Search Documents

By Shuie Li, Taibai Li, Tao Hu, Zhongjie Wang, Xiang Ge

As one of the main power sources, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will continue to be applied on a large scale in the future market. Commercialized LIBs cathode materials contain various valuable metal elements including Li, Co, and Ni. The development of green and efficient recycling technology is essential. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently emerged as a new class of green solvents that could potentially be applied for the LIBs recycling industry due to their capability to leach the active materials without the introduction of environmentally hazardous reagents as used in conventional hydrometallurgy process. Considering the rapid progress, a critical review focusing on the progress and fundamentals about the overall efficiency has practical significance for the further advancement of this field. Herein, we briefly introduce the overall process of using DESs for LIBs recycling and specifically focus on the efficiency of each step. Current fundamental understandings and new experimental approaches to enhance the efficiency of the leaching process, the extraction process, and reusability are summarized. We expect this review article to inspire scientists to use DESs as powerful tools for advancing the frontiers of LIBs recycling.

Jul 30, 2022

By A. R. T. Denues

Liquid oxygen explosives are ordinarily made from a carbonaceous absorbent and from liquid oxygen of high purity. These explosives have a limited but definite field of usefulness; their properties have been described in the literature, which includes several publications of the Bureau of Mines, the most recent dealing with fire-retardant treatments.3/ It seems generally conceded that the outstanding hazards in the use of these explosives are their high inflammability and their relative sensitivity to mechanical action. Each of these topics has been studied, and some interesting practical results have been obtained. Treatments have been described[7] that render liquid-oxygen explosives prepared from granular carbonaceous absorbents practically immune to the action of igniting agents representing or exceeding practical hazards in violence.

Jan 1, 1941

By S. Mostaghel, V. Hernandez, S. Ge

"The automotive industry is under a constant pressure to reduce the weight of vehicles in order to reduce emissions and improve fuel efficiency. As such, there is an ever-growing demand for high strength and high ductility steel grades to meet the need for lightweight automotive components. Over the past decade, the production and application of 2nd and 3rd generation Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS) as a lightweight material in automobiles has gained significant popularity due to their exceptional mechanical properties. However, the production cost of these high manganese steel remains high, partially due to the need of large amounts of ferromanganese as alloying material in standard steelmaking processes.The current study introduces a new and cost-effective technology for the production of medium- and high-manganese steels, where self-fluxed micro-pellets of manganese ore will be used as the source of manganese that can be injected into the steel bath. Prior to injection, these pellets are subjected to a pre-reduction process using a mixture of H2 and CO gases, where partial metallization of iron and manganese will occur. Direct injection of the pre-reduced micro-pellets provides less volatilization/emission and higher recovery of manganese, and is capable of producing AHSS with 6–18 wt% Mn.INTRODUCTIONAutomakers are constantly searching for lighter, stronger and cheaper materials in an effort to create safer and more fuel efficient vehicles. The introduction of aluminum alloys and polymer composite materials for automotive applications has been carving into what is traditionally one of the most profitable markets of the iron and steel business. The steel industry responded with Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS)—a family of manganese containing steels which exhibit exceptional strength and ductility."

Jan 1, 2016

By Stephen R. Iverson

Manganese deposits exist in the Wonder Mountain RARE II area (fig. 1). The manganese mineral is primarily bementite, a silicate. It occurs with Jasper and manganese oxides in tabular or irregular lenses along the contact between red limestone and basalt. There are about 11,000 tons (10,000 t) of indicated sub-economic resources in the northeast part of the study area. Of this, 10,700 tons containing 27.1 percent manganese is at the Apex Prospect and 300 tons averaging 24.8 percent is at the Brown Mule Mine (fig. 1). Another 1,000 tons (900 t) containing 27.0 percent manganese is at the Steel Creek deposit 0.5 mi (0.8 km) west of the area (Wiebelt, 1942, p. 1, 2). Each of these deposits is subeconomic due to small tonnage and high estimated recovery costs. They are in a regional belt of manganese occurrences trending northwesterly through the area. Pardee (1921) reports that manganese ore was shipped from the Triple Trip (Brown Mule) Mine in 1916.

