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A Discussion of the papers of James Gayley, on "The Application of Dry-Air Blast to the Manufacture of Iron" (see Trans., XXXV., 746, 1022, also pp. 315 and 745 of the present volume, and of J. E. Johnson, Jr., on "The Physical Action of the Blast-Furnace," p. 454. Chas. B. Dudley, Altoona, Pa.:—I am not a blast-furnace man, and this always puts me at a disadvantage because I cannot go into the details of the making of iron and steel. I have not the experience, and have to take the statements of other people, so what I say regarding the subject of this paper is not in the sense of an expert. When I first heard of Mr. Gayley's experiments, I said to myself, a I fear they will result in failure, since, apparently, Mr. Gayley has forgotten one chemical fact, namely, that carbon does not combine with oxygen in the absence of mater-vapor." This fact which was so astonishing when it was first brought out some years ago, and which those who are interested may find in the Journal of the Chemical Society of London, for 1885, page 349, and 1894, page 611, led me to think that the drying of the air would be a mistake. The general subject of the influence of water-vapor on chemical action is a large one; but the special point in which we are, for the moment, interested, namely, the influence of water-vapor on the combustion of carbon, was especially treated by Mr. H. B. Baker, in the papers referred to. Apparently, however, as the result of Mr. Gayley's experiments, we are to learn that the amount of moisture still left in the desiccated air is sufficient to secure perfectly satisfactory combustion. In thinking over Mr. Gayley's paper, it occurred to me that there were two alternatives, either of which might be chosen, namely, we might dry the air as Mr. Gayley does, or possibly we might, in a very much easier way, simply saturate the air at a constant temperature, and thus get uniform working and

Jan 1, 1906

Steel Tape The new Lufkin Royal Ni-Clad steel tape, made in 25, 50, 75, and 100-ft sizes, is stated to cost less than any other steel tape on the market. Figures and graduations are an integral part of the steel and the nickel plated surface is rust and corrosion resistant. Circle No. 1 Lift A manually operated and propelled hydraulic lift marketed by Century Products Co. weighs only [ ] 150 lb, but the 23x24 in. platform will raise 1000 lb from floor level to 4 ft height. Circle No. 2 Scintillation Counter The Scintillator from Precision Radiation Instruments, stated to have 100 times the sensitivity of the Geiger counter, is suitable for prospecting and may be operated from plane or moving vehicle. The instrument is contained in a 2-lb probe and the belt mounted battery box weighs less than 4 lb. Circle No. 3 Generators Wincharger Corp. announces development of a Speedy-Shift wheel-barrow base type attachment for model 700, 1800 and 5000 engine-generator sets. Portability of the engine-generator sets themselves has been improved by belted construction for higher operating speed and maximum weight reduction. Circle No. 4

Jan 1, 1952

The Committee on Technical Nomenclature, of which John T. Faig, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Cincinnati, is Chairman, appointed by the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, has recently issued a report advocating uniformity in the use of symbols to designate engineering and mathematical terms: The selection of the symbols was based upon a canvas of a considerable number of engineers, editors of engineering papers, and professors of engineering throughout the United States. The list, as finally accepted by the Committee and recommended for universal adoption, is as follows: Concept Symbol I Concept Symbol Acceleration due to gravity 'g Length L Acceleration, linear a Mass m Area A Modulus of section Z Breadth b Modulus of elasticity, Young's... E Center of rotation 0 Moment of force M Coefficients and constants C, K Moment of inertia, polar J Deflection of beam y Moment of inertia, rectangular.. I Depth : d Quantity of liquid flowing Q Diameter D . Radius r Distance passed over s Radius of gyration k Distance of extreme fiber from Reactions R neutral aids C Revolutions per unit of time.... N Eccentricity of application of load e Stress, unit S Efficiency (hydr., mech., vol.)...er,.em, e9 Time t Force F Torque T Friction, coefficient of f Velocity, angular :. W Head H 'Velocity, linear V Height h Volume V Horsepower : Hp Weight W Hydraulic radius Re Previous lists of symbols have not secured wide acceptance in, this country; some that have been proposed by prominent writers are familiar to very few engineers. The above list is presented in the hope that it will assist in the evolution of a standard list. It is short; it contains no Greek letters; it is mnemonic to a considerable degree, though not by

