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Jan 1, 1949

Jan 1, 1910

By Paul F. Kerr

The insufficiencies of our mineral resources are becoming well known, and the national political conscience seems to be troubled at last by our dependence upon mineral commodities which must come from other lands. This realization places increased responsibility upon the industrial, educational, and governmental groups whose task it will be to solve the problems of mineral supply. As we all know, from the time that man first sought mineral deposits until recent years, prospectors have been largely responsible for mineral discoveries. Today the era of the prospector is almost over. The human ants that have literally examined all accessible outcrops and have tested the gravels of nearly all stream beds in the United States have left undiscovered few worthwhile mineral deposits within the scope of their recognition. The pages in the history of mineral exploration are now being turned from the era of the surface prospect to the era of the hidden de- posit.

Jan 1, 1949

By Frederick Prime

In this second supplementary list no titles to which an * is pre fixed hare been seen by tlie compiler; and he will be most thankful to have any omiesisne or inaccuracies in the list sent to hiin to be ptiblisi~cd as a third supplement in the next volume of the actiotra. The author is indebted to Prof. J. J. Stevenson, of New Tork, Prof. P. R. Uhlcr and John 'CV. M. Lee, Esq., of Balti more, and Lloyd P. Smith, Esq., of Philadelphia, for valuable assistance. office, allkntorn iron compaxy, 30 South Third Street, Philadelphia, September 5th, 1881. Alabama. Geologiml Survcy of Alabama. report of Progress for 1879 and 1880, by Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist. Montgomery, 1881. 8vo., 158 pp., and 2 maps. California. Omit Report of Hon. T. Butler Ring, iu sopplemeut I. For Trask's Geology and Illdustrial honrecp, etc., in Supplenlvut I., read Tyson's, etc. Fremont's Menloir on Upper Califijrnia, is also published as XXXth Congress, lat Session. Senate Ms. Doc., No 148, and has a map. For Randall's Report in Supplement I, rend Report of the Special Committee in favor of a Geological Snrvey, subrn-itted by Mr. Randall, April 24th, 1861. n.d., 1851. 8cWo., 19 yp. XXXIst Congress, 1st Session, Sen. Ex. Doc., No. 47, Part 2 [Part 1 is Tyson's Report.) RejW of the Secretary of War in further compliance with the Resolution of the Senate?, calling for Colbies of

Jan 1, 1881

[SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 16 10 am to 5 pm Council of Section' Delegates SUNDAY, FEBRUARY .17 1 pm Student Relations Committee 2 pm Board of Directors 2:30 pm MIED-Mineral Economics Instruction 5:30 pm MIED-Cocktails and Buffet Supper 7:30 pm MIED-Mineral Education 8 pm IMD-Program Committee]

Jan 1, 1952

By Frederick Prime

IN this second supplementary list no titles to which an * is. Pre-fixed have been seen by the compiler; and he will be most thankful to have, any omissions or inaccuracies in the list sent to him to be published as a third supplement in the next volume of- the Trans-actions. The author is indebted to Prof. J. J. Stevenson, of New York, Prof. P. R. Uhler and John W. M. Lee, Esq., of Baltimore, and Lloyd P. Smith, Esq., of Philadelphia, for valuable assistance. OFFICE, ALLENTOWN IRON COMPANY, 230 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA, September 5th, 1881. ALABAMA. Geological Survey of Alabama. Report of Progress for 1879 and 1880, by Eugene A. Smith, State Geologist. Montgomery, 1881. 8vo., 158 pp., and 2 maps. CALIFORNIA. Omit Report of Hon. T. Butler King, in Supplement 1. For Trash's Geology and Industrial Resources, etc., in Supplement I., read Tyson's, etc: Fremont's Memoir on Upper California, is also published as XXXth Congress, 1st Session. Senate Mis. Doe., No 148, and has a map. For Randall's Report in Supplement I, read Report of the Special Committee in favor of a Geological Survey, submitted by Mr. Randall, April 24th, 1851. a.d., 1851. 8vo., 1.9 pp. XXXIst Congress, 1st Session, Sea. Ex. Doc., No. 47, Part 2 [Part 1 is Tyson's Report.] Report of the Secretary of War in further compliance with the Resolution of the Senate, calling for Copies of

Jan 1, 1881

By H. J. Denning, M. W. Brabbins, A. K. Isaac

The quality of a coalface floor is the essential element that enables powered supports to generate their designed loads in control of coalface strata. The paper introduces a technique for the appraisal of coalface foundation stability. A criterion of support efficiency, viz., the support pressure increase/strata convergence, is included in case study data obtained from investigations in the South Wales Coalfield, U.K.