Jan 1, 1982

By P. M. Ambrose, C. Travis Anderson, Cresap Moss, R. S. Dean

"MANGANESE METALMethods of PreparationMethods of preparing the manganese metal that has been used in chemical and metallurgical investigations have passed through a cycle. Most of the investigations made before the turn of the century used Moissan's pyrophoric manganese. 5/ This material was made by electrolysis into a mercury cathode and distillation in vacuo. It was essentially a pure material, and investigations in which it was employed (with proper precautions against oxida¬tion) led to accurate results concerning the intrinsic behavior of metallic manganese.An early investigation of the properties of ""Manganese-by-Mercury"" was made by M. Guntz. 6/ He prepared manganese by electrolysis of a concentrated MnCl2 solution with a mercury cathode. The manganese amalgam was pressed through chamois and distilled in vacuo (2 to 3 cm. of mercury) at 200°0., slowly rising to 250°0. Guntz recognized especially the decreased reactivity of manganese with increased temperature of mercury distillation. The most careful and com¬prehensive study of manganese made by this method is that of Kuh 7/ whose work unfortunately was never published in an accessible journal.Royce and Kahlenberg 8/ studied the electrode potential of manganese made by this method."

Nov 1, 1939

By James P. Sloss

MOST students that plan to enter the mining profession attempt to obtain some kind of practical experience before graduation. Six or seven years ago it was an easy matter for undergraduates to find employment during the summer vacation and return to school in the fall filled with enthusiasm to dig deeper into the theoretical field. However, during the past few years it has become extremely difficult for an inexperienced undergraduate to obtain even a menial job in mining. This was the situation which presented itself to the author and his partner, T. M. Patten several months before school closed in May, 1934. At that time, Mr. Patten's training consisted of two years study in Mining, and mine included three years' study in Mining Geology at the Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy. With this technical training and no practical experience, we conceived the idea that custom assaying in some of the western mining districts should be a lucrative business. We thought that the renewed interest in prospecting for gold and the opening of new mines should provide more assay work, and believed that we might secure it if we were on the spot where the assaying was needed. We realized that it would be out of the question for us to obtain the necessary equipment with which to establish an assay office. Even if such an office were established we had a maximum of but three months during which to operate. So we determined to build some kind of inexpensive equipment that could be placed in an automobile, or trailer, and be moved from one camp to another. We then began to study the theoretical aspects of assaying and started experimental work with the equipment that we proposed to build.

Jan 1, 1935

By Donna lynne Anderson

This report documents the status of a laser-based underground guidance system for tracking and controlling the movements of underground mobile mining equipment. This research is part of a multiple project effort at the U.S. Bureau of Mines to increase mine safety and efficiency by developing technology for computer-assisted mining. Guidance systems, which can track and control the movements of underground mining equipment, are essential during computer-assisted mining operations. A continuous mining machine at the Bureau's surface test facility served as the test-bed for initial development and experimentation of this guidance system. Subsequently, a continuous mining machine in an underground mine served as the platform for in-mine experimentation The first section of this report includes details of the laser sensors, communication network, and computer hardware. The next section includes experimental results, which show the system capable of accurately tracking and controlling the tram maneuvers of a continuous miner underground. The final section discusses conclusions and recommendations.

Jan 1, 1992

By A. Broussaud

An original methodology has been developed for steady state simulation of selective grinding and mineral liberation in rod and ball mills. Three fundamental aspects of the methodology are presented successively : modeling ore texture, modeling grinding and its selectivity, and modeling mineral liberation. The methodology for modeling ore texture includes the conversion of 2D data into 3D reconstructed information and the use of the BILCO coherent material balance software. The models for grinding Simulation are classified into three levels, corresponding to three levels of available experimental data. All models account for grinding selectivity and for variations of engineering para-meters and operating conditions. An algorithm has been introduced to forecast mineral liberation, compatible with accurate simulation of selective grinding, which generates reasonable results.