Jan 1, 1918

By J. J. Arps

This paper is a study of the effect of temperature on the electrical resistivity of sodium chloride solutions based on the published resistivity and density data in the International Critical Tables. This temperature effect is of considerable importance in quantitative interpretation of electric logs, where it is frequently necessary to correct mud resistivities measured under surface conditions to temperatures existing at the bottom of the bore hole. An empirical approximation formula was developed for this conversion which has proved to be very useful and seems to provide results well within the range of accuracy of the data involved. This approximation formula states: sistivities of sodium chloride solutions at temperatures of t and t degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. INTRODUCTION Research by various investigators during the past 20 years has clarified the physical principles of the phenomena which cause the natural or spontaneous electric potential in rotary drilled bore holes. The basic relationship which is most commonly used reads: in which the SP deflection, as measured from the shale base line, is expressed in millivolts. K is a constant, which appears to vary between 50 and 110; the low value applying to shaly sands, whereas the higher values are more common in carbonate rocks. A good average value for K = 70. for which value there is considerable theoretical justification." In order to calculate the resistivity of the connate water R and to estimate its "equivalent salinity" (as NaCl) from an electric log by means of this SP relationship from a knowledge of the static self potential and of the resistiv- ity of the mud filtrate R it is necessary to first correct the resistivity of the mud filtrate measured under surface conditions to the resistivity of this same mud filtrate in the well bore at a different temperature. In order to make this temperature conversion for the mud filtrate the variation of the electrical resistivity of sodium chloride solutions with temperature is commonly used. Since some discrepancies were found in the charts ordinarily used for this purpose, it was felt desirable to make a new study of this relationship based on the published measurement data. Because of the fundamental nature of these relationships and as an aid to other workers in this field, an attempt has been made in this study to show every step in the calculations. CONDUCTIVITY VS MOL CONCENTRATION The most complete published reference on the temperature relationship of sodium chloride solutions of different concentrations is provided in the International Critical Tables.' The basic measurement data on the electrical conductivity of aqueous sodium chloride solutions, at different temperatures, as given in these tables, are reproduced in Table 1. The electrical conductivity values in this Table 1 are expressed as 10' times the specific conductivity k in ohm-'cm'l per unit of concentration in milligram mols per liter of solution C, or: RESISTIVITY VS MOL CONCENTRATION These conductivity values from Table 1 were first converted to the corresponding electrical resistivity values (R) , expressed in ohm-meters, as is conven-

Jan 1, 1953

Servicing School Opening of a special factory training course in servicing earthmoving equipment is announced by the Euclid Road Machinery Co. Four [ ] beginning and four advanced one week training courses will be offered to representatives of distributors and customers. Circle No. 1 Core Drill The new Acker "Teredo" core drill, is named after the "boringest little animal in the world" to underline its function as a light, compact, portable core drill capable of depths to 600 ft. While light enough to be truck or jeep-mounted, it offers the combination of a three-speed totally enclosed transmission with either hydraulic or screw feed drill heads. Full 24-in. travel gives maximum footage per shift, 360° rotation permits freedom of hole location, a transmission mounted cathead winch is used in pulling rods and casings, and a power take-off is provided for a pump. Circle No. 2 Plastic Pipe Planned production of both flexible and semi-rigid plastic pipe is announced by Triangle Conduit & Cable Co. Rigid and high-impact pipe will be added to the line later. Three types: non-toxic, industrial, and suction, are being made and in sizes from 1/2 to 6 in. Circle No. 3

Jan 1, 1952

Considerable discussion took place at the June 18th Board of Directors Meeting concerning ways the Petroleum Branch office in Dallas could better serve its members and the essentially Petroleum Local Sections, namely the Delta, East Texas, Gulf Coast, Kansas, Mid-Continent, North Texas, Oklahoma City, Permian Basin, and Southwest Texas. The question of whether decentralization strengthens or weakens the Institute was debated, particularly as to what services could be advantageously decentralized and how both offices could keep informed on their mutual problems. Among other things, it was decided that an Auxiliary Admissions Committee could screen applications from Petroleum members before final action by the National Admissions Committee in New York. Finally it was voted, "That all administrative matters that can be properly delegated to a Branch organization may be so delegated". Final details were approved at the July 16th meeting of the Executive and Finance Committees.