Jan 1, 1984

. E. P. MATHEWSON, New York, N. Y.-I would like to call attention to the excellent plan for protecting the lining of the tanks from rough handling by the excavator. Many engineers, when considering mechanical excavators for lead-lined tanks, have been afraid that the machinery might get out' of order and rip out the lining. This difficulty seems to have been entirely overcome in this installation, and those who have been responsible for its success deserve a great deal of credit. A. F. CASE,* Cleveland, Ohio. (written discussion t).-The application of the automatic unloader to the copper leaching process at Ajo was a very radical departure from the common use of this machine, inasmuch as the only previous use of this device has been in connection with the unloading of coal and ore from vessels on the Great Lakes. There are many phases in connection with the unloading of ore from lake vessels that are not presented in the extraction of ore tailings from leaching vats. For instance, in unloading from boats, it is necessary to provide means to reach under the hatches to parts of the cargo hold which do not lie directly under the hatches, and to work in inaccessible places that do not exist in a leaching vat. These necessities require complications that could be very easily dispensed with in this new application. On this account the unloader, is applied to the New Cornelia, plant, represents what is probably the simplest development of the machine that has ever been produced, and, manifestly, in its simplest form it could he expected to show results corresponding to its performances when installed with all of its complications. One of the requirements of vessel unloading is extreme vertical travel, when the bucket is required to reach the bottom of the, cargo hold, often 12 or 13 ft. below water-level, and discharge into a receptacle 30 ft. above-the water. This was materially simplified at Ajo for the reason that the vertical travel was never more than 20 ft. This condition immediately resulted in the possibility of shortening the walking beam which carries the bucket leg, and, in fact, in entirely reducing the size of all the working, parts of the trolley, walking beam, and bucket leg, as far as reaches were concerned.

Jan 11, 1918

By M. E. Fine, A. A. Henderson

Investigation of the tensile properties of silver based aluminum alloy crystals was undertaken because it appeared attractive for studying strengthening effects due to Suzuki locking with minimum complication. Yield drops were observed in all alloy crystals (1, 2. 3. 4, and 6 at. pct Al) after strain aging at room temperature. No yield drops were found in similarly grown and tested silver crystals. The yield effects are attributed to Suzuki locking but the major portion of the solid solution strengthening to other mechanisms. INVESTIGATION of the tensile properties of single crystds of silver alloyed with aluminum was undertaken because it appeared to be a system in which segregation at stacking faults associated with partial dislocations1 would be the dominant factor in anchoring dislocations. First, silver and aluminum have closely similar atomic sizes and thus solute atom locking of a dislocation due to elastic interactions should be unimportant. Second, while both X-ray2 and thermodynamic3 investigations show short-range ordering in silver-based aluminum alloys, the degree of local order is quite small (X-ray measurements give v = EAB - 1/2(EAA + EBB) = - 0.025 ev and thermodynamic measurements give v r -0.007 ev) and should not be important in strengthening dilute alloys. Third, the stacking fault energy of silver is probably low (as indicated by the profusity of annealing twins) and is very likely diminished further and quite rapidly by aluminum additions since the A1-Ag phase diagram shows a stable hexagonal phase at only 25 at. pct Al. Also, a careful investigation in this laboratory4 has shown that the ratio of twin to normal grain boundaries in recrystallized alloys increases with aluminum content. Thus, with minimum complication from other factors, Ag-A1 alloys seem attractive for studying strengthening effects due to segregation at stacking faults of extended dislocations. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD Single crystals measuring 250 by 5 by 1.5 mm of pure Ag (99.99 pct) and Ag-A1 alloys (A1 of 99.999 pct purity) of nominal compositions* 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 at. pct were grown in high-purity graphite molds from the melt under a dynamic vacuum (1 x l0-5 mm Hg). The technique consisted of moving a furnace having a hot zone (which melted about 0.5 cm of alloy) over a horizontal, evacuated quartz tube con- taining the mold and alloy at a rate of 3/8 in. per hr. Chemical analysis showed roughly the first inch of the crystal to be solute poor, the last inch solute rich; and the center section uniform in composition within the sensitivity of the analytical method (± 0.2 at. pct Al). The center section of the crystal was cut into five specimens. Gage lengths of reduced cross section, measuring from 1.5 to 2 cm in length, were mechanically introduced by means of jeweler&apos;s files and fine abrasive cloth with the crystal firmly held in polished steel guides. One-third of the cross section was then removed by etching and electro-polishing, the crystals were all subsequently annealed for several days at 850°C in a dynamic vacuum (<1 x 10-5 mm Hg) and furnace cooled to 200°C. The crystal orientations were determined using the usual back-reflection Laue technique. The Laue spots were sharp and of the same size as the incident beam. However, microscopic examination showed the crystals to contain substructures with subgrains of the order of a micron in diameter. The details of this substructure are presently under investigation. Tensile testing was done with a table model Instron using a cross-head speed of 0.002 in. per min. For testing at various temperatures the following media were used: 1) 415oK, hot ethylene glycol; 2) 296ºK, air, acetone, water; 3) 273ºK, ice water; 4) 258ºK, ethylene glycol "ice" in ethylene glycol; 5) 200°K, dry ice in acetone; 6) 77ºK, liquid nitrogen. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS A) Yield Behavior—A portion of an interrupted stress-strain curve for a 6 at. pct A1 crystal of the indicated orientation tested at room temperature is shown in Fig. 1. Initially, at (a), there is a small, gradual yield drop of about 10 mg per sq mm2. However, on stopping the test, and aging for a few minutes at (b), a sharp yield drop is found. Aging for longer times at (c) and (dl results in larger yield drops (and larger AT&apos;S). At, defined in Fig. 1, is usually larger than the yield drop by about 20 pct; however, this increase in the lower yield is transient since extrapolations of the flow stress curves join as may be seen from Fig. 1. (Both Laue and low-angle scattering photographs revealed no evidence of precipitation in a strain-aged 6 at. pct A1 crystal.)

