natural water level. Sulfide ores containing lead, zinc, silver, and gold extend below the 1800 level. The mine is developed by vertical shafts and winzes, from which drifts are driven to the ore bodies. In the lower levels of the mine these drifts extend long distances from the shafts or winzes because of the relatively low dip of the ore shoots. The mine has been worked to the 2800 level and the 18-411 winze extends to the 3080 level.

Jan 1, 1958

By R. G. Travis

1. Reserve estimates have been made for eight coal beds in Monongalia County, W. Va., but only the Pittsburgh, Sewickley, and Upper Freeport beds are important at this time. The Pittsburgh, Sewickley, Waynesburg, and Upper Freeport beds contain the largest recoverable reserves. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and 1,800 short tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 3,526 million tons as of January 1, 1954. Of this total, 3,294 mil-lion tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed except the Pittsburgh were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics are too meager for making an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1956

By Steve W. Webb

The Bureau of Mines is researching a new technology for dewatering clay suspensions that consists of flocculation by high-molecular-weight poly-ethylene oxide (PEO) polymer and subsequent removal of water from the floes via a trommel. The minimum amount of PEO required to dewater the clays depends on the ions adsorbed on the surface of the elay particles. Infrared studies were performed on clays with Li+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, or 8r2+ adsorbed, with and without adsorbed PEO, to develop data to aid in understanding the dewatering mechanism. Hydroxyl stretching modes between 3,400 and 3,250 em-I, associated with water adsorbed on the clay, showed changes in intensity proportional to the ionic eharge-to-radius ratio; that is, the ionic potential. In addition. a water-bending vibration of adsorbed water at 1,630 cm-1 showed variations associated with water desorption. The data are consistent with changes in adsorption of PEO resulting from variation of the acidity of water coordinated with the exchange ions, induced by the variation in field strength of the ions with the ionic potential.

Jan 1, 1986

By Dhanesh Chandra

[The U.S. Ucparunent of tlIe III LeriOr, Bureau of 1?Ilnes, lnta dcvcltil- (I a m.?tl,nd to extract nickel, i:ob.tll and IlIIicr Valuc:l,1, mrl?tl., lrom I.ow grad:, dumusI it Inlet itc.: :isin;; a rarb-i mnnnxid:: reducl.iun and ,innnonln/mumonlum sull,h.Ito Icitcll Col lowed by solved. evil let foil and clot tr:,winnfu,;. 'I 'o rain bcLtur undcI'sLandin;; uI the producLs reduced rind leached with the s;:Item, the liureau of t?Ilite; was enf,ngod In a 1 uinL sl.utly IIt1I the Uuttvcr ltc~:c:n-ch LnstiI-IL-. 'I'hr'ut;;h C(Im:drlod ahplit I¬L ion:; of a rotnbIW)L11nl ill eleu Lyon :utJ uplical inicrnscopy, cle trun beau micru,inal?;st?s and X-r.iv tcchnitlaes, Lhc factors jilt] ucncing low nickul e::lracl.on yLrids Iron, ccrlnin l;tteritos wul the hcuefhe al yCferL front addil.I:un u1. r:u)plowt' ruug,ounus and halides have bucn rrvealod. IL leas ht'en shown their nt nliJcrate Lion terlperuLuri's (5S0°C - 6501C) Lhe 111LACl extraction ylolds were low hccausc of the futmetlt-m of rufrill t,urv sillc:Ite compicxcs during ciii lit Hi [hut COOL.tlu sig nlficnnt anutunls of nickel .Lrui LhaL arc resistant Lu discolullull it, a su6r.C?quent ammnnlIca1 Jcaeh. 'This formation ill rulracLorv rnngtieves is altrlbuU?d Lo the prc.srnCV of aluauinum combined with c.ilicun jn addlt.lon In tnnl;neni~im in I.lic Lalerites, Iligb exII.Ictlon yields were oblalneJ when none or only a few I ,fraCLot' e, were InrmeJ. Hit s;intc rcfrarlnry cowl, Icxc5 also lend Lo surround Ow IaaIIiable meI.allle iron-IIIcI:el :iILoy CIUSisling ill the mau'ix, tIll: rrhv nreveu)Ling cuntacr ,Itlt LI5U Jeacl: solution; this, huwrvcr, ran ho ovu:rcoml by At ti itlon .111.11 retieCtiun. 'I'hc eIIcc l of prr.reJIctlun .,Ill itivi's vucli i's lye iii', ',udlum "Ill orIde, hv,Irogrn CIIInrILIC, etc., and Lht? 1111,Lre:InrLlI'll he'e:tleg un Lbe cxLt,icLitin are also iilsr.ussod 111 Lhe rcl,olt.]