Jan 1, 1952

By G. M. Schwartz, D. M. Davidson

THE Duluth gabbro outcrops containing sulphides of copper, nickel, and iron are located on both sides of State Highway No. 1 an airline distance of 8.5 miles southeast of Ely in northeastern Minnesota. The region of known sulphide occurrences includes parts of sections 5, T. 61 N., R. 11 W., and parts of sections 25, 26, 32, 33, and 34, T. 62 N., R. 11 W. These sections, given in Fig. 1, are all in Lake County, Minnesota. Part of the area, which lies entirely within the Superior National Forest, is shown on the topographic map of the Ely quadrangle. The original discovery was made in 1948 when a small pit was opened in weathered gabbro rubble for use on a forest access road. A shear zone had caused unusual decomposition in this glaciated area, and the resulting copper stain was noted by Fred S. Childers, Sr., an Ely prospector, who began searching the outcrops along the base of the intrusive. He was joined in further exploration by Roger V. Whiteside of Duluth. In the summer of 1951 a small diamond drill was moved into the area and a hole 188 ft deep was drilled, passing through 11 ft of glacial drift into sulphide-bearing gabbro. This paper is a preliminary report on the geology of the newly discovered ore. The Duluth gabbro is one of the largest known basic intrusives and may be defined as a lopolith.' It extends northeastward from the city of Duluth as a great crescent-shaped mass that intersects the shore of Lake Superior again near Hovland, 130 miles to the northeast, see Fig. 2. The distance around the outside of the crescent is nearly 170 miles. The form of the intrusive is simple at Duluth where it ends abruptly north of the St. Louis River; at the east end, however, the gabbro splits into two elongated, sill-like masses separated mainly by lava flows and characterized by minor irregularities. The outcrop reaches a maximum width in the central part where it is about 30 miles across, and a maximum thickness of about 50,000 ft. It may be significant that the sulphides occur at the base of the thickest part. The lopolith has segregated into rock types ranging from peridotite to granite. The most abundant types are olivine gabbro, gabbro, troctolite, anortho-site, and granite. Of lesser importance quantitatively are peridotite, norite, pyroxenite, magnetite gabbro, and titaniferous magnetite. Grout estimates that two-thirds of the gabbro at Duluth is olivine gabbro. Variations in the percentages of plagio-clase, augite, olivine, and magnetite-ilmenite constitute the only essential differences found among the basic rock types. The predominant mineral is plagioclase, mainly labradorite. Plagioclase and olivine seem to have crystallized early, and the olivine rich rocks, usually troctolite, are found in the lower part. Segregations of titaniferous magnetite are abundant near the base of the gabbro along the eastern part and also occur far above the base. These have recently been described in detail by Grout.' Near the top, segregation has produced a gradation to granite, or "red rock," as it is known locally. This consists of quartz, red feldspar, and hornblende. The red rock forms a zone with a maximum width of nearly 5 miles but is quantitatively unimportant from Duluth northward for 35 miles. In Cook county, where the gabbro splits, each of the two sill-like masses has a red rock top somewhat thicker in proportion to the gabbro below than in the main central mass. The intrusive ranges from coarse to medium in grain size and from granitoid to diabasic in texture. Throughout much of the Duluth gabbro in Minnesota banding and foliation are well developed, as Grout has emphasized.V he bands are mainly a result of variation in the percentage of minerals, as in troctolite with alternating bands high in olivine and in plagioclase. A few bands may consist largely of one mineral, as is true of some segregations of magnetite. Many of the banded rocks show a clearly developed parallelism of platy plagioclase crystals, and both banding and foliation are believed to conform to the floor of the lopolith. Throughout its extent in Minnesota the Duluth gabbro dips east and south toward Lake Superior. It is generally believed to extend beneath Lake Superior and is found as a smaller mass exposed along the north side of the Gogebic district in Wisconsin and Michigan. The dip at and near the base ranges along most of its length from 20 to 40°, but at places the internal banding dips even more steeply. The dip of the upper part is much less, and if it is assumed that the flows along the north shore of Lake Superior are a dependable indication, it does not exceed 15". The formations shown in Table I which are intruded by the gabbro range from Keewatin to Middle Keweenawan in age. They present a significant picture. At the top, the gabbro and its accompanying

