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By Filipe Sathler

O Alto Forno 3 da ArcelorMittal Tubarão (Volume interno: 3617 m3) esteve em operação do dia 21 de Julho de 2007 a 10 de Novembro de 2012 durante a sua primeira fase da primeira campanha. Após os devidos reparos e planejamento técnico-operacional, o procedimento de Blow in da segunda fase desta campanha foi realizado no dia 6 de Julho de 2014, apresentando também um processo bem sucedido de evolução de produção (ramp up) e resultados importantes com a redução do consumo de coque (coque rate) ao longo dos primeiros meses de operação.

Aug 17, 2017

By Klaus-Peter Kinzel

Staves Coolers de cobre proporcionaram uma excelente proteção da carcaça do alto-forno em áreas de alta temperatura. Isso resultou para que os operadores de alto-forno alcançassem alto desempenho em termos de produtividade e taxa de combustível, além de campanhas de mais de 15 anos. No entanto, nos últimos anos, alguns altos-fornos experimentaram um desgaste prematuro nos staves de cobre. Algumas dessas empresas se alinharam com Paul Wurth para investigar a causa fundamental desse fenômeno com base em todos os fatores de influência e, em seguida, propor ações corretivas. Estes resultados são discutidos e apresentados a seguir no trabalho técnico.

Oct 30, 2017

By Lionel Loïc Limol

Polymeric materials, such as polyurethanes and rubbers, are widely used in the mining industry because of their moderate cost and excellent mechanical properties. Such polymers have been used mainly in transportation (conveyor belt systems and pipes coatings) and screening, for their appreciable abrasion wear resistance. Studies revealed the complex influence of test parameters, such as grit size and applied normal load, on the abrasion wear process for polymers. In this study, the abrasive wear behavior of several polyurethanes and rubbers were investigated at room temperature according to a rotary drum abrasion method (DIN 53516). Wear tests were carried out at 26 cm/s test speed and load value of 5 N and 10 N. Corundum paper grit varying from 60 to 400 mesh were used as an abrasive surface. After each test the mass loss of the pin was recorded and the wear rates were calculated from wear volume. The wear surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy.

Jul 31, 2018

By Natalie Chaves de Siqueira

Aços inoxidáveis austeníticos fundidos por centrifugação, da classe HP, são comumente utilizados na indústria de óleo e gás para a fabricação de tubos usados em fornos de reforma e pirólise. Essas ligas possuem uma elevada resistência à oxidação, elevada estabilidade térmica e elevada resistência à fluência em altas temperaturas, sendo esses requisitos necessários para aplicação nos fornos. Mudanças microestruturais, conhecidas como envelhecimento, podem ocorrer durante a operação, influenciado na resistência à fluência. Desta forma, a caracterização dos estados de envelhecimento de uma liga HP torna-se necessária para avaliar a sua vida remanescente. O objetivo deste estudo é caracterizar duas condições microestruturais de uma liga HP com a microscopia eletrônica de varredura e o ensaio não destrutivo de ultrassom. O processamento do sinal ultrassônico, utilizando a Transformada Rápida de Fourier (Fast Fourier Transform – FFT), foi realizado sobre o segundo eco de fundo do sinal ultrassônico, permitindo correlacionar a análise espectral do sinal com a microestrutura do aço HP. De acordo com a metodologia proposta, os dois estados de envelhecimento foram caracterizados através do processamento do sinal ultrassônico.

Oct 30, 2017

By Francisco Morganti

The market requirements which strip processing lines have to deal with have altered significantly within the last decades. Particularly, the production has to be economical and ecological efficient and processing lines have to cover a broad product portfolio. Already existing plants either directly or indirectly are competing with new plants, which are equipped with the latest technologies. The “Special Strip Processing Equipment” is designed to be integrated easily and within small downtime phases in existing lines. All single machines can be delivered in short time “ready-to-perform” with a tested and proved automation system. Thus, the competitiveness of existing lines can be increased immediately with less effort. To find out which machines can be reasonably implemented SMS group offers an “Efficiency Check”. A special proceeding is used by experts to find out quickly which machines will have the largest effect on the efficiency of the line while demanding at the same time the smallest expense.