Jan 1, 1962

By LIONEL E. BOOTH

ORE tests are made for the purpose of determining the correct methods of treatment for any particular ore. They should be conducted so as to insure that the results obtained in actual mill practice, on ore of similar grade and physical nature, will duplicate the results obtained in the test work. As the expenditure of many thousand of dollars may be involved in the building of the necessary mill, the testing of ores calls for extreme care and skill in handling laboratory machines, and a knowledge of actual practice to guard against the danger of obtaining results in test work that would be impractical to duplicate on a commercial scale. The importance of a correct sample of the ore is at once apparent. No matter with what degree of care the test 4rk is done, it loses its value when made on an unrepresentative sample. It is the first safeguard against future disappointments in the loss of capital and time. A number of failures in the past have been traced directly to faulty or lax methods in obtaining the ore sample.

Jan 1, 1924

By AIME AIME

WITHOUT frills, but with an admirable program of technical papers and discussion, many opportunities for social contact, and all New York for a playground, the 142d Meeting of the Institute will make the Engineering Societies Building a lively place from Feb. 20 to 23. Prices are down, even in New York. Come and forget the depression listening to the stories of old friends. Hear at first hand what is going on in your professional world. The fare is varied, of wide appeal. The program on the opposite page has been arranged carefully to minimize conflicts between the subjects in which you are interested. If it is not possible to come for all four days, check over the sessions that are most important to you. No changes in the scheduling are likely.

Jan 1, 1933

COMMITTEES Committee on Arrangements DAVID H. BROWNE, Chairman BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Vice-Chairman LAWRENCE ADDICKS BURR A. ROBINSON PERCY E. BARBOUR E. MALTBY SHIPP GEORGE D. BARRON JOSEPH STRUTHERS J. V. N.. DORR E. B. STURGIS J. R.. FINLAY T. T. READ Louis D. HUNTOON R. H. VAIL

Jan 4, 1916

By Arthur A. Center

WAR demand- motivated developments in the zinc industry during 1942. Stocks of Prime Western were built up and High-Grade remained tight. The Prince The Prime Western stocks are expected to be cut down and the demand for High-Grade more easily filled as the Depue reflux plant of the New Jersery Zinc Co. increases - production. Subistition of steel for brass in artillery shell cases will have a considerable effect on the zinc situation of the country one estimate of the saving in zinc in 1943 by this substitution being a little under 100,000 ton, of metal. The metal saved will, of course be High-Grade. If the substitution occurs, the present tight situation in High-Grade may be entirely relieved as new production comes on the market and zinc may find itself approaching a situation as comfortable as that of lead provided the supply of zinc-hearing raw materials is sufficient to keep all reduction plants tip to capacity production. The premium price of the per pound of zinc over set quotas which went into effect early in 1942, helped to bring about the new lead-slag-fuming plant and other new sources of raw materials.