Jan 1, 1953

By G. M. Schwartz, D. M. Davidson

THE Duluth gabbro outcrops containing sulphides of copper, nickel, and iron are located on both sides of State Highway No. 1 an airline distance of 8.5 miles southeast of Ely in northeastern Minnesota. The region of known sulphide occurrences includes parts of sections 5, T. 61 N., R. 11 W., and parts of sections 25, 26, 32, 33, and 34, T. 62 N., R. 11 W. These sections, given in Fig. 1, are all in Lake County, Minnesota. Part of the area, which lies entirely within the Superior National Forest, is shown on the topographic map of the Ely quadrangle. The original discovery was made in 1948 when a small pit was opened in weathered gabbro rubble for use on a forest access road. A shear zone had caused unusual decomposition in this glaciated area, and the resulting copper stain was noted by Fred S. Childers, Sr., an Ely prospector, who began searching the outcrops along the base of the intrusive. He was joined in further exploration by Roger V. Whiteside of Duluth. In the summer of 1951 a small diamond drill was moved into the area and a hole 188 ft deep was drilled, passing through 11 ft of glacial drift into sulphide-bearing gabbro. This paper is a preliminary report on the geology of the newly discovered ore. The Duluth gabbro is one of the largest known basic intrusives and may be defined as a lopolith.' It extends northeastward from the city of Duluth as a great crescent-shaped mass that intersects the shore of Lake Superior again near Hovland, 130 miles to the northeast, see Fig. 2. The distance around the outside of the crescent is nearly 170 miles. The form of the intrusive is simple at Duluth where it ends abruptly north of the St. Louis River; at the east end, however, the gabbro splits into two elongated, sill-like masses separated mainly by lava flows and characterized by minor irregularities. The outcrop reaches a maximum width in the central part where it is about 30 miles across, and a maximum thickness of about 50,000 ft. It may be significant that the sulphides occur at the base of the thickest part. The lopolith has segregated into rock types ranging from peridotite to granite. The most abundant types are olivine gabbro, gabbro, troctolite, anortho-site, and granite. Of lesser importance quantitatively are peridotite, norite, pyroxenite, magnetite gabbro, and titaniferous magnetite. Grout estimates that two-thirds of the gabbro at Duluth is olivine gabbro. Variations in the percentages of plagio-clase, augite, olivine, and magnetite-ilmenite constitute the only essential differences found among the basic rock types. The predominant mineral is plagioclase, mainly labradorite. Plagioclase and olivine seem to have crystallized early, and the olivine rich rocks, usually troctolite, are found in the lower part. Segregations of titaniferous magnetite are abundant near the base of the gabbro along the eastern part and also occur far above the base. These have recently been described in detail by Grout.' Near the top, segregation has produced a gradation to granite, or "red rock," as it is known locally. This consists of quartz, red feldspar, and hornblende. The red rock forms a zone with a maximum width of nearly 5 miles but is quantitatively unimportant from Duluth northward for 35 miles. In Cook county, where the gabbro splits, each of the two sill-like masses has a red rock top somewhat thicker in proportion to the gabbro below than in the main central mass. The intrusive ranges from coarse to medium in grain size and from granitoid to diabasic in texture. Throughout much of the Duluth gabbro in Minnesota banding and foliation are well developed, as Grout has emphasized.V he bands are mainly a result of variation in the percentage of minerals, as in troctolite with alternating bands high in olivine and in plagioclase. A few bands may consist largely of one mineral, as is true of some segregations of magnetite. Many of the banded rocks show a clearly developed parallelism of platy plagioclase crystals, and both banding and foliation are believed to conform to the floor of the lopolith. Throughout its extent in Minnesota the Duluth gabbro dips east and south toward Lake Superior. It is generally believed to extend beneath Lake Superior and is found as a smaller mass exposed along the north side of the Gogebic district in Wisconsin and Michigan. The dip at and near the base ranges along most of its length from 20 to 40°, but at places the internal banding dips even more steeply. The dip of the upper part is much less, and if it is assumed that the flows along the north shore of Lake Superior are a dependable indication, it does not exceed 15". The formations shown in Table I which are intruded by the gabbro range from Keewatin to Middle Keweenawan in age. They present a significant picture. At the top, the gabbro and its accompanying

