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YEAR OF ELECTION 1913. FRANK DAWSON ADAMS, Montreal, Canada. 1921. WILLIAM CUTHBERT BLACKETT Sacriston, Durham, England. 1935. GUILLAUME DANIEL DELPRAT Melbourne, Vic., Aust. 1920. HENRY STURGIS DRINKER Merion Station, Pa. 1933. KARL EIKERS NEW YORK, N. Y. 1922. FEDERICO GIOLITTI Torino, Italy. 1906. SIR ROBERT A. HADFIELD London, England. 1928. JOHN HAYS HAMMOND New York, N. Y. 1921. FRANK WILLIAM HARBORD London, England. 1917. HERBERT HOOVER Washington, D. C. 1905. HENRI LECHATELIER Paris, France. 1931. WALDEMAR LINDGREN Cambridge, Mass. 1921. C. McDERMID London, England. 1913. EZEQUIEL ORDONEZ Mexico City, Mexico. 1935. ROBERT PEELE New York, N. Y. 1911. ROBERT H. RICHARDS Cambridge, Mass. 1934. T.A. RICKARD Victoria, B.C., Canada 1933. ALBERT SAUVER Cambridge, Mass.

Jan 1, 1936

By John Skelton, E. J. Harvey

Seepage runs (stream flow measurements in a short time at many points in a basin,) and stream flow records are used to locate losing areas in stream basins in the Missouri Ozarks. The terrane consists of dolomitic limestone and sandstone of Ordovician and Cambrian age. Side-looking radar imagery emphasizes variations in topography and reveals two types of drainage basin topography, rough and smooth (deeply dissected and slightly dissected basins). In the deeply dissected basins (rough ones), main streams and tributaries generally gain. In the slightly dissected basins (smooth ones), the streams lose a part or all of their flow. Logan Creek, a tributary of Black River in the southeastern Ozarks, loses much of its storm runoff and all of its dry weather flow. East and West Forks of the Black River, north of Logan Creek, gain water through most of their main stems. On radar imagery Logan Creek basin has a light uniform tone and smooth texture in contrast to the darker tone and rough texture of the East and West Forks. The contrast is due to the difference in degree of dissection. Therefore, radar imagery may be useful in suggesting gaining or losing streams (or reaches of streams).

Jan 1, 1973

By George Langford

THE McIntyre mine is in the Pearl Lake section of the Porcupine gold area. The rocks are Keewatin lavas intruded by quartz porphyries and albitite dikes of Algoman age. Gold-bearing quartz veins are found in the Keewatin rocks near the porphyry stocks. The whole area has been highly compressed by forces acting along a N. 20°W. line. These forces folded the Keewatin rocks before the intrusion of the Algoman rocks, and later schisted both the Keewatin and Algoman rocks. Vein fractures were developed after the folding but before the development of the schist by the compres-sive forces being locally broken up into couples. These couples were set up by the differential resistance to deformation of porphyries and basalts, and also by the competency of the dacites and incompetency of the tuffs and fragmental rocks. During the important period of vein formation, two zones were developed-an inner productive zone in which the quartz veins are ankerite-bearing and an outer barren zone in which the quartz veins are calcite-bearing. The vein solutions originated in the same magma that supplied the albitite dikes.

Jan 1, 1938

By R. B. Muter, W. C. Grady, T. D. Wheelock, D. G. Chedgy

INTRODUCTION Topics of special interest, such as preparation plant flowsheets and noise pollution, are described in this chapter along with a discussion of non- state-of-the-art processes such as chemical cleaning, high intensity magnetic separation, and bacterial oxidation. PREPARATION PLANT FLOWSHEETS by RICHARD B. Muter In determining the layout or combination of unit operations to be utilized in a modern preparation plant several factors must be taken into account.

Jan 1, 1979

By A. B. Parsons

AN often repeated criticism of the profession of engineering is that it is as a whole it lacks solidarity. organization, co-ordination, and leadership. Significantly, the critic, are all engineers. Other members of the body politic either do not know about the absence of organization or they do not care. If engineers have no organization they have a plethora of organizations. There exist in the United State, today some 350 societies. institutes. clubs, associations, and councils of engineers and engineering technologists and this number excludes several hundred local chapters of national societies. trade associations, and local engineers' clubs of purely social character- Successful engineers must be proficient in analyzing, planning, and co-ordinating. but it is generally admitted that for their profession as a whole their success in this respect has been indifferent.