Jan 1, 1943

By R. L., Fullman

During the past year there have been a number of significant investigations that have furnished evidence on the driving forces governing grain growth and on the role played by boundary impurities. Thus Burke has shown that in high purity alpha brass the rate of grain growth in the earliest stages is approximately inversely proportional to the existing grain size. This relation agrees with one derived by Zener assuming that surface energy was the driving force in grain growth. Also in confirmation of the surface energy hypothesis, Burke found that growth virtually stopped when the grain boundaries or even only the grain corners were melted.

Jan 1, 1949

By N. A. Ziegler

A CERTAIN amount of interest has been indicated recently in the resistance to oxidation at high temperatures of iron-aluminum alloys (rich in iron). Hautman1 published a paper in which some interesting results are given. According to his paper, only alloys containing at least 8 per cent aluminum indicate a marked improvement in their resistance to oxidation. At about this aluminum content, however, alloys become brittle, which considerably reduces their commercial value. About two years ago the author performed a series of experiments, the results of which are presented here. A series of iron-aluminum-carbon alloys was prepared by melting electrolytic iron, aluminum and high-carbon iron alloy in an induction vacuum furnace.2 The list of these alloys is given in Table 1. Each alloy was forged in the ordinary way to

Jan 1, 1932

By A. Andreas

New Mexico established an annual record by producing 38,897,741 bbl. of oil during 1940. This was approximately 6 per cent greater than the 1939 production of 36,746,840 bbl. The daily average produc-tion was 106,569 bbl. New Mexico retained its position as the seventh oil-producing state. The recommendations of the United States Bureau of Mines were followed by the Oil Conservation Commission in setting the monthly state allowable. At the beginning of the year the average top allowable for each qc-acre unit was 40 bbl. and at the close of the year it was 36 bbl. Remedial work by the operators has been extremely beneficial and satisfactory in reducing the gas-oil ratios in various fields. Gas formerly blown into the air is now being processed by numerous casinghead plants. The Oil Conservation Commission, with the full cooperation of the Proration Office and operators, has taken bottom-hole pressure surveys and has done considerable remedial work in various fields. Two new oil fields and one gas field were discovered in New Mexico during 1940. Numerous extensions to the existing fields were made. Some of these were definitely wildcats in the same townships designated as fields and some, although called extensions, were more than 3 miles from production. Lea County continued to be the largest oil-producing county in the state, with a production of 33,976,394 bbl. It had the largest number of completions during 1940, with 303 oil wells, 9 gas wells and 13 dry holes—a total of 325 wells. Eddy County was the next most active county, with 239 completions, of which 163 were oil wells, 8 gas wells and 68 dry holes. It produced 4,405,158 bbl. of oil during the year. The increased activity in Eddy County and the completion of a large number of producing oil wells have created a transportation problem that can be solved only by additional pipe-line facilities. During the year Eddy County was unable to produce 1,500,000 bbl. of its allowable oil, because there was no pipe-line outlet. There were 601 wells completed in New Mexico in 1940, of which 478 were oil wells, 22 gas wells and IOI dry holes. This was a decline of approximately 9.5 per cent in the number of completions compared with 1939, when 659 wells were drilled. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County.—The largest producing field in Lea County was the Monument field, with 6,894,475 bbl.; followed by Eunice with 6,559,348 bbl. and Vacuum with 4,743,065 bbl. The Hobbs pool, which for years was the largest producing field in the state of New Mexico, was fourth with 3,790,477 bbl. The Vacuum pool was the most active area, having 68 completions, of which 67 were oil wells and one was a dry hole. Only one new field was discovered in Lea County during 1940; the discovery well was in the Caprock area, the Livermore State No. I, in the SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 30, T. 12 S, R. 32 E. This well was drilled to a