Aug 17, 2017

By Afonso Garcez de Azevedo

As primeiras argamassas utilizadas em construções pelo homem continham em sua composição, materiais argilosos. Porém, por ser um material com muitas cargas elétricas livres, as argilas reagem constantemente com a água, ocasionando grande variação linear que acaba causando fissuração nas argamassas feitas com esse material. Assim, para solucionar esse problema, passou-se a utilizar cal hidratada no lugar dos materiais argilosos. Dessa maneira, mesmo não sendo composta por argila, a argamassa mantém sua trabalhabilidade. Nesse cenário, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo balancear estequiometricamente a cal hidratada e as argilas estudadas, para utilizar essas quantidades em argamassas para revestimento, barateando assim o material. Para encontrar esse balanceamento estequiométrico calculou-se a massa molar para um mol de cal hidratada e para um mol teórico de argila. Assim foram estipuladas algumas proporções possíveis de balanceamento da equação de reação cal+argila. Além disso, foram confeccionados corpos de prova, variando as quantidades de argila e cal, para realização de ensaios de capilaridade, a fim de comprovar a eficácia dos resultados encontrados no balanceamento teórico.

Oct 30, 2017

By Maísa Villela Freire

Refratários MgO-C encontram-se entre os mais adequados para o uso na linha de escória de panelas para aço líquido. Seu comportamento, nesta aplicação, depende de fatores termodinâmicos e cinéticos. Métodos de cálculo termodinâmico para avaliar o potencial de degradação de refratários MgO-C por escórias e pela atmosfera são revistos brevemente. Tais métodos envolvem, em geral, premissas importantes sobre a quantidade de materiais envolvidos. Para avaliar um método mais simples, foram escolhidos dois tijolos MgO-C e duas escórias típicas do processo da CSN. Estes tijolos e escórias foram caraterizados, neste trabalho. O método apresentado consiste na realização de cálculos de equilíbrio em que a principal variável é a fração de escória em uma mistura hipotética com o refratário. Para a composição do refratário foram empregadas (a) composição média e (b) composição da matriz do tijolo. Os resultados indicam que é possível realizar previsões iniciais quanto à reatividade do refratário e determinada escória de forma simples. Os cálculos, evidentemente, não substituem testes cinéticos e testes em escala industrial, em vista da complexidade dos sistemas em questão.

Aug 17, 2017

By Karl Berger

As the hot rolling of steel moves into new more compact and effective processes, and as steel producers look for new ways to reduce their costs and increase their margins in ever tightening markets and tolerances, the evolution in Steckel mill technology, layouts, and new innovations may well keep the Steckel mill as a viable option, especially in areas of the world where minimized capital investments are required. In this paper we examine the evolution of the Steckel mills over the last two decades, with emphasis on new innovations and practical results, and provide a summary of hands on experience with some of these innovations. Also a focus on the South American Installations is given (from Siderperu to Gerdau’s newest Combination- Plate-Steckel-Mill). In addition, we aim to show the viability of the Steckel mill as an option for many existing or prospective steel producers, as the quality of the products rolled with Steckel mills reaches new quality parameters and as new innovations permit the rolling of thinner and wider materials, reaching new applications and wider share in markets, while maintaining a strong foothold in the traditional uses of Steckel mill products such as stainless steel, structural, and line pipe materials. As the ability to handle heavier, thicker, and wider coiled plate products increases, the coiled plate Steckel mills option is as strong an option as ever.

