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By C. B. Barmore, B. W. Gandrud, B. M. Bird

"The Bradford mine of the Alabama By-Products Corporation is located in the Warrior coal field of Alabama, in the northern part of Jefferson County, about 25 miles north of Birmingham. The coal mined from the Black Creek bed at this point is not considered to be ideal for coke making by itself but because of its exceptionally low ash content is mixed with the higher-ash coking coals from other beds of the district to control the ash content of coking mixtures. Further reasons for using this coal only as a diluent of the higher-ash opals are that the thinness of the bed renders the production costs relatively high and the reserves are somewhat limited.This paper, which is the fourth of a series on the washability of Alabama coals, Like its predecessors dealing with the Mary Lee beds and the Clark bed,6 contains screen-sizing and float-and-sink tests of a representative sample of the raw coal, and flakiness tests showing the proportions of flaky particles in certain selected sizes. However, inasmuch as the float-and-sink tests of the coarse sizes showed excellent liberation of coal from impurities, crushing tests have not been considered necessary.The data on which this report is based have been obtained in connection with an exhaustive study of coal preparation in Alabama now being conducted by the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the University of Alabama with the cooperation of the different coal operators. As the work progresses other papers will follow containing further data on Alabama coals and giving results obtained in preparing these coals by various methods."

Apr 1, 1931

By George W. Heim

Before and during World War II, the Bureau of Mines investigated a large number of ore deposits in the United States and Alaska in a search for domestic sources of strategic minerals. Deposits chosen for development included those expected to contain metals of importance in the successful prosecution of the war. This report describes the work performed and results obtained in developing the Daggett Chief manganese deposit near Manila, Daggett County, Utah (fig. 1), during 1941. The work comprised mapping and a study of the geology by the Federal Geological Survey, and bulldozer and hand trenching, sinking of two shafts, and sampling by the Bureau of Mines. Work was started April 17, 1941, and was completed June 28, 1941. Two bulk samples for metallurgical testing were taken.

Jan 1, 1950

By G. L. Oldright

The data presented in this paper were collected et the smelter of the Consolidated Mining A Smelting Co. of Canada, Limited, Trail (Tadanac), British Columbia, through the courtesy of S. G. Blaylock, vice president and general manager; James Buchanan, smelter superintendent, George Murray, assistant smelter superintendent; and the staff members listed in Paper XI, Report of Investigations 3243. INTRODUCTION This paper is the twelfth of a series on smelting in the lead blast furnace and the fifth4 dealing with blast-furnace gases.

Jan 1, 1934

By H. M. Thorne

The oil-shale deposits of the Puertollano basin in the Spanish province of Ciudad Real appear to have been give little consideration in discussions of oil-shale resources throughout the world. A small, integrated oil-shale operation has been conducted at Puertollano since about 1922 by a French company, Sociedad Mimora y Metalurgica de Penarroya, hereinafter referred to as "Penarroya", but only within recent years have the potentialities of the Spanish oil-shale deposits been recognized. Empresa Nacional "Calvo Sotelo" do Combustibles y Lubricantes, hereinafter designated as "Calvo Sotelo," which was created in 1942 by the National Industrial Institute of Spain to produce liquid fuels from oil shales, has made marked progress in the design and construction of a complete oil-shale plant at Puertollano. Penarroya is mainly a coal-mining company, and the oil-shale operations were on a small scale of approximately 220 tons a day in October 1947. It is an integrated operation comprising oil-shale mining and retorting and shale-oil refining. Motor gasoline, Diesel fuel oil, light burner fuel oil, lubricants, paraffin wax, cresols, and ammonium sulfate are manufactured.