Jan 1, 1943

R. W. Raymond, New Pork City: It seems questionable to me whether Mr. Mezger's identification of the rock-structure he describes, as the Augengneiss of previous authors, is warranted by the definitions given by them. Naumann (1854)t describes Augengneiss as a porphyry-like variety, " which has assumed, by reason of single large kernels or granular concre-

Jan 1, 1896

By Robert F. Mehl, Gerhard Derge

The gamma-alpha transformation in iron and iron-rich alloys is of such practical and theoretical importance that many papers have been published upon the subject relating to critical temperatures, transformation rates and accompanying property changes. Although crystallo-graphic studies are of less immediate practical usefulness, the opportunities which these offer to furnish data on the basic atomic movements which characterize the transformation are not to be neglected1. The early work on the crystallography of this transformation has been reviewed in the fourth paper of this series2; since then several important papers have appeared. Our present knowledge may be briefly summarized as follows. Kurdjumow and Sachs, working with a 1.4 per cent carbon steel3, established the orientation relationships subsisting between the face-centered gamma and the metastable tetragonal lattices in freshly quenched martensite, and between the face-centered gamma and the body-centered alpha lattices in tempered martensite. The orientation relationship observed in the latter case may be stated in terms of planes and directions observed to lie parallel in the two lattices: {111} ?//{110}a [110] ?// [111]a (This notation is used throughout as the most descriptive means of expressing the fact that any (111) plane of the gamma phase may be parallel to any (110) plane of the alpha phase, and that a [110] direction in a particular (111)? plane is parallel to a [Ill] direction in the corresponding (110)a plane.) From these relationships the atomic movements that transform the gamma lattice into the alpha may be inferred. In the present experiment these may be considered as consisting primarily in a shear of the atoms parallel to the {111} planes in [110]? Directions

Jan 1, 1937

The discovery of nickel at the Wallace Mine in 1846, recorded in the Report of Progress of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1.848-49, was not the first find in the Sudbury mining district. As long ago as 1770 a company had been formed to work the rich deposits of, copper whose existence was then known. .But it was during the first mentioned year that, incited thereto by fresh finds and a favorable report by Mr. W. E. Logan, then Provincial Geologist, two [ ] groups of Canadians organized "The Montreal Mining Company and "The Upper Canada Mining Company." By the former company the Bruce Mines Location' was purchased and work was immediately commenced upon it. The Wallace Mine acquired by the Upper Canada Mining Company, was abandoned after a shaft had been sunk and a few test pits opened.

Jan 1, 1907

By Keijiro Nishio

At a time of great antiquity when our Yomato tribe had not yet found its way throughout the country, there lived in Japan barbarous tribes of the stone age, whose dwellings were vertical caves covered with roof's of twigs and weeds. In a cave lately discovered at the village of Morita, 10 miles west from the port of Aomori, there were found pieces of micaceous iron-ore and psilomelane, with oval holes pierced from both sides. Apparently these objects were regarded as ornaments or curios, without being applied to any practical use. Among the traditions given in the Nihonshoki, an ancient history of Japan, there is one relating to the mining industry. According to this tradition, in the mythological age Izanami-no-Mikoto gave birth to Kanayamahiko-no-Mikoto, god of mines, and Amaterasu-Okami (the sun-goddess) was armed with swords. It came to pass at one time that she concealed herself in Ama-no-Iwato ("Heavenly Cave"), and several gods made contrivances to entice her out. Among them, Ishikori-dome, a smith, made a mirror with copper obtained from the Ama-no-Kagoyama, by means of a pair of bellows known as the Ama-no-habuki, which was made of a deer-skin. It is recorded also that Susanb-no-Mikoto, her younger brother, observed the abundance of gold and silver in Korea, where his descendants were to reign, and urged them to provide themselves with boats to convey them across the Sea of Japan. In the course of time he accomplished his object, proceeding to Korea with his son, Isotakeru-no-Mikoto. These accounts