Jan 1, 1941

By A. Andreas

New Mexico established an annual record by producing 38,897,741 bbl. of oil during 1940. This was approximately 6 per cent greater than the 1939 production of 36,746,840 bbl. The daily average produc-tion was 106,569 bbl. New Mexico retained its position as the seventh oil-producing state. The recommendations of the United States Bureau of Mines were followed by the Oil Conservation Commission in setting the monthly state allowable. At the beginning of the year the average top allowable for each qc-acre unit was 40 bbl. and at the close of the year it was 36 bbl. Remedial work by the operators has been extremely beneficial and satisfactory in reducing the gas-oil ratios in various fields. Gas formerly blown into the air is now being processed by numerous casinghead plants. The Oil Conservation Commission, with the full cooperation of the Proration Office and operators, has taken bottom-hole pressure surveys and has done considerable remedial work in various fields. Two new oil fields and one gas field were discovered in New Mexico during 1940. Numerous extensions to the existing fields were made. Some of these were definitely wildcats in the same townships designated as fields and some, although called extensions, were more than 3 miles from production. Lea County continued to be the largest oil-producing county in the state, with a production of 33,976,394 bbl. It had the largest number of completions during 1940, with 303 oil wells, 9 gas wells and 13 dry holes—a total of 325 wells. Eddy County was the next most active county, with 239 completions, of which 163 were oil wells, 8 gas wells and 68 dry holes. It produced 4,405,158 bbl. of oil during the year. The increased activity in Eddy County and the completion of a large number of producing oil wells have created a transportation problem that can be solved only by additional pipe-line facilities. During the year Eddy County was unable to produce 1,500,000 bbl. of its allowable oil, because there was no pipe-line outlet. There were 601 wells completed in New Mexico in 1940, of which 478 were oil wells, 22 gas wells and IOI dry holes. This was a decline of approximately 9.5 per cent in the number of completions compared with 1939, when 659 wells were drilled. Southeastern New Mexico Lea County.—The largest producing field in Lea County was the Monument field, with 6,894,475 bbl.; followed by Eunice with 6,559,348 bbl. and Vacuum with 4,743,065 bbl. The Hobbs pool, which for years was the largest producing field in the state of New Mexico, was fourth with 3,790,477 bbl. The Vacuum pool was the most active area, having 68 completions, of which 67 were oil wells and one was a dry hole. Only one new field was discovered in Lea County during 1940; the discovery well was in the Caprock area, the Livermore State No. I, in the SE. 1/4 SE. 1/4 sec. 30, T. 12 S, R. 32 E. This well was drilled to a

Jan 1, 1941

By A. T. Aldred, K. M. Myles

The vapor pressure of chromium over solid V-Cr alloys has been measured by the torsion-effusion method in the temperature range 1450" to 1650°K. The chemical activities as well as the free energies, entropies, and enthalpies of formation of the alloys have hem computed from the vapor-pressure data. The activities of both chromium and vanadium exhibit fairly small negative deviations from Raoult&apos;s law over the entire composition range. The values of the excess entropies and the enthalpies of formation found at 1550°K are considered in terms of the changes in the clzaracteristic properties of vanadium and chromium that occur upon alloying. RECENT interest in the theory and properties of transition-metal alloys has shown the need for relevant thermodynamic data. The present investigation of the V-Cr system was undertaken as part of a more general study of thermodynamic properties of transition-metal alloys. The system was chosen because of the reported complete solid solubility of the components at all temperatures1 and because the difference in magnitude of the vapor pressures of vanadium and chromium allowed a simple effusion technique to be used. The torsion-effusion method was employed to minimize compositional changes in the alloys during the experiments. EXPERIMENTAL Equipment. The torsion-effusion apparatus, shown diagrammatic ally in Fig. 1, consists of a torsion system suspended inside a vertical vacuum chamber whose lower end is surrounded by a high-temperature vacuum furnace. An auxiliary optical lever and screen are used to determine the angle of rotation of the effusion cell. The torsion fiber is an annealed, high-purity, tungsten wire usually between 0.003 and 0.007 cm in diameter and about 43 cm long. The wire supports a concave mirror and a rigid tantalum connector tube. The effusion cell is fastened to the lower end of the connector tube by a dovetailed yoke and har- ness arrangement. The cells, which are 1.27 cm in diameter and 4.4 cm long, were made by electron-beam welding tantalum endcaps onto a 0.025-cm-wall tantalum tube. The two orifices, formed by drilling, have similar areas ranging from 0.011 to 0.031 sq cm. The noninductive sheath-type furnace consists of a single-phase tantalum heating element 6.35 cm in diameter, 15 cm high, and 0.013 cm thick; the element is completely surrounded by radiation shields in an evacuated chamber. The power system includes a 17-kva self-saturating saturable core reactor with an integral magnetic amplifier and a water-cooled, 15-kva, step-down power transformer with a multitap secondary. Temperatures are controlled to within ±1/2o at 1600°K by means of a unit that includes a reference voltage source, a dc electronic null detector, a current-adjusting proportional band relay, and the self - saturating reactor. At 1650°K the temperature variation within the cell, vertically and horizontally, is 3/4oK. Unwanted motions of the torsion system are damped by the movement of an aluminum vane, which is mounted on the connector tube, between the poles of an electromagnet. When not in use the magnet is withdrawn and rotated 90 deg to prevent its interaction with the rotation of the system. Measurements. The vapor pressure, p, is re-