Jan 1, 1950

By G. L. Oldright

This paper is the twelfth of a series on smelting in the lead blast furnace and the fifth dealing with blast-furnace gases. It was noted in Report of Investigations 2957 that the gases evolved from the top of the lead blast furnace at Tooele were similar in composition to those from the top of an iron blast furnace. It was noted in Report of Investigations 3095 that at Kellogg, where a smaller percentage of coke on charge and shorter stock column were employed, the gases evolved were much less reducing. At times there was a considerable amount of oxygen in the top gases at the second plant. More SO2 was also evolved from sulphides in the charge. Then operations were conducted as at Kellogg, the gases were alternately reducing and oxidizing. This paper deals with the gases evolved in smelting a charge containing more zinc than at either of the other two plants with about the same amount of coke as was used at Kellogg,: To compare other factors influencing the composition of the gases, it may be noted that at Tooele the approximate height of the charge column was 15 feet, at Kellogg 9 feet and at Trail 13 feet. The furnaces have about the -same cross-sectional area- tog. The furnaces at Tooele are about 6 inches wider at the tuyeres, being 54 inches wide against 48 for the other two plants. At Tooele and Kellogg the furnaces are fed at the top from bottom-dump cars. At Trail the charges are dumped from Decauville cars (bottom cars which dump when tilted), which run on tracks placed on both sides of the blast furnaces. The hoods through which the waste gases are conducted are directly above the shafts of the furnaces. The flues for removing the effluent gases lead off from under the charge floor at Tooele and Kellogg. (Charging and distribution of the feed in the furnace covered later in a rate paper of series.)

Jan 1, 1934

By F. R. Lee

This publication lists permissible equipment approved by the Bureau of Mines during 1965 and 1966 (calendar years), except for breathing apparatus and explosives. The purpose of this publication is to inform the public about approved equipment for safe use in underground mines.

Jan 1, 1968

By A. B. Hooker

Many attempts have been made to develop methane detectors that will be safer and more accurate than the flame safety lamps used to detect methane in mines. The development has taken two general forms, namely: (1) Methane detectors, in which the evidence of methane depends entirely upon changes in the appearance of the detecting element, such as a flame or filament; (2) indicating methane detectors or those equipped with scales upon which the approximate percentage is definitely indicated. As an aid in the development of suitable detectors, the United States Bureau of Mines has assembled and published in its Schedule 8B a set of minimum requirements which tests and experience have shown desirable for methane detectors. Any manufacturer may submit his detector for inspection and tests leading to approval under this schedule.

Jan 1, 1930

By W. E. Anable

The Bureau of Mines studied the purification of commercially available vanadium in the 100-kw electron-beam furnace. Purification studies were conducted on a 100-gram button scale by melting and holding the liquid vanadium at temperatures ranging from 2,060° to 2,080° C at pressure of 5(10)-5 torr for periods ranging from 5 to 20 minutes. The effect of doping vanadium with carbon and metallic additions was determined. This study demonstrated that hydrogen was readily removed to 3 ppm or less, oxygen and carbon were reduced to less than 100 ppm each, and the metallic impurities were reduced Co the range of 10 to 500 ppm. The nitrogen content was not reduced in any of the buttons; rather, the nitrogen concentration generally increased as samples were held for successively longer periods. Oxygen was removed much faster and more completely when vanadium was doped with small carbon additions or one of several dopes prior to melting.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. W. Stahl, H. E. Sanford, J. B. Benson

Immediately following the capitulation of Germany in World War II, the German State was occupied by various allied forces, who supervised all indus- trial activities in the area. Coal production is vital to the industrial life of Germany, and most of the coal is mined in the American- and British- occupied zones of western Germany. The British-occupied zones include the Aachen and Ruhr districts, from which approximately 90 percent of the coal is obtained. Figure 1 is a map of the Ruhr district. Because of the magni- tude of the task of insuring an adequate supply of coal and the necessity for united action, it was deemed best to reorganize the coal-producing facilities in the British zone undor the joint supervision of American and British authorities. As a result, the UK/US Coal Control Group was established accord- ing to the organization plan indicated in figure 2. Headquarters for the group was established at Essen, in Villa Huegol, the prewar home of the Krupp family (fig. 3). One of the many problems recognized immediately by the UK/US Coal Control Group was the necessity of preventing disasters and reducing accidents to work- men in mines undor military-governmont control. Consequently, the United States Bureau of Mines was requested to furnish the services of qualified men to search for the hazards incident to coal mining and to prepare comprehensive reports on the results of their investigations. The authors, who wore selected for this task, spont about a year in Germany and visited all except a few of the smaller mince. Whereas their principal purpose was to investi- gate safety conditions, somo of the operating conditions and practices also wore studied. The results of the studies and investigations are embodied in this circular with the hope that some useful information will be disseminated to the mining industry of the United States, including supervisory officials, safety directors, engineers, and mine workmon.