Jan 1, 1953

By G. M. Schwartz, D. M. Davidson

THE Duluth gabbro outcrops containing sulphides of copper, nickel, and iron are located on both sides of State Highway No. 1 an airline distance of 8.5 miles southeast of Ely in northeastern Minnesota. The region of known sulphide occurrences includes parts of sections 5, T. 61 N., R. 11 W., and parts of sections 25, 26, 32, 33, and 34, T. 62 N., R. 11 W. These sections, given in Fig. 1, are all in Lake County, Minnesota. Part of the area, which lies entirely within the Superior National Forest, is shown on the topographic map of the Ely quadrangle. The original discovery was made in 1948 when a small pit was opened in weathered gabbro rubble for use on a forest access road. A shear zone had caused unusual decomposition in this glaciated area, and the resulting copper stain was noted by Fred S. Childers, Sr., an Ely prospector, who began searching the outcrops along the base of the intrusive. He was joined in further exploration by Roger V. Whiteside of Duluth. In the summer of 1951 a small diamond drill was moved into the area and a hole 188 ft deep was drilled, passing through 11 ft of glacial drift into sulphide-bearing gabbro. This paper is a preliminary report on the geology of the newly discovered ore. The Duluth gabbro is one of the largest known basic intrusives and may be defined as a lopolith.1 It extends northeastward from the city of Duluth as a great crescent-shaped mass that intersects the shore of Lake Superior again near Hovland, 130 miles to the northeast, see Fig. 2. The distance around the outside of the crescent is nearly 170 miles. The form of the intrusive is simple at Duluth where it ends abruptly north of the St. Louis River; at the east end, however, the gabbro splits into two elongated, sill-like masses separated mainly by lava flows and characterized by minor irregularities. The outcrop reaches a maximum width in the central part where it is about 30 miles across, and a maximum thickness of about 50,000 ft. It may be significant that the sulphides occur at the base of the thickest part. The lopolith has segregated into rock types ranging from peridotite to granite. The most abundant types are olivine gabbro, gabbro, troctolite, anorthosite, and granite. Of lesser importance quantitatively are peridotite, norite, pyroxenite, magnetite gabbro, and titaniferous magnetite. Grout estimates that two-thirds of the gabbro at Duluth is olivine gabbro. Variations in the percentages of plagioclase, augite, olivine, and magnetite-ilmenite constitute the only essential differences found among the basic rock types. The predominant mineral is plagioclase, mainly labradorite. Plagioclase and olivine seem to have crystallized early, and the olivine rich rocks, usually troctolite, are found in the lower part. Segregations of titaniferous magnetite are abundant near the base of the gabbro along the eastern part and also occur far above the base. These have recently been described in detail by Grout' Near the top, segregation has produced a gradation to granite, or "red rock," as it is known locally. This consists of quartz, red feldspar, and hornblende. The red rock forms a. zone with a maximum width of nearly 5 miles but is quantitatively unimportant from Duluth northward for 35 miles. In Cook county, where the gabbro splits, each of the two sill-like masses has a red rock top somewhat thicker in proportion to the gabbro below than in the main central mass. The intrusive ranges from coarse to medium in grain size and from granitoid to diabasic in texture. Throughout much of the Duluth gabbro in Minnesota banding and foliation are well developed, as Grout has emphasized! The bands are mainly a result of variation in the percentage of minerals, as in troctolite with alternating bands high in olivine and in plagioclase. A few bands may consist largely of one mineral, as is true of some segregations of magnetite. Many of the banded rocks show a clearly developed parallelism of platy plagioclase crystals, and both banding and foliation are believed to conform to the floor of the lopolith. Throughout its extent in Minnesota the Duluth gabbro dips east and south toward Lake Superior. It is generally believed to extend beneath Lake Superior and is found as a smaller mass exposed along the north side of the Gogebic district in Wisconsin and Michigan. The dip at and near the base ranges along most of its length from 20 to 40°, but at places the internal banding dips even more steeply. The dip of the upper part is much less, and if it is assumed that the flows along the north shore of Lake Superior are a dependable indication, it does not exceed 15º. The formations shown in Table I which are intruded by the gabbro range from Keewatin to Middle Keweenawan in age. They present a significant picture. At the top, the gabbro and its accompanying