Jan 1, 1987

By George A. Morgan

The production and processing of crude petroleum and natural gas are the dominant economic sectors of the Middle East. The IS countries that constitute the region accounted for 26% of world crude petroleum output, 17% of world natural gas plant liquid production, and almost S% of world dry natural gas production. About 66% of total world crude petroleum reserves and 31 % of total world natural gas reserves are in the Middle East. Transportation and port facilities in the region are geared to expediting efficient and rapid shipment of these materials. U.S.-dollar-denominated export sales of these fuels, estimated at $120 billion in 1989, provide funding for further diversification of the mineral industry. This is usually through development of downstream facilities for producing energy intensive metals such as aluminum and byproducts of the fuels such as petro-chemicals and fertilizers. Earnings from the industry are also channeled by sever-al Governments in the region to mineral industry projects in Africa and elsewhere. A fairly wide range of nonfuel minerals is produced in the region. However, the variety of minerals produced, output levels, and the size of the overall nonfuel mineral economy is dominated by Iran and Turkey. Turkey, with a diverse mineral production and strategically situated between Europe and the Middle East, ranked among the top three world producers of boron, chromite, pumice, and strontium. It was also a significant world producer of magnesium com-pounds, mercury, and sodium sulfate. Iran had generally lower output owing to 9 years of neglect to the mining sector between 1979 and 1988. It was a significant producer of gypsum and fifth in world production of strontium. Despite a very small domestic mineral industry, Israel was second in world production of bro-mine and a significant producer of phosphate rock and potash. Jordan ranked fifth in world production of phosphate rock. Iraq ranked about eighth in world production of sulfur, a commodity of major importance in the metallurgical, petrochemical, and fertilizer industries.

Jan 1, 1992

By N. Iverson, E. Haft, V. T. McLemore, M. Woodard, E. Owen

Present and emerging technologies are renewing interest in domestic rare earth elements (REE) production. REE deposits throughout the North American Cordilleran alkaline-igneous belt are being re-examined for their economic potential. In New Mexico, the mineral deposits found in this belt are associated with Eocene–Oligocene alkaline to calc-alkaline igneous rocks. Four areas in New Mexico have been examined for their REE potential. The chondrite-normalized REE patterns are similar for all four districts, even though different REE minerals are found. Crandallite, xenotime, bastnäsite and brookite are found in fluorite veins and carbonatites at Laughlin Peak. Bastnäsite was extracted during fluorite processing from 1954-1980 from the Gallinas Mountains, where samples as high as 8% total REE are found in fluorite veins. Other REE minerals include agardite, parasite, xenotime, and monazite. Allanite, thorite and as much as 8133 ppm total REE are found in fluorite veins in the Capitan Mountains. In the Cornudas Mountains, exploration along the outer edge of the Wind Mountain nepheline syenite laccolith and within phonolite dikes, plugs, skarns and carbonate-replacement deposits in Chess Draw contain as much as 3110 ppm TREE, hosted in eudialyte, monazite, bastnäsite, and calciocatapleiite.

Feb 1, 2023

By Donald James Butler

Problems resulting from underground mines in three inactive mining districts in Colorado were investigated. The purpose was to determine how these problems could be reduced or eliminated in new closings -- essentially by benefitting from lessons of the past. Mines in Leadville, Westcliffe and the Cripple Creek-Victor districts were evaluated. Two basic types of problems were found to exist in the districts: environmental degradation and hazardous conditions. Environmental problems result largely from acid and toxic drainage from the runes and from leaching of surface waste rock piles and mill tailings impoundment. The acid drainage contributes high levels of metals to streams and deposits sediment in the stream bottoms. Erosion of waste piles is a lesser problem. Hazardous conditions from open or improperly sealed mine shafts and adits, mine subsidence pits, and from deteriorating and unsafe surface structures are common to the three districts. These problems become worse with the ravages of time and vandalism. Engineering solutions which would correct or reduce many of these problems are presented. These recommendations should also be applied to new mine closures, however, more basic changes are needed to effectively implement improved mine closures. The changes must take place in the areas of legislation, mining practices and education. Legislated regulations should realistically reflect the needs of both the mine operators, protection of the environment and the best interest of the general public. Benefits should be provided for compliance with regulations instead of penalties being assessed for noncompliance. Hazardous conditions and environmental problems associated with mines can be alleviated through improved mine design and effective cloning procedures. Education should provide an appreciation by the general public of past and present problems facing mine operators. This will result in an improved mining climate which, in turn, will insure a continuing supply of minerals to meet increasing needs.