Feb 1, 1950

By Lloyd Williams

1. Reserves have been estimated for three coal beds in Bledsoe County, Tenn.: Morgan Springs, Lantana, and Sewanee. The Richland and Nelson beds occur in Bledsoe County also, but there was not enough information on them for making an estimate of reserves. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves for all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and on 1,800 short tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 43 million tons as of January 1, 1954. Of this total, 22 million tons represents coal 28 inches and more thick. Areas in the beds were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics were insufficient for making an estimate conforming with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves deter-mined by this investigation.

Jan 1, 1956

By K. K. Kelley, W. W. Weller

Heat capacity measurements of akermanite ( Ca,MgSiO ) , cordierite (Mg2A14 Sig018 ) , gehlenite ( Ca₂Al₂ SiO ) , and merwinite ( Ca ,MgSiO ) were conducted over the temperature range from 50 ° to 298.15 ° K. The entropies at 298.15 K ( expressed in cal / deg mole ) were evaluated as follows : Akermanite , 50.0 ± 0.5 ; cordierite , 97.3 ± 0.9 ; gehlenite , 47.4 ± 0.4 ; and merwinite , 60.5 ± 0.5 . All four compounds have positive entropies of formation from their constituent oxides at 298.15 ° K ; the values range from 4.6 cal /deg mole for akermanite to 10.1 cal / deg mole for cordierite .

Jan 1, 1963

By Jr. Smith

To investigate the effects of flow geometry on laminar flames, studies are in progress in this laboratory employing Bunsen-type burners with rectangular cross section. Interpretation of these studies requires a determination of the flow velocity at all points of the rectangular cross section for one dimensional steady laminar flow. In addition, values of the velocity gradient at the boundary for such flows are needed in the interpretation of blow-off and flash-back studies with burners of rectangular cross section. The hydrodynamical problem of steady laminar flow of a viscous fluid in channels of rectangular cross section was solved by Stokes. His results have been quoted by Love21 and by Dryden, Murnaghan, and Bateman,§/ and they have been discussed by Boussines and by Paschoud. It may be noted that the steady laminar flow of a viscous fluid in channels of rectangular cross section constitutes a hydrodynamical analogue for the problem of the torsion of an isotropic prism of rectangular cross section.

Jan 1, 1952

By Lloyd Williams

1. The investigation shows that the bed identified as Wilder in this report is the only bed in Overton County that has produced commercial coal and is the only bed in which coal reserves were estimated for this report. Three other coal horizons were recognized but lacked enough data for reserve estimates. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves of coal, based on a minimum bed thickness of 14 inches and on 1,800 tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated to be 19 million short tons, as of January 1, 1953. Of this total, 10 million tons represents coal 28 inches and more thick. Areas of the Wilder bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics were too meager for making an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1955

By W. T. Benson

The nickel-bearing laterite deposits in the Pine Flat and Diamond Flat areas, Del Norte County, Calif., were investigated by the Bureau of Mines to determine the extent and nickel content of the two deposits and the amenability of the ores to metallurgical treatment. The work was based on drill-hole sampling and metallurgical tests in which attrition scrubbing and sizing, reduction roasting, and magnetic separation were used. Results of the sampling indicated that the deposits are comparatively small and are marginal or submarginal in grade. Metallurgical tests showed that no separation of cobalt from nickel and iron was made by sizing; however, a large portion of the chromium was separated. Reduction roasting and magnetic separation did result in upgrading the iron, nickel, and cobalt, and the simultaneous rejection of chromium.