Jan 1, 1964

By Merton C. Flemings, Harold D. Brody

Analyses that include diffusion of solute in the solid phase are formulated to describe solute redistribution in dendritic solidification of metallic alloys. The analyses are based on conditions that include negligible undercooling before nucleation of solid phases, negligible increase of solute in advance of the tips of growing dendrites, complete diffusion within the liquid over distances the order of dendrite spacings, and a plate-like dendrite morphology. The classical nonequilibrium freezing equation, Cs = kCo(I - fS)k-l accurately describes solute redistribution between dendrite arms for the solidification processes considered, provided diffusion in the solid is negligible. To account for the effect of diffusion in the solid, an analytic expression is given which is similar inform to the classical expression. 172 addition, a numerical-analysis procedure is etnployed to examine in more detail the effect of diffusion both during and after solidification. The analyses are intended for application to solidification of castings and ingots to describe a) final solute distribution after solidification and cooling to room temperature (microsegregation) and b) local fraction solid as a function of ternperatcre within the solidifying casting or ingol. SOLUTE redistribution in cellular and dendritic solidification has been discussed quantitatively in recent papers&apos;-3 and in a series of earlier work.4-6 However, none of the analyses developed have permitted close correlation of theory with final solute distribution (microsegregation) observed in castings and ingots. In this paper, discussion is given of approximations which may reasonably be made in mathematical treatment of microsegregation, and analyses are presented based on these approximations. Numerical results are given for Al-Cu alloys. In a second paper the analyses will be compared with exeriment.7 CLASSICAL ANALYSIS The classical quantitative treatment of solute redistribution within a closed "volume element" has been derived repeatedly, for example by Gulliver,4 Scheil,&apos; and Pfann.&apos; This "classical nonequilibrium solidification equation" is written for constant partition ratio: where Cs = interface composition of the solid when the weight-fraction solid within the "volume element" is fs (weight fraction, wt pct); k = equilibrium partition ratio; Co = initial alloy composition within the volume element (weight fraction, wt pct). Assumptions of Eq. [11 are: 1) There is negligible undercooling before nuclea-tion, or from curvature or kinetic effects. 2) There is no mass flow in or out of the volume

Jan 1, 1967

By N. C. Nissen, J. A. Thomas, A. Illis, K. N. Subramanian

Successful miniplant and laboratory testwork has indicated that high purity selenium can be produced from copper refinery slimes. The recovery technique fits into existing unit operations, and the selenium recovery in the new process was close to 99%. This recovery virtually eliminated any selenium being processed through the smelting stage. In addition, miniplant tests conducted at Inco Metals Co.&apos;s J. Roy Gordon Research Laboratory in Mississauga, Ontario, have demonstrated the reliability of the process with respect to extractions, product quality, filtration characteristics, and effluent disposal. Inco&apos;s copper refinery at Copper Cliff, Ontario, produces about 500 t/d of copper with the anode slimes fall typically averaging 0.5% of the throughput. Investigations relating to the treatment of slimes within Inco&apos;s R&D have been conducted on several occasions since 1959, when the available alternatives such as acid or alkaline pressure leaching, aqueous or high temperature chlorination, roasting, smelting, etc., were considered. Interest in slimes processing was revived recently to meet increasingly stringent environmental standards and to replace equipment of a relatively old plant.

Jan 11, 1978