Jan 1, 1983

By Lucia Kuizon

The Pinnacles Wilderness Contiguous Wilderness Study Area (WSA) (CA-040-303) is 30 miles south of Hollister, CA, in San Benito and Monterey Counties. It is composed of five parcels of public land totaling 5,838 acres adjacent to the Pinnacles National Monument. The U.S. Bureau of Land Management later reduced the size of the Recommended Suitable Area (RSA) to 2,200 acres. U.S: Bureau of Mines personnel examined the entire WSA in May 1984. The WSA is underlain by Tertiary sedimentary and Cretaceous plutonic rocks. Diatoms occur in interbedded tuff, shale, and sandstones in the northern part of the WSA, but outside the RSA. In 1984, there were no mines, prospects, mining claims, leases, or mineral resources in or within one mile of the study area. No energy minerals were identified; however, an oil well was drilled in 1951 in the northern part of the WSA, but outside the RSA; it was a dry hole.

Jan 1, 1985

By Nar S. Dalal, Xianglin Shi, Val Vallyathan

"INTRODOCTIONIn an earlier communication 1 from our laboratory it was reported that mechanical crushing of coal and quartz under normal air atmosphere generates of free radicals on the particle surfaces, and that these radicals decay with time, hence pointing to a higher toxicity of fresh dusts in relationship to pneumoconiosis and silicosis. More recently Fubini et al.2 have also reported the detection by electron spin resonance (ESR) of the formation of SiO. and Si-type of radicals from quartz particles crushed under atmospheric conditions. In agreement with earlier ESR studies on single crystals of quartz crushed under high vacuum ( -10-10 torr>3 and subsequent exposure to air,3 and to other gases,4 these radicals were identified2 as being formed by the homolytic cleavage of the Si-0-Si bonds and the reactions of the Si• and SiO- radical with atmosphere. Fubini et al.2 also suggested that these radicals might be involved in the mechanism of the fibrotic action by silica, either by transforming the particle surface into a selective oxidating agent or as an initiator of a sequence of reactions leading to fibrosis. Earlier Gabor and Anca5 bad reported that lipid ·peroxidation caused by free radicals on the silica surface might be involved in the red blood cell membrane damage. Thus far, however, no parallel cytotoxicity, fibrogenicity, and free radica1 studies on a given quartz dust sample have been reported, except for some earlier work from our laboratory.1·6·7 We now present more recent results obtained from parallel cytotoxicity, fibrogenicity, and free radica1 measurements on a freshly made quartz dust. The dust's free radica1 content was measured using ESR spectroscopy while its cytotoxicity potential was estimated via hemolysis. Hemolysis was employed as the toxicity test because it is a widely used method for estimating the potential of a dust for disrupting the cell membrane. 8 The fibrotic potential was followed by measuring the dust-induced lipid peroxidation, using linoleic acid as a model lipid. As discussed below, the results obtained suggest new clues to the mechanism of the quartzrelated cytotoxicity and fibrogenicity. MATERIALS AND METHODSReagentsCrystalline quartz particles with a size range of 0.2-2.5 mm were obtained from the Generic Respirable Dust Technology Center, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania. These particles were crushed in air to obtain quartz dust samples with particle sizes smaller than 20 microns. We chose to work with a dust with mixed particle sizes, rather than a specific range, as an effort to simulate the mining atmosphere. An agate mortar-pestle arrangement was used for the crushing and grinding because of the close similarity of the structure of agate to that of quartz. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DETAPAC) were purchased from Sigma. All other chemica1s were purchased from Fisher or Aldrich.Hemolysls ExperimentsHemolytic activity of silica was measured, following an established procedure,9 as the amount of hemoglobin released from a 2 % suspension of sheep erythrocytes after incubation with 10 mg of silica dust for one hour at 37 °C. The hemoglobin release was estimated via the absorbance at 540 nm using a Gioford spectrophotometer. The procedure was calibrated by substituting the silica dust by a phosphate buffer solution as a negative control (background) and O.S % Triton-X-100 as a positive control (100% hemolysis). The percentage of hemolysis was calculated as follows:"