Jan 1, 1952

By Robert J. Ramsey, Robert D. Jeppson

Introduction The Utah Copper Division of Kennecott Copper Corporation will present its contribution to the A. M. Gaudin Flotation Symposium in four parts. The first two segments will discuss briefly the historical development of the Utah Copper Division and describe the ore body. The third segment will review the facilities and operating procedures for the Utah Copper division's newest plant, the Bonneville Concentrator. The fourth segment describes flotation process circuitry, including molybdenite recovery procedures, at the Arthur and Magna concentrators. (The Bonneville concentrator is a crushing and grinding unit and does not have its own flotation plant). I. Historical Development Progress through change has been the key to the successful operation of the Utah Copper Division for more than 70 years. As the original low-grade copper operation, the pressures to remain competitive and profitable have dictated the timing and extent of each change. Much of the change has occurred through technological and economic advancements in the area of ore concentration. The Utah Copper Division of Kennecott Copper Corporation had its origin June 4, 1903, when the Utah Copper Company was organized. The initial mill of 300 tpd (tons per day) capacity was built at Copperton a few miles below the present Bingham Canyon mine site. From 1904 to 1910, the Copperton mill was expanded to a capacity of 1,000 tpd, and all of the known apparatus for gravity concentration were evaluated.

Jan 1, 1976

By Frank Marotta, Louis B. Lesem, Frank Greytok, John J. McKetta

Although one of the primary variables in the calculation of the flowing bottom-hole pressure in gas wells from surface measurements is the temperature at any point and its distribution in the flow-string, only few experimental data are available in the literature and little attention has been given to analysis of the problem. Virtually all of the recently published methods of calculating flowing bottom-hole pressures depend on the assumption that either the temperature is constant at some average value or that the variation is linear with depth. The purposes of this work are to analyze the problem theoretically and to verify the analysis by comparison with experimental data so that practical problems in the analysis of the behavior of gas wells can be solved with greater accuracy, reliability, and ease. MATHEMATICAL OUTLINE OF PROBLEM Assuming that: 1. The mass velocity and chemical composition of the gas stream are constant and in normal gas well operations, the change in linear velocity in the entire flow-string is trivial, 2. The product of the density and heat capacity of the gas is constant, 3. No horizontal temperature gradient exists in the gas stream, 4. Net flow of heat by conduction within the formation and in the gas stream in the vertical direction is trivial in magnitude and can be neglected, 5. The regional vertical geothermal gradient is constant, and 6. The temperature of the gas entering the borehole is constant, and equal to that of the reservoir, a set of two simultaneous, linear partial differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions was derived to describe the temperature distribution in the gas stream and the surrounding formation. These equations were solved by operational techniques for the distribution of temperature in the gas stream. The resulting integrals were evaluated numerically on an IBM 604 at the Machine Accounting Div. of the Railroad Commission of Texas. DERIVATION OF FUNCTIONS FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE The physical system is a circular hole of radius a in an infinite medium with thermal conductivity K, density p8, and heat capacity c,. Under shut-in conditions the well is in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings and the increment in temperature is given by - ?T3/L x. Gas of density pg and heat capacity c.. flows upwardly through this hole in the direction of increasing x with a linear velocity W. Writing a heat balance on an element of gas ?x in thickness, convective heat transfer + conductive heat transfer + energy required to lift a unit mass of fluid = change in energy content. pa2W po Co To - pa2Wpo Co To x+xx - 2apK?x ?T8/?r r=a - Wpa2 po?x/778 = CoPopa2?x?To/?t... Dividing by (copopa2?x) and taking the limit as ?x tends to zero, -W (?To/?x + 1/778Co) + 2 K/a Po Co ?T3/?r r=u = ?To/?t