Jan 1, 1979

By Oliver Bowles

"Asbestos" is not the name of a distinct mineral species but is rather a commercial term applied to fibrous varieties of several minerals. The origin and significance of names applied to asbestos by early writers are discussed in the section devoted to sources of supply and terms employed in ancient times. VARIETIES The most useful variety of asbestos is chrysotile, a fibrous serpentine the composition of which is expressed by the formula H4Mg3Si209. Chrysotile is characterized by a strength and flexibility that permit the use of the longer fibers for spinning. The bulk of the world production of both long and short fibers, is of this variety.

Jan 1, 1935

By John P. Gooch

The solubility of 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane (TBE) in water was determined from 1.0° to 97.0° C. The solubility (S) of TBE in grams of solute per 100 grams water was correlated with [S = 1,920.55 [exp (40292L7 11, T2 10 T 737.577 + 9.923962 ] where T is in degrees Kelvin. A thermodynamic analysis conducted on a system consisting of a TBE phase and a water phase in equilibrium with a vapor phase led to the calculation of the activity coefficient, vapor-liquid equilibrium distribution coefficient, relative volatility, and heat of mixing for saturated solutions of TBE in water. Data required for these calculations were the solubility of TBE in water and the vapor pressures of TBE and water as a function of temperature.

Jan 1, 1972

By R. E. Brewer

Published investigations show that many different chemical reagents have been used in determining the constitution of coals , but only a few studies have been applied directly in evaluating the effects of such reagents on the carbonization products of coal , Most of the treatments have been so drastic that any permissible conclusions that may be drawn are inferential in respect to any favorable effects on the yields and composition of the usual carbonization products .

Sep 1, 1943

By F. P. Haver

The Bureau of Mines has investigated the electrochemical reduction of lead chloride as a method for producing lead without the pollution problems associated with smelting. It was determined that high-purity metal (>99.9 pct Pb) could be obtained, using PbC12 prepared by ferric chloride leaching of galena concentrate: PbS + 2FeCl3?PbCl2 + 2FeC12 + S°. Optimum results in small-scale electrolytic tests were achieved with a bath consisting of 40 to 70 wt-pct PbCl2 dissolved in KC1-LiCl eutectic, an operating temperature of 450° C, a current density of 2.5 amp/in2, and an electrode spacing of 0.5 inch. In large-scale tests made to develop a cell design for commercial application, the optimum electrode arrangement proved to be a bipolar configuration with horizontal plates. This gave a current efficiency of 86 pct with an energy requirement of 0.52 kwhr/lb lead. To determine the effect of impurity buildup in the bath, 1,200 lb of PbC12 prepared by ferric chloride leaching of galena concentrate was electrolyzed over a period of 2 months. Little deterioration of the metal quality occurred in that time; all of the lead produced had a purity equal to or better than corroding grade (>99.94 pct Pb).