Jan 1, 1990

By H Li

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. The central Nanling region in South China experienced multistage granite intrusive events and corresponding metallogenic processes during the Early Yanshanian period (190–140 Ma). In this study, a wide variety of published data on age determination, petrological characteristics, major and trace elements compositions, whole rock Sr–Nd contents and zircon Hf isotopic composition of the representative granite composites were systematically collected to estimate their cooling-uplift rates, granite evolution processes and mineral deposit formation. These granites have been classified into two groups based on their age and geochemical variations: Group 1 (180–165 Ma) and Group 2 (165–150 Ma). Major and trace element geochemistry suggests that Group 2 experienced more intense magmatic evolution and differentiation than Group 1. In addition, Group 1 granitoids are classified as A1-type alkaline rocks with faster cooling and uplift rates, whereas Group 2 granites are considered as A2-type aluminous rocks with slower cooling and ascent rates. Furthermore, the Group 1 granitoids have younger Nd and Hf two-stage model ages but higher eNd(t) and eHf(t) values, indicating influence from crust–mantle interaction. In contrast, the Group 2 granites show different values, suggesting stronger upper crustal contamination or assimilation. The slowly cooled and ascended Group 2 granites experienced much heavier crustal contamination (or assimilation) and crystal fractionation, contributing to the large W–Sn mineralisation in the central Nanling region. The Early Mesoproterozoic (1.6–1.4 Ga) crustal basement of the Cathaysia Block in South China is the ore source bed for the world-famous Nanling W–Sn polymetallic mineralisation.CITATION:Li, H, 2015. Where is the source of the world-famous Nanling W–Sn polymetallic mineralisation?, in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 619–622 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

By David A. Lipton

U.S. Bureau of Mines personnel examined mines, prospects, and mineralized areas to determine the mineral resources and potential of the Moses and Dennison Peak RARE II areas in Tulare County, California. These areas, along the west slope of the Sierra Nevada, are underlain by grarnitic rocks of the Sierra Nevada batholith and contain numerous metasedimentary roof pendants. Silver, copper, and zinc occur in contact-metasomatic deposits within the metasedimentary rocks. In the Moses area, the Powell Mine (fig. 1) contains an estimated 90,000 tons (82,000 t) of subeconomic silver, zinc, and copper resources. The King Solomon Prospect has 3,000 tons (2,700 t) of silicified phyllite containing zinc. On the Helen-Joyce Prospect, 44,000 tons (40,000 t) of gossan occur above a poorly exposed silver-zinc rich zone. Potential exists for additional mineral resources and occurrences at each of these properties.

Jan 1, 1983

By Thomas J. Peters

The U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey are responsible for the evaluation of the mineral resources and potential of further planning areas included in the U.S. Forest Service Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) program. The Bureau of Mines primarily evaluates mineral deposits and prospects within the areas. The Geological Survey naps the area's geology and conducts geochemical sampling. Evaluations are in conformance with the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 as amended by the National Forest Management Act of 1976. The Hauser RARE II area, which consists of 7,600 acres (3,100 ha) within the Cleveland National Forest, is in southern San Diego County, California. The area, which forms the north slope of Hauser Canyon, ranges between 1,600 and 3,919 ft (490 m) in elevation. It is sparsely to densely covered with desert shrubs. The area is underlain by granitic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges batholith.