Aug 17, 2017

By Rayane Sonda Cassel Bielefeldt

As TRC (tensões residuais compressivas) induzidas por shot-peening (SP) podem ser relaxadas e redistribuídas sob cargas cíclicas mecânicas, térmicas e termomecânicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar a redução da TRC por SP através da difração de raios-X fast in-situ (DRXin-situ) na superfície do aço SAE 4140 durante tempo (t) de patamar de t [s] = 54000 em três diferentes temperaturas (T) de T [K] = 423,16; 523,16 e 623,16. É investigada a relaxação de TRC por cargas térmicas, mantendo as amostras, previamente tratadas por SP, em um forno com diferentes temperaturas de patamar, enquanto são medidos os valores de TR ao longo do t. Foi construída uma câmara de vácuo acoplada a um difratômetro de raios-X. Obteve-se 100 % cobertura por SP, as TRC aliviaram com o aumento da temperatura de patamar e o tempo. A maior variação de TRC ocorreu nos primeiros minutos de ensaio, no restante do tempo a TR permaneceu constante. A macrodureza superficial e FWHM das amostras diminuíram com o aumento da temperatura de patamar ao longo do tempo. A macrodureza superficial das amostras e FWHM são maiores após o tratamento de SP, antes do aquecimento. O FWHM reduziu ao longo do tempo com mesmo comportamento da queda da TRC, correspondente e proporcional à redução da TRC. A energia de ativação do processo, calculado pela função Zener-Wert-Avrami não foi coerente com a autodifusão do Fe-a. Logo, é recomendada a repetição para verificar o resultado. Com base nos dados obtidos, se pode concluir que esta pesquisa possui relevância industrial.

Oct 30, 2017

By Elham Kordzadeh

As the world’s reserves of coarse and high-grade iron ores continue to shrink, beneficiation is becoming increasingly important. The resulting concentrates cannot be used directly as feedstock for iron making, but require an additional agglomeration step. Pelletizing is preferred, because the uniform chemical, physical, and metallurgical characteristics of pellets make them a more desirable feed for the iron making processes. The heat hardening or induration of pellets is typically done in shaft furnaces, grate-kiln systems or on straight grates. Rotary kilns were originally developed in the late 19th century for Portland cement production [1]. The main development work for the successful adaptation of the process to the thermal treatment (induration) of green balls from iron ore was performed by Allis Chalmers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA in the 1960’s [2].The straight grate process, which was first used in 1955 at Silver Bay, Minnesota, was a dedicated development with the aim to pelletize and indurate magnetite (taconite) concentrate [2]. There are various important technical and economical distinctions between the two pelletizing technologies. The most important differences include that a grate-kiln has three distinct pieces of equipment, a preheat grate, a rotary kiln and an annular cooler, whereas in the case of a straight grate, the entire indurating process is done on one piece of equipment only. In addition, both technological solutions have differences in their recuperation systems, direction of air flow in drying, number of burners, form of pellet movement, etc., which cause differences in raw material suitability, process control, economical aspects, plant operation and product pellet quality.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jeremy Fletcher

In today’s world, the requirement of Steel Producers to revamp and modernize their blast furnaces on-time, safely and with the latest technology is paramount. In addition they must meet the detailed design, construction and safety legislation and regulations, which can be different for the various countries around the world. Siemens MT is renowned for its ability to perform Blast Furnace rebuilds, relines and modernisations within extremely tight time frames and in a safe manner. Modular Blast Furnace construction concepts have been perfected to minimise project duration and plant downtime for furnace rebuilds. Safety and certainty are the keys for success. Siemens MT are constantly introducing new technologies into the market place including cyclone gas cleaning and triple external cone gas scrubber, along with step changes in technology such as dry gas cleaning and dry slag granulation. The economic environment and the continuing requirement for improved environmental performance, drive many of these innovations. This paper describes some of the latest rebuild reference projects of Siemens MT, along with the latest technical innovations installed on these furnaces, and some of the construction methodology used for a safe and secure rebuild.

Aug 1, 2018

By Saulo Brinco Diniz

O presente trabalho buscou explorar a influência de um tratamento térmico de ressolubilização (70 minutos / 510ºC), antes da laminação convencional de uma liga de alumínio 7475-T7351. Para tal, duas amostras (com e sem o tratamento térmico) foram laminadas de 12,5 mm até 3 mm de espessura, após 13 passes com uma redução aproximada de 10% por passe. Com base nos resultados obtidos via microscopia óptica (Olympus, modelo GX51) e dureza Vickers (durômetro EMCOTEST, modelo Duravision 300), conclui-se que o tratamento térmico de ressolubilização adotado antes da laminação convencional da liga em estudo, propiciou modificações microestruturais e incremento na dureza quando comparada a amostra laminada sem prévio tratamento térmico de ressolubilização.