Jan 1, 1976

By John M. Gomes

A two-phase molten halide-silicate technique for extracting tungstic oxide (WO3) from scheelite (CaW04) and wolframite [(Fe, Mn)W04] was investigated. The halide phase extracted over 99 percent of the was, whereas the lower silicate phase retained about 90 percent of the calcium, iron, or manganese oxides. The most efficient extraction and separation of tungsten from scheelite was accomplished at 1,080° C in a molten system containing, in mole-percent, 9 calcium tungstate (CaW04), 42 sodium chloride (NaCl), 28 sodium fluoride (NaF), 17 sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3), and 4 alumina (Al2O3). Wolframite was also treated at 1,0800°C; the molten system contained, in mole-percent, 11 (Fe, Mn)W04, 74 NaCl, and 15 Na2 SiO3.

Jan 1, 1968

This project, "Analysis of Men, Materials and Supplies Handling Systems in Underground Metal and Nonmetal Mines" documents the productivity and safety aspects of the existing equipment and systems utilized in transporting personnel and supplies from the surface to the underground production work place. The Present Systems Study (this text -Volume II) documents the productivity and safety of existing men and material movement systems for six representative underground metal and nonmetal mines. Identification of common problem areas was performed using recognized industrial engineering techniques. The back-up data for the industrial engineering analysis of each mine is included as respective appendices (Volume III). A summary of the study background material, six mines' problem areas, comparison of problem areas, problem analysis, and solution recommendations are included as the project final report (Volume I), bound under separate cover.

Jan 1, 1975

By C. B. Manula

In this report, the application of the Open Pit Materials Handling Simulator (OPMHS) to a Southwestern surface mine using draglines and front-end loaders is described. The specific objective of the study is to demonstrate the application of the simulator to analyze mine planning and to analyze alternatives for increased production. The simulator was verified by comparing long term production figures to the simulated results from data collected on a mine visit. A short term and a long term alternative are studied with projected productivities and scheduling. No economic analysis of these proposals were performed.

Jan 1, 1977

By C. J. Chindgren

Upgrading of commercial red cake and recovery of vanadium oxide from uranium-vanadium mill solutions were investigated by the Bureau of Mines. Alternative procedures potentially useful for manufacture of high-quality vanadium oxide at the mill site were explored and developed. The simplest and best procedure for converting commercial red cake containing about 10 percent combined sodium and potassium oxides (Na20) (K20) into a 98- to 99-percent vanadium pentoxide (V205 product appeared to be a metathesis in an ammoniacal solution of ammonium sulfate. Molybdenum, as well as the alkali metal oxides, was removed from the red cake by this procedure at a modest expenditure of labor and reagents. When preparing vanadium oxide of higher grade, it was necessary to dissolve the red cake and reprecipitate the vanadium as ammonium metavanadate. Calcination at 450° C, decomposed the metavanadate and yielded oxide of about 99.5 percent V205. By recyrstallizing the metavanadate before decomposition, an oxide product approaching 99.9-percent purity was obtained.

Jan 1, 1962

By James Westfield

Uranium activity has introduced a comparatively new hazard to United States mining. In addition to the hazards common to all mines, uranium mines have a complex health problem of radiation damage. Like many new processes, radiation and nuclear energy can be made to serve man in many useful ways when properly understood and handled; but, like fire, gases, and electricity, their potential dangers must be known and respected, and appropriate precautions must be taken or death may result. Since 1950 the Public Health Service has been conducting basic investigations on exposure to radon and its daughter products and the effect of exposure upon the health of miners in uranium mines of the Western States. The Bureau of Mines assisted in several of these investigations, especially in mines on Indian lands. The studies have shown that a serious health hazard exists from radioactive exposure that might cause lung cancer if continued over a number of years. The Public Health Service report, Control of Radon and Daughters in Uranium Mines and Calculations on Biologic Effects,6/ shows that 55 percent of the uranium mines employing 64 percent of the miners had atmospheric concentrations more than five times the working level now accepted as reasonably safe for industrial exposures. Extensive control measures are necessary to reduce these concentrations to the suggested working level of less than 300 micromicrocuries of total radon daughter products per liter of air.