Jan 1, 1963

By William A. Beck

"INTRODUCTION Mica is found in Georgia from the Fall Line in the central part of the State to the Valley and Ridge Province in the northwest. During the past 3 years, Georgia has been one of the chief producers of dielectric mica in the United States. Since January 1945, when prices were reduced, mining has decreased until practically no sheet mica is being recovered at present.The main mica-bearing regions in the State may be classified into three districts: The Thomaston district comprising Upson, Lamar, and Monroe Counties; the Ball Ground district, comprising Cherokee and Pickens Counties; and the Hartwell district, comprising Hart and Elbert Counties. There are numerous mines and prospects in all of these districts. All have been visited from time to time by engineers of the Bureau of Mines and by members of the Federal Geological Survey. The Federal Survey has made detailed maps and reports on all of the most important ones.This report will deal with five of these properties on which the Bureau of Mines has diamond-drilled.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Division, I. B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigative work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Division, O. C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and makes beneficiation tests."

Apr 1, 1948

By A. L. Peyton

The Brewer mine, near Jefferson, Chesterfield County, S. C., was originally operated as a gold mine. As late as 1890 this mine was reported to have been one of the large gold producers in the southeast. Occurrence of topaz on the Brewer property was not reported until 1935, when it was discovered, by Parks3/ and Parks of the Federal Geological Survey while they were investigating gold deposits in the Piedmont province.

Jan 1, 1953

By Eugene Frey

"INTRODUCTION The Good Fortune mine was sampled by an engineer of the Bureau of Mines in June 1944. Project 984 was set up under the strategic minerals program to make old workings accessible for this sampling program. Actual operations commenced June 1, 1944, and were completed June 30, 1944.The deposit was visited and discussed briefly by Sidney H. Ball 3/ of the Federal Geological Survey in the summer of 1906 and by H. M. Chance 4/ several times from 1887 to 1900.LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITYThe Good Fortune mine is situated in the Hartville mining district in Platte County, Wyo., approximately 9 miles northwest of the town of Guernsey. The property is about 100 miles north of Cheyenne, Wyo. (fig. 1).ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metal¬lurgical Branch, O. C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests."

Aug 1, 1947

On December 16, the General Services Administration (GSA) suspended weekly sales of surplus silver from the national defense stockpile because Congress approved the Defense Appropriation Act, which contained an amendment to halt silver sales. The amendment, introduced by Senator James A. McClure (R., Idaho), prohibits sales for 6 months while the impact of the sales and alternative methods of disposal are evaluated. The GSA sold 2 million troy ounces since sales started October 14. 46.5 million troy ounces were authorized to be sold during this fiscal year and an additional 58.6 million troy ounces were authorized to be sold over the following two fiscal years. The stockpile held 139.5 million troy ounces of silver when sales began in October. Brush Wellman, Inc., a vertically integrated producer of beryllium products announced plans to modify its Delta, Utah beryllium concentrate processing facility to utilize beryllium concentrates containing as little as 7% beryllium oxide. The company plans to invest $2.5 million for this modification with completion expected in mid-1983. Implementation of this plan to consume lower grade beryllium minerals will significantly increase world reserves of beryllium concentrates.

Jan 1, 1981

By O. C. Blade

A comparison of certain properties of the commercial aviation gasolines produced in the United States during October 1949, 1950, and 1951 is presented in table 1, the 1951 data being average values from tables 3 through 6 of the present report. Trends in the average values of certain characteristics of these fuels may be seen in figures 1 through 4 which also indicate the minimum and maximum values. As may be observed, with the exception of changes in kinematic viscosities, the properties of commercial aviation gasolines have not varied greatly during recent years. A list of aviation-gasoline survey reports published by the Bureau of Mines is given on page 6. A summary of the average values of the properties on jet fuels is shown in table 2.

Jan 1, 1952

By Anil Mahyera

Towards the goal of achieving uniform-high-tensions in roofbolts to provide superior roof support[1-7] for extended periods, Terra Tek installed mechanical-anchor bolts in a mine in eight different ways -- under torque/thrust control with and without hardened washers, belleville washers and tension equalization; in a conventional manner with and without a hardened washer. The various bolt groups were analyzed in terms of their tension uniformity and mean tension levels. Installing the bolts accurately with ? a hardened washer under the bolthead, and ? proper torque/thrust control resulted in the mast uniformly tensioned bolts -- with a coefficient of variation of only 14%, an improvement of 3 times over a conventional installation. Also, these bolts maintained a high tension level -- 80% of the installation tension, compared to 50% achieved conventionally.

Jan 1, 1982