Jan 1, 1913

By Sidney Powers

CONTENTS PAGE Distribution of fields 4 History of development 6 Origin of oil 7 Structure,, accumulation and migration 8 Reservoir rocks 9 Methods of drilling and exploration to Oil-field statistics 12 Description by regions: United States: Appalachian region 12 East-central states 17 Kansas 18 Oklahoma 19 Texas 24 Arkansas 32 Louisiana 33 Mississippi -.. 34 Rocky Mountain region 34 California : 37 Canada 41 Mexico 43 Cuba 46 Bibliography 46 THE purpose of this brief account of the occurrence of petroleum in North America is to make available to those who have a knowledge of geology, but who are not engaged in the petroleum industry, a few salient facts about the location of oil and gas fields, their productivity, the important structural types of accumulation and the age of the rocks containing petroleum. A few useful data and statistics are furnished, yet not complete statistics that are available elsewhere. Geology has been treated in simple terms because the reader is presumed to have little interest in the names of formations and of oil sands. Mineral deposits are more or less analogous. Whether oil or metals, minerals are found in rocks, largely in sedimentary rocks which carry water or have at one time carried it. A genetic or accumula-

Jan 1, 1931

By Sidney Powers

CONTENTS PAGE Distribution of fields 4 History of development 6 Origin of oil 7 Structure, accumulation and migration 8 Reservoir rocks 9 Methods of drilling and exploration 10 Oil-field statistics : 12 Description by regions: United States: Appalachian region ; 12 East-central states 17 Kansas 18 Oklahoma : 19 Texas : 24 Arkansas : 32 Louisiana 33 Mississippi ....... 34 Rocky Mountain region : 34 California 37 Canada 41 Mexico 43 Cuba 46 Bibliography 46 THE purpose of this brief account- of the occurrence of petroleum in North America is to make available to those who have a knowledge of geology, but who are not engaged in the petroleum industry, a few salient facts about the location of oil and gas fields, their productivity, the important structural types of accumulation and the age of the rocks containing petroleum. A few useful data and statistics are furnished, yet not complete statistics that are available elsewhere. Geology has been treated in simple terms because the reader is presumed to have little interest in the names of formations and of oil sands. Mineral deposits are more or less analogous. Whether oil or metals, minerals are found in rocks, largely in sedimentary rocks which carry water or have at one time carried it. A genetic or accumula-

Jan 1, 1931

By V. N. Krivobok

THE study and use of low-carbon manganese steels have been curiously neglected in the general history of developments in alloy steels. Hadfield1 made an extensive study of manganese-iron-carbon alloys about 1886, which culminated in the wide application and use of Hadfield austenitic manganese steel. His alloys were nearly all high in carbon, as compared with the steels discussed in this paper, and he found a marked tendency towards brittleness in the alloys of medium and low manganese content, that is, below 7 per cent. manganese. As a result, there has been a widespread prejudice against the use of manganese steels containing between 1.0 to 3.5 per cent. manganese with comparatively low carbon. Steels of this composition have never been studied adequately in comparison with other alloy steels, and have had little use in practice. In a very recent paper by Sir Robert Hadfield2 the following statement appears: ?. . . manganese-iron alloys with little or no carbon do not seem to offer any practical employment; they only become valuable in the presence of quite high percentages of carbon, 0.90 to 1.50 per cent." The results of the present investigation are so contrary to the findings of Hadfield that the writers feel fully justified in presenting the preliminary report incorporated in this paper.

Jan 1, 1927

By H. G. Sell, G. W. King

An investigation was made of the lensile proper-ties of recrystallized high-purity tungsten and a W-1 pel ThO2 dispersed-phase alloy over the temperature region of 800° to 2400°C. The thoria addition resulted in a modest strengthening effect over the entire temperature region. A decrease in ductility of both materials occurred above 0.5 Tm which was caused by void formation. Current theories of IT has long been recognized that a second phase of hard particles has a strengthening effect on a pure metal. At low or intermediate temperatures (<0.5 Tm), the strengthening effect is thought to arise mainly from the interaction of dislocations with dispersed particles. Above 0.5 Tm, dynamic recovery processes greatly alter the deformation mechanisms from those simply involving glide, and grain bound- strengthening by a dispersed second phase do not adequately explain the tensile results. Melallographic examination suggests that the improved strength of tire alloy results from the effect of thoria on the mierostructure. Stress-dependent thermally activated processes were found to occur high temperatures. aries may act as sources of weakness rather than strength because of grain boundary sliding. Grain boundary sliding at high temperatures has been postulated to be the primary factor giving rise to the formation of voids or cavities at grain boundaries1-3 which in turn cause premature failure and poor ductility.4 Voids, once formed, can grow by the condensation of vacancies from the equilibrium concentration&apos; or from the excess vacancies produced by the deformation.4,5 The high-temperature tensile properties of unalloyed tungsten have previously been investigated by Sikora and Ha116 and also by Taylor and Boone.7 The purpose of the present work was to investigate