Jan 1, 1958

By A. R. Mumford

During the course of an investigation conducted by the fuel section of the Bureau of Mines , on a hand- fired return- tubular boiler plant , it was found that the average cost of fuel to produce 1,000 lb. of steam was $ 0.5287 . Tests conducted after some simple changes had been made in the furnaces , and in the control of the boilers , showed the previous high cost of fuel per 1,000 lb. of steam could be reduced to the reasonable figure of $0.3540 , or the equivalent of over 30 per cent saving in fuel cost .

Mar 1, 1923

By J. W. Town

Recrystallization studies on chrome-bearing spinel materials were made by the Bureau of Mines to determine the effects of certain fluxing agents and cooling rates on the chromium-to-iron ratio of recrystallized spinel. Statistically designed and evaluated tests showed that the ratio of chromium to iron in naturally occurring chrome spinel could be increased from 1.5 to 1 to over 7 to 1 and that the ratio of chromium to iron in the chrome-spinel in a stain-less steel slag could be raised to over 18 to 1. Silica, magnesia, and lime had significant positive effects, while alumina had a significant negative effect. Cooling rates of 200 C per hour in a programmed spiral globar electric furnace were satisfactory for growing crystals of recoverable size.

Jan 1, 1967

By Leland E. Paulson

This investigation examined the feasibility of altering the inorganic component of North Dakota lignite by ion exchange. Lignite of specific size consist was washed with various ionic solutions and examined for evidence of exchange. Ions of higher valance substituted preferentially at equivalent concentrations. Results indicate that a major portion of the inorganic material associated with lignite is combined in exchangeable form with the organic component. Particle size of the treated coal is a critical factor in determining the rate of exchange. The data indicate that monovalent ions are easily replaced by divalent and trivalent ions, and the presence of ionic material in slurries containing finely divided lignite significantly increases filtration rates.

Jan 1, 1968

By E. O. Binyone

"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBPyGXjlBHIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3AbtiKOYg7Y&feature=push-fr&attr_tag=uKtVW3yq2ZngptnE%3A6https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PR2THayf-N8https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF-BXiWocqIhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TuesIw-OZA4https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2HP7sTIZgEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v2HP7sTIZgEINTRODUCTIONIn 1937 the Eureka Corporation, Ltd., of Canada obtained a lease on the mining property of the Richmond-Euroka Mining Co. in the Eureka mining district, Eureka County, Nevada. In 1910 the Richmond-Eureka Co. suspended all operations except small-scale leasing, but company and other geologists contended that the El Dorado dolomite would also carry ore in its continuation from fault block north and northeast of the productive old working. The company began to explore the fault block in 1923 by diamond drilling from the,900 level of the Locan shaft, but for various reasons the hole was drilled to a depth of only 2 feet and was then abandoned. Eureka Corporation, Ltd., planned an extensive diamond-drilling program, which included four deep diamond-drill holes, one designated ""A"" fig. if it is to be drilled from the surfaced, and three designated ""E"", ""C"" and ""D"" figs land to be drilled from the 900 level of the Locan shaft. Of these only B and C were completed by the company. Hole C was a contribution,of the hole started by the, started by the Richmond Eureka Co. The site for hole D (figs. 1 and 2) was prepared, but the hole was not drilled. Both B and C holes penetrated sulfide ore carrying good percentages of zinc, lead, gold, and silver. The ore bodies were 40 feet thick and were found approximately 1,400 feet below the 900 level of Locan shaft.On the basis of the very favorable results obtained from the drilling program, the Eureka Corporation planned extensive development of the property and in 1942 commenced sinking the Fad shaft (figs. 1 and 2). The shortage of equipment and materials brought on by the war and difficulties with water in the shaft greatly hindered progress. However, early in 1943 the Eureka Cor¬poration, Ltd., of Canada submitted to the War Production Board a proposal for developing the mine and milling 500 tons of zinc-lead ore a day. The proposal involved an expenditure of $2,890,750."

Dec 1, 1946