Aug 17, 2017

By Martina Cadorin

Activated nanoporous biocarbon (aNBC) was prepared using E. grandis wood as a precursor material. Oxidated activated nanoporous biocarbon (ox-aNBC) sample was obtained from the aNBC by oxidation with nitric acid. The samples were tested as Pt nanoparticles catalysts support for ethanol oxidation reaction and as electrode materials for supercapacitors. The porous structure, chemical properties, and the structural and morphological characteristic of the materials were correlated with their electrochemical behaviour. Biocarbon materials showed similar high specific surface area. The oxidation treatment increases the content of the oxygenated and nitrogenated surface functional groups but without appreciably change in the nanostructure characteristic. The aNBC supported Pt nanocatalyst has better electrocatalytic performance for EOR. Oxygenated functional groups have a marked effect on the supercapacitors electrode behaviour, increasing the total electrical capacitance by pseudocapacitive contribution, but with a negative effect on the cell electrical resistance and cell response time.

Oct 30, 2017

By Saul Hissaci de Souza

A liga de alumínio AA 7075 recebida no estado T6 (conformada e envelhecida artificialmente) sofreu tratamento térmico a 300°C com o objetivo de causar o engrossamento das partículas de MgZn2, intermetálico responsável pelo endurecimento do material. As amostras foram então deformadas 45% em redução de espessura por laminação e recozidas isotermicamente a 200°C e a 250°C por tempos variados para estudar a cinética de amolecimento por meio de medidas de dureza Vickers. Os resultados indicam que a cinética de amolecimento em ambas as temperaturas de recozimento aproxima-se do comportamento previsto pelo modelo Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) com boa concordância (coeficientes de correlação de 0,9725 e 0,9140 a 200°C e a 250°C, respectivamente), ainda que as micrografias ópticas da amostra recozida a 300°C por 4 horas não evidenciem a ocorrência de recristalização.

Oct 30, 2017

By Daniel Augusto Godinho de Carvalho

Since the beginning of BOF process, slag formation has been subjected to extensive development. During the initial stages of the blow, fast slag formation is primordial for the process performance. This is mainly to allow oxidizing reactions, and also to protect the refractory. A modeling of BOF process for the purpose of process optimization requires precise knowledge concerning the dissolution of CaO and MgO based materials. Using this knowledge, the optimal process conditions can be ensured by a controlling of the slag formation during the converter steelmaking process. Taking into account an application of large amount of different raw materials, as well as location-specific process conditions, the characterization of the dissolution behavior of different additives is an important key to improve the technological process. Thereby, in the frames of this project, an appropriate model for slag formation is established and compared to operational results for a 330t BOF, operating at ThyssenKrupp CSA, Santa Cruz, Brazil.

Aug 16, 2017

By Shanti Arangala

Several improvements were made to the single strand rod mill at Laverton to increase production, reduce maintenance and improve several aspects of product quality. With changes to the water cooling line and control system, cobbles could be significantly reduced, more consistent properties obtained and yield improved. An upgrade of the laying head enabled vibrations to be reduced and thus allowed for higher speeds on small sizes. With potential for dramatically increased pipe life, a new pipe support and laying pipe system provided for improved laying pattern on small sizes and thus more uniform cooling on the conveyor and better coil package. This paper discusses details of these equipment and control system upgrades and the resulting benefits that have been realized from the project.

Aug 16, 2017

By Davi Silva Braga, Alexssander Lopes Sampaio, Rodrigo Carneiro de Oliveira

Vallourec was world pioneer in the deployment, development and consolidation of technology for the use of pulverized charcoal as the main energy source on the first Grate-kiln pelletizing plant in Brazil. The objective of this work was to delve into the subject and to bring more information about this innovative practice of Vallourec that has been attracting the attention of other companies in the steel industry. Industrial tests confirmed the technical feasibility, taking Vallourec ahead in the project of adaptation and investment. With consolidated data of two years and five months from the beginning of the implementation, the main benefits are the average reduction of CO₂e emissions by 50%, cost reduction higher than expected and return on investment in just 19 months.