Jan 1, 1965

US 4,185,078-In the recovery of rhenium values from an aqueous sodium molybdate solution contained in the hydrometallurgical processing of roasted molybdenite, improved results are realized by using a described extractant consisting of a quaternary ammonium compound and benzene or other highly aromatic solvent which dissolves a quaternary ammonium-rhenium complex Essentially all rhenium is recovered from the solution and the extractant can be regenerated and recycled. This patent is a continuation-in-part of US Patent No. 4,049,771, dated Sept. 20, 1977. L R. Quatrini and M.B MacInnis, assigned to GTE Sylvania Inc. Jan 22, 1980. 6 pp (423-49). Flied. 7-19-78 (926,167).

Jan 1, 1982

By Raymond Ward

Jan 1, 1945

By Ivan E. Goodner, Charles H. Fulton

The subject of the constitution of copper-iron mattes has received considerable attention in recent years by Keller,&apos; Belles,2 Hofman,3 and Gibb and Philp.4 Still more recently Friedrich, Röntgen, Wiedmann, Heyn and Bauer, and Leroux have published, in some instances, elaborate researches on the various systems of the sulphides, and the snlphides and their respective metals, which enter into the constitution of mattes, and have added very greatly to the knowledge of the subject. The work of Friedrich has been especially fruitful. But to&apos; date no effort has been made to correlate the data obtained in the latter researches and apply them to the study of the product called " matte," which is made in such large quantities by copper- and lead-smelters. In this paper we propose to determine, by metallographic and chemical means, the constitution of copper-iron and copper-lead-iron mattes in the light of the recent data above mentioned. We do not discuss copper-nickel mattes or speisses (artificial arsenides). The paper is divided into three sections: I. A review and discussion of the various binary systems of the metallic sulphides, and the binary systems of various metals and their respective sulphides entering into the constitution of mattes; also a discussion of the physical properties of these sulphides. II. A description of the results obtained from the chemical and microscopic examinations of the samples of copper-iron and copper-lead-iron matte obtained from various plants.

Jan 1, 1909

By John B. Cook

Most of today&apos;s open pits take the form of conical-shaped excavations in the relatively flat or undulating terrain surrounding them. Ore is usually hauled uphill from the pit bottom by truck, rail, or skip to crushing, beneficiation, railroad loading, and stockpiling facilities near the edge of the pit. There are, however, a few orebodies whose locations in mountainous terrain causes special problems that generate different technical solutions. LAMCO&apos;s 10.5 million metric tons per year high-grade iron mine in the Nimba Range in tropical Liberia is probably one of the most extreme of these exceptions (Fig. 1). At Nimba there is a 2,000-ft difference in elevation between the upper- most levels of the orebodies and the start of the railroad below at the foot of the mountain. Haulage to the crusher is usually downhill at grades of up to 12% dictated by the topography of the rugged terrain. Ore is transported from the crusher down the mountainside by a conveyor sys- tem 10,096 ft long, whose average grade is 18%. The belt is braked by asynchronous generators, feeding power into the local network. The original crusher must be relocated at a lower elevation outside the final pit limit to allow that part of the mountain on which it now stands to be excavated. HISTORY The LAMCO Joint Venture is owned 75% by the Liberian-American- Swedish Minerals Co. (LAMCO) and 25% by Bethlehem Steel Corp. LAMCO is comprised of a 50% interest by the Liberian Government and 50% interest by Liberian Iron Ore Ltd (Fig. 2). This joint venture was launched to develop the high-grade iron ore deposits of the Nimba Range.