Jan 1, 1958

By C. Stansfield Hitchen

THE introduction of the logarithmic sector method of quantitative spectrography by Scheibe and Neuhäusser in 1928, and the subsequent .modification and improvement of the method by Twyman and Simeon, would seem to have marked yet a further advance in quantitative spec-trum analysis and its industrial application, inasmuch as it offers a simple means of eliminating some of the uncertainties inherent in the older methods based upon mere visual comparison of line intensities. In their recent admirable review of the position and capabilities of industrial spectroscopy, Brownsdon and van Someren1 say: Ways and means of facilitating the comparison of line-intensities so as to give them numerical values are helpful, and of these a logarithmic sector rotating in front of the slit appears to he one of the most promising; . . . the success recently experienced by the author in using this method for the examination of steels and solutions of metallic salts prompted him ,to investigate its possible use in estimating the impurities commonly present in crude and refined tin. The results of this investigation are submitted in the present paper. Details of a number of spectrographic analyses of tin for various impurities have already been published. Thus, Schweitzer2 describes the spectrographic examination of tin for lead, bismuth and cadmium, and was able to distinguish between such atomic percentages as 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.30, 0.60, 1.20, 3.00 and 10.00. Negresco3 investigated the bismuth content of tin over a range of from 0.0005 to 35 per cent. Meggers, Kiess and Stimson4 compare spectrographic and chemical analyses of tin metal for copper, lead, iron, zinc, silver, nickel and bismuth. They stress also the value of spectrum analysis in the examination of tin used for boiler plugs, where the requirements that only minute quantities of impurities shall be present render the chemical analysis both tedious and difficult.

Jan 1, 1933

Many of those who attended the meeting at Chicago spent the first part of the following week in Pittsburgh, when the Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines was dedicated and the fourth annual First Aid and Mine Rescue Contests were, held. The Bureau buildings were open for inspection during the three days, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday. The dedicatory ceremonies were held in the Bureau of Mines main building, Monday morning, Sept. 29, Mr. T. J. Gillespie, representing the Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce, presiding. In his address of welcome, Hon. E. V. Babcock, Mayor of Pittsburgh, said: "The reclamation work already done stands out conspicuously beneficial to industry and populace alike all over the United States. It has demonstrated methods of preservation of life and reclaiming of injured persons which are new and greatly beneficial to modern civiliza-tion. The establishment of this institution in Pittsburgh was greatly desired, and now it is here it is greatly appreciated." The response was given by First-Assistant Secretary of the Interior Vogelsang, who represented Secretary Franklin K. Lane. He said that the Bureau of Mines did more during the war for the triumph of American arms than any other institution.

Jan 11, 1919

Remarks Of Mr. Robert W. Hunt, General Superintendent, Albany And Rensselaer Iron And Steel Company., Troy N. Y. - In discussing Dr. Dudley's two most interesting papers, I feel a natural hesitancy in disagreeing with conclusions formed after such careful and conscientious work. But I think he has made his deductions from too meagre premises. The analyses of but twenty-five samples are entirely too few to justify the establishment of so important a formula. When we consider that he indirectly proposes to regulate an interest amounting, even at the present low prices, to over $20,000,000 per annum, we may well hesitate before accepting a formula based upon the chemical and physical analyses of but twenty-five steel rails. Dr. Dudley touches the keynote in referring to the proposed labors of the Government Test Commission. They based their hopes of attaining success upon the chemical and physical analyses of a very large number of samples, and in the only branch of investigation which the short-sighted policy of Congress has allowed them to complete, i.e., chain cables, we find that a dozen, twenty-five or one hundred tests gave no satisfactory results. It was only after many hundreds that they were enabled to draw conclusions. There are so many circumstances bearing upon the life of a rail, that the task of extracting a correct result seems herculean. I presume I am right in stating that in our Northern latitudes early winter and spring months witness the breaking of the greatest number of rails, thus seeming to prove that an unstable road-bed has much to answer for. Then, again, broken and flattened wheels must be taken into account, but I am convinced that more rails have been broken by the treatment which they received before leaving the rolling-mill * The remarks of the participants in this debate have been written out by the speakers, and are here given without any attempt to retain the order of the dis¬cussion. While the report does not, therefore, preserve the vigor and spontaneity of the debate, it is believed that it gains in value by giving the matured views of the speakers. The continuation of this discussion at the Pittsburgh Meeting, May, 1879 (beginning with remarks of Mr. Cloud on page 401), is appended for convenience of reference.-T. M. D., Sec'y

Jan 1, 1879

By P. D. Bush, E. H. Gates, M. D. Vijayaraghavan, L. F. Engle

The process developed over the last few years by Republic Steel Corporation in conjunction with Colorado School of Mines Research Institute has been used as a basis for the conceptual engineering of full size plants. The paper will cover the equipment design criteria, equipment design itself, and the integration of the complex unit operations. There are unique features of agitation and use of gas media through- out. The paper will provide an illustrative example of the process requirements for a variety of raw material feeds. It will discuss the materials of construction approach required.