Oct 1, 2019

By Andreas Rohrhofer

Reliable high end automation and process optimization systems are main factors for excellent product quality, safe operation and maximized plant performance in the steel industry and its designated environmental plants. Primetals Technologies introduces new automation packages for consequent safe and cost efficient production. Many areas within the steelplant interested to be monitored and measured automatically are not implemented in the automation system due to limited access or technical reasons. A wireless, self-organizing network facilitates wide ranging data transmission in previously inaccessible areas and opens up a wide range of new opportunities. With Fluid Guard a system to detect leakages with highest accuracy and reacts properly for all kind of water cooled circuits is available, improving the safety in steelmaking process. Lance Guard can be utilized for all fully automatic and semi-automatic lance appliances, but is especially suitable for the products of Primetals Sublance Standard/2.0 and LiquiRob applications, since these systems make seamless integration particularly simple. Manual lance appliances may also be tested and diagnosed. Environmental plants have become a main part in steelmaking plants. Highest performance in combination with optimized energy consumption is the main target in Primetals Technologies’ innovations in automation optimization packages for dedusting systems. A new approach for preventive maintenance and operator assistance is introduced with the Acoustic Expert System. In combination with the new Ask cloud based system, Primetals enables a 24/7 monitoring and a whole lifetime observation of any equipment within a steelplant. Furthermore it is now enabled to check the condition of the plant at a fingertip at any time.

Aug 17, 2017

By Jorge Luis Barreto

A CBMM aplicou aços microligados ao nióbio de elevada resistência mecânica em caminhões basculantes que operam nas suas instalações de Araxá, com o objetivo de reduzir o peso das caçambas e obter maior desempenho com aumento da carga transportada, redução do consumo de combustível bem como das emissões de CO2. Também tinha o objetivo de eliminar as trincas de fadiga que ocorriam sobre os chassis desses equipamentos. Os caminhões já operam há 12 meses e o objetivo desse trabalho é apresentar os resultados obtidos até o momento. Com a aplicação dos aços de elevada resistência, foi possível desenvolver um novo desenho para sua estrutura e componentes. Houve uma redução de 25% da massa da caçamba o que proporcionou um aumento médio de carga transportada de 40,0t para 41,1t ou 2,7% por viagem, trazendo até o momento, economia de 3,00% no custo total de transporte e redução de consumo de combustível de 8,00%. Não houve trincas ou deformações no sobre chassis que apoiam as caçambas.

Aug 8, 2018

By Marcelo Rebellato, Leonardo Silvestre, Zhang Yongqing, Felipe Bastos, Zhang Weiqiang

This work reviews the new version of GB1499.2-2018 Chinese national standard and specification, which governs the production of high-strength reinforcing hot rolled ribbed bars in China. In addition, it discusses the main concerns from Chinese rebar makers that might affect production and application of Nb-bearing rebars, like reheating temperature required to dissolve given niobium additions, the promotion of bainite microstructure and continuous yielding, as well as Nb strengthening effects. Through extensive investigation involving both thermomechanical laboratory simulations and industrial trial, the existing state and effects of Niobium along the reheating, rolling and cooling are illustrated. At the end, optimum processing conditions have been established to produce high strength rebars for the specified requirements. The adoption of new process conditions reflected in an amount of about 20.0 million tons of Nb-bearing rebar being produced in China in 2018 with required tensile properties and microstructure, and helped rebar makers to reduce production costs considerably. Based on production data, Niobium demonstrated positive strengthening effect for high strength rebars, in particular for small diameter rebars with earthquake resistant performance. What is more, the results of the research enrich the knowledge of the application of Niobium in steels when TMCP rolling is not used.

Oct 1, 2019