Jan 1, 1969

University of Alabama-University, Alabama, Mining and Metallurgical Society, James W Stewart University of Alaska-College, Alaska, Mining Society of the University of Alaska, Jack R Hoskins University of Arizona-Tucson, Arizona, Miners Society, A E Gorum Birmingham-Southern College-Birmingham, Alabama, Pick and Hammer Club, Daniel D Arden University of British Columbia-Vancouver, British Columbia, G M Dawson Club, A Gunning University of California-Berkeley, California, Mineral Technology Association, Bernard York Carnegie Institute of Technology-Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, The Metals Club, Gerhard Derge Case Institute of Technology-Cleveland, Ohio, Case Metallurgical Engineering Society, Robert F Hehemann City College of New York-New York, New York, CCNY Student Chapter AIME, Daniel T O&apos;Connell

Jan 1, 1955

By E. W. Davis

DURING late years, the proportion of beileficiated iron ore shipped from the Lake Superior District has increased very rapidly. By benefication is meant washing, screening, drying, sintering or any process by which the grade or structure of the crude ore is improved before shipment. In 1915, only 3,000,- 000 tons, or 9 per cent, of t6e total Minnesota shipment was beneficiated ore, compared with 13,500,000 tons, or 35 per cent, of the total Minnesota shipment in 1925. This increase is, of course, due to the fact that iron and steel can be made more cheaply after beneficiating these ores than they could have been had these ores not been so treated. Fundamentally, however, several causes contribute to the necessity for beneficiating iron ores, such as depletion of the reserves of high-grade ores, the iron ore leasing systems and taxation methods and, at the smelting plants, a better understanding of blast-furnace operations, increased operating costs and increased sulfur content of blast-furnace coke. As economic conditions change, it is by no means certain that the proportion of beneficiated ore shipped each year is going to continue to increase. Undoubtedly some of the beneficiation operations are not economically sound at the present time and what the future has in store for the iron ore industry is problematical. Generally speaking, the cost of fuel for blast-furnace operations will increase as time goes on and in order to continue to produce cheap iron and steel, some of the other costs must be lowered. Freight and labor rates probably can- not be reduced. The cost of producing iron ore cannot be reduced much below the present price. It therefore appears that the best opportunity for maintaining iron and steel prices at their present level in spite of in- creased costs of labor and raw materials is to use. less or cheaper raw materials. This, of course, contemplates an improvement in metallurgical processes all along the line and, as a matter of fact, we can confidently expect these improvements because scientific investigations will undoubtedly be even more productive in the future than they have been in the past.

Jan 1, 1926

Without having asked for it, the writer has apparently been drawn into the discussion regarding relative hoisting capacities which was started by Woodward Iron, egged on by Joe Haller of Cleveland-Cliffs [Mining Engineering, August p. 642] and Axel Kjelgaard [November p. 919], who took exception to Mr. Haller&apos;s remarks of tonnage hoisted and avers that they do better in Sweden. It does not appear to the writer that Mr. Haller was inclined to refer to the tonnage hoisted at Cleveland-Cliffs in a manner to imply that they claimed any hoisting record, but rather as a statement that they had hoisted a certain amount of ore during the year 1950. Mr. Haller has been in the mining game long enough to appreciate what Mr. Kjelgaard did not apparently take into consideration, that length of haul, shifts hoisted, nature of ore, method of loading and the many other factors which influence the hoisting cycle make a comparison of tonnages hoisted of two given mines almost an impossibility. Mr. Cheyette sent you .a copy of his letter to Bob Manegold relative to the capacities of the Orient #2 mine. There are several mines around the Country which constantly set up records about which little or nothing at all is ever heard. We cite the Snow Hill Coal Co. mine at Terre Haute, Ind., which has an automatic Nordberg hoist and which hoists 12 tons per trip or 700 tons per hr from 700 ft. This is a counter-weighted installation and a complete cycle is made every 62 seconds or 58 trips per hr. Another mine, The Potash Company of America mine at Carlsbad, N. Mex., has a Nordberg automatic hoist, hoisting eight tons per trip from 1150 ft on a one minute cycle. The materials hoisted in these two mines are ideal for automatic hoisting-they are free flowing so that no hang up is anticipated and hoisting is continuous. Multiplying out the above figures you will find that it is possible to hoist 11,000 tons in two shifts at Snow Hill or over 3 million tons in 300 days per year and over 2 million tons at Potash. Other mines have records which can be pointed to with pride. When a record for one year is established, it doesn&apos;t stand too long as here in America the ambition of all the men connected with the operation forces them on to larger tonnages. T. C. WIEDENHOEFER MANAGER MINE HOIST DEPARTMENT NORDBERG MANUFACTNRING CO. MILWAUKEE, WIS.

Jan 1, 1952