Jan 1, 1973

Z. W. Bartlett, J. C. Carrington, H. C. Petersen and K. T. Price were elected vice-presidents of the Freeport Sulphur Co. Blandford C. Burgess was transferred on January 1 to the new Defense Materials Procurement Agency as strategic materials specialist. In May the Region III headquarters of this organization was moved to London. L. C. Campbell was elected president of National Coal Assn. Mr. Campbell, who has been a member of the National's Board of Directors and Executive Committee for many years, is vice-president of the Coal Div. of the Eastern Gas & Fuel Associates and in charge of their extensive mining operations in West Virginia, Pennsylvania and Kentucky. Vern H. Christoph has been transferred to Panama Canal Co., Marine Bureau, Navigation Division, Port Captains Office, as an admeasurer at Cristobal, Canal Zone. Eugene Cline, recently graduated from the University of Kentucky, has been employed by Pond Creek Pocahontas Coal Co., at Evanston, Ky. Sanford S. Cole, assistant manager of research at the Titanium div. of National Lead Co., received the Alumni Citation from his alma mater, Alfred University, Alfred, N. Y. This was in recognition of outstanding achievements and services in the field of ceramics which have brought honor to the institution. U. K. Custred, recently graduated from University of Kentucky, and may be reached now at Box 87, Monterey, Tenn. Robert E. Dwyer, executive vice-president of Anaconda since 1940, was recently elected president of this company and its subsidiaries, Chile Copper Co., Chile Exploration Co., and Andes Copper Mining Co. As president, Mr. Dwyer succeeds the late William H. Hoover who died in Butte, Mont.

Jan 1, 1952

Jan 6, 1951

By J. A. Norden

MUCH has been written concerning the hoisting equipment of various mines -throughout the country, but most of the literature on the subject, if not all, describes equipment of extraordinary capacity and the small and medium-sized outfits have been neglected. The hoisting equipment here described is capable 'of handling about 1200 tons per day. It has not been worked, to capacity, but 600 to 700 tons, together with men and materials, have been handled in two shifts without any great effort. Only one shaft extends from the surface to the lowest levels of the mine; see Fig. 1. It is composed of three compartments, two of which are used for hoisting and the third for water, air, and electrical lines, and for sinking purposes. In 1909, this shaft was raised from the 1000-ft. (304-m.) level to the 700-ft. There a station was cut and an air hoist installed. At this time all mining operations were confined to the upper levels of the mine; that is; above the 700-ft. The. ore was-dropped to this level through chutes from the 300-, 400-, 500-, and 600-ft. levels and then lowered in cars on cages to the 1000-ft., which is the main haulage adit, the mill and railroad bins being about 3000 ft. from the shaft. Orebodies were, in due time, developed on the 1000-ft. level and below. Therefore, in 1913, the shaft was sunk to the 1150-ft. level and thereafter sinking was continued at regular intervals until the 1500-ft. level was reached. But, hoisting from the 1300-ft. level was a difficult, and slow process with the antiquated air hoist, so, in 1916, it was derided to raise the shaft to the surface and install a modern, electrically operated hoist. This was completed early in 1917 and the hoist was in operation in March of that year.

Jan 8, 1920

Jan 2, 1951

Transit A light weight, totally enclosed theodolite, especially designed for mining, has been placed on the market by Askania Werke, A. G. The instrument weighs only 41/4 lb and measures 51/8 x 71/2 in. without tripod and in a waterproof aluminum hood. It may be mounted on tripod or bracket without removing the protective hood. [ ] Standard equipment includes diagonal eyepiece rotating in all directions which eliminates need to be in line with scope for sighting and makes an auxiliary scope unnecessary for steep sights. The transit reads direct to 1 minute and may be estimated to 6 seconds by means of optical micrometer on both horizontal and vertical circles. The telescope in vertical position serves as optical plummet, sighting through an opening in the base. The instrument is shown above mounted for attaching to a pin driven in timber or rock, eliminating tripod or set-up bar in cramped quarters. The chain clamp in the lower picture is used on timber or steel ground supports. Complete with carrying case and set-up brackets, ready for use in a raise, it weighs less than 6 lb, and the protective hood remains on until the instrument is securely mounted. [ ] Accessories for increasing versatility of this mining theodolite are: tripod, electric illumination for optical micrometer and reticule, close range objective lens, and objective lens prism for sighting vertically in front of the instrument. Circle No. 1

Jan 1, 1952