Jan 1, 1983

By John Boardman

THE latest metal-mine accident report available for the United States is that of the Bureau of Mines for the calendar year 1919. Quoting from Table 20, p. 53, of that report, we find that there were 468 men killed, 7 permanently totally disabled, 321 permanently partially disabled, 7848 injured seriously (more than 14 days disability), and 23,330 of 1 to 14 days disability. We have no records to show what the average days lost per case of accident is, but the records for the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. show that, leaving out the fatalities and total permanent disabilities, and counting those in which the lost time was one or more days, the actual days lost due to accidents, for the Butte mines and shops for five years, 1917-1921, were as follows: Accident Statistics, Butte Mines and Shops of A. C. M. Co. Rate Shifts Days Lost Year Accidents Total Shifts 10,000 Shifts Days Lost Per Acci-dent 1917 2,661 3,169,720 8.395 26,734 10.05 1918 2,765 3,545,149 7.799 39,199 14.17 1919 1,381 1,853,143 7.452 22,797 16.50 1920 1,376 1,879,410 7.321 20,164 14.65 1921 376 776,461 4.842 8,287 22.03 Total... 8,559 11,223,883 7.625 117,981 13.80 In order to place an economic value. on this loss, we will assume that all the 468 fatalities and the 7 total permanently disabled in the United States were com-pensated for at the rate which applies in the State of Montana, that is, $5000 each, and that the 8169 serious accidents in the United States were compensated for at an average of $70 per case, thus bringing the estimated compensation paid by metal-mining companies in the United States to the enormous total of $2,946,830 for the year 1919. The figure of $70 per case was obtained by dividing the total amount paid by metal-mining companies under Plan No. 1 of the Montana Compensation Law, for the first five years of its operation, by the total number of serious accidents for those years.

Jan 9, 1922

By J. C. Fowler

[This i.untra t hds bmii III c'IIILt fur till- past 1':?:u yrlr;, Till-- wurir pnrfor rw:it '. ,JS hlui.rn dawn Ilttf lit Iu i eel i ih?IS( S. 1 hesrt aIII, Phase I Candor tlri I a lest It) donurnSlrale SeiSrrlir nurihudS to hu USi!d lot ttlr? rti?tei thin and Iu" ainnl ul trapped rrlinc:rs hitting (-)it the roof with a harnrner, Phase I' Design and cunStrur.t a permanent Seismic monitor System to rrlunrtur roof (ails arm r:xploslun', III ,r 'Vol king mine. Phase III - Ire dII an an i i irr for sVstl rtl Ii i`'Smltur air quality in till, niitii iiH II ? ir,iti tin; niln !III ;I I ,, i; Phase I V - Conduct 11(21 d tests of the seismic IT IUnit UT ieq system fur a period nl two 11IUIIIIIS. Phase, V - Condirct three test periods of the seismic system over a period of six mimilis. Detailed reports covering the wurk. done in Phases I, 11, and IV have been i : . r tr I - i t report will, therefore, cuni.entrate on the work perfurmed in Phases III anti V.]

Jan 1, 1975

By M. D. Flavel

Research programs conducted by Allis-Chalmers Corporation are showing that the most efficient energy use in crushers is achieved when the forces applied to particles undergoing breakage are increased. Laboratory bench scale tests have been developed to confirm this phenomena, which was first observed in the field using HYDROCOME crushers with automatic setting controls. A new testing machine is described and methods of maximizing such benefits are postulated. FOREWORD Allis-Chalmers Corporation was founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1847 as the E. P. Allis Company, which had an initial interest in manufacturing components in the grinding of flour. As such, its roots were started in reducing material size, which is covered by the generic term, comminution.

Jan 1, 1981

By B. Valentim

Policies for reducing NOx emissions have led power plants to restrict O2, resulting in high-carbon fly ash production. Therefore, some potentially useful fly ash, such as the economizer fly ash, is discarded without a thorough knowledge of its composition. In order to characterize this type of fly ash, samples were collected from the economizer of a Portuguese power plant burning two low-sulfur bituminous coals. Characterization was also performed on economizer fly ash subsamples after wet sieving, density and magnetic separation. Analysis included atomic absorption spectroscopy, loss-on-ignition, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Key words: Fly ash; Petrology; Petrography; Economizer fly ash

Jan 1, 2009