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By Dennis R. Dolinar, Lewis A. Martin

Cable bolt technology used by the U.S. coal industry was developed to a large extent in the 1990s. Today, these cable systems include both cable bolts and cable trusses to provide supplemental and secondary support in gate roads. This cable technology is significantly different than the cable systems in use in either U.S. hard-rock mines or Australian coal mines. Development of this technology was initiated and spurred by research efforts of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and has continued under the health and safety programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). It was also followed up by work of roof support manufacturers to create an essentially new support system. In this paper, the important support characteristics of both cable bolts and cable trusses are discussed. The design of cable systems and the basis for that design for tailgate and headgate situations are reviewed and explained. Case histories are presented on the application of these support systems based on experience gained at a number of in situ test sites.

Jan 10, 2000

By Bernard S. Covino

The Bureau of Mines is conducting a study of methods to improve the efficiency of the process used to pickle stainless steels. A review of the literature on pickling of stainless steels showed that the chemistry of several process operations involved in the pickling of stainless steels is not fully understood, and that further research could improve the pickling efficiency. The benefits of this research would be a reduction in the annual loss of several thousands of tons of critical minerals such as nickel and chromium, and a reduction in the amount of solids and spent acid solution that are currently discarded. The conclusion from this review is that further research is needed in four operations that either directly or indirectly influence the pickling process: hot working, annealing, conditioning, and the actual operation of pickling, Laboratory studies of the pickling operation are presently in progress.

Jan 1, 1984

By Robert H. Ridgway

This paper presents the results of the second in the series of annual canvasses on the consumption of ferrous scrap and pig iron in the United States, inaugurated in 1935 by the Bureau of Mines and published in Report of Investigations 3329. The study was undertaken in response to requests from trade organizations and others for detailed statistics on this phase

Jan 1, 1937

By Robert H. Ridgway

This paper presents the results of the second in the series of annual canvasses on the consumption of ferrous scrap and pig iron in the United States, inaugurated in 1935 by the Bureau of Mines and published in Report of Investigations 3329. The study was undertaken in response to requests from trade organizations and others for detailed statistics on this phase of the iron and steel industry. Thus, for the first time, producers, buyers, sellers, and consumers of iron and steel scrap have had an accurate statistical picture of this important raw material As originally contemplated, the study was to be continued on an annual basis, but, owing to budgetary limitations for the fiscal year 1937-38, the Bureau may be unable to conduct the canvass for 1937.

Jan 1, 1937

By A. Galaitsis

This report summarizes part of the work performed under the USBM Contract No H0155113, "Noise Abatement of Continuous Mining Machines." It describes the noise source diagnosis of a Jeffrey 120M conveyor and the evaluation of several treatments all conducted in a test facility aboveground. The conveyor noise at the operator's position was gradually reduced from 101.5 to 93 dBA using damping, vibration isolation, sound barriers and smoother discontinuities. The underground performance of the selected treatments will be addressed in Volume II of the report.

Jan 1, 1979

By L. C. IlsLey

A list of permissible mine equipment, tested and approved p or to July 1, 1934, was published in Bureau of Mines Information Circular 6813/. The present list4/ includes virtually all the electric air compressors, coal drills, mining machines, loading machines, conveyors, mine pumps, room hoists, mine telephones, rock-dusting machines, switches, electric cap lamps, flame safety lanes, electric hand and trip lamps, electric flood lamps, methane detectors, blasting units, storage-battery locomotives, tandem locomotives, mower trucks, and concrete mixers tested and approved by the Bureau to January 1, 1937. The system under which these devices were tested permits the manufacturer, after his equipment has passed certain tests prescribed by the United States Bureau of Mines, to mark his equipment with a seal showing that it has been approved by the Bureau. These tests are designed to insure that equipments have the minimum requirements for safety in use. The only object of the bureau in making such tests and publishing lists of permissible equipment is to help decrease the hazards of mining.

Jan 1, 1937

By Cleo G. Rall

The method for determining the effective porosity of oil- and gas-bearing sands described in this report is a development of earlier methods (28)3/ devised by the Bureau of Mines. The apparatus bas been improved and made more convenient to use, but the procedure is essentially the same as that which has been in use for maw years. A tabulation at the end of the report gives the results of more than 4,800 porosity determinations for oil sands4/ in the fields of 13 States, A selected bibliography of references to articles containing descriptions and evaluations of various methods of' determining porosity is included in this report. The method was devised and developed at the Petroleum Experiment Station at Bartlesville, Okla., as part of the Bureau's research on fluid-energy relationships and on methods of improving the recovery of crude oil from underground reservoirs.

Jan 1, 1954

By A. J. Kraemer

The properties of crude petroleum continue to interest the Bureau of Mines and constitute an important phase of its major studies on the mineral resources of the United States. The Bureau's interest in the subject has been intensified by frequent requests for information on the characteristics of crude petroleum from various producing fields. Since its inception the Bureau of Mines has collected and analyzed samples of typical oils and at present has surveyed and classified crude petroleums from nearly all the known oil fields of the Western Hemisphere. Results of these surveys have been presented in various Bureau of Mines publications. (See bibliography, appendix A, p. 145.) The nature and comparative value of crude oils from various countries and the extent to which these oils may be considered potential competitors for markets are of manifest importance to the petroleum industry in all lands, largely because all crude oils, wherever produced, are either actual or potential competitors for a market with all other crude oils. The numerous discussions of foreign production of oil that have appeared in the technical press in the past indicate the great interest of the United States in this subject.

Jan 1, 1937

By Jr. Reistle

The tests reported in this paper were made in the East Texas field in the summer and fall of 1932 as a part of the Bureau of Mines study of the operation of flowing wells and reservoir performance; and to determine, if possible, the minimum reservoir pressure necessary to produce the wells in this field by natural flow through different sizes of flow strings. The minimum reservoir pressure that would be required to Maintain natural flow through 2 1/2-inch tubing was determined experimentally for the existing energy conditions in the East Texas field. With the present available data, however, it is impossible to predict accurately or to determine by calculation the necessary energy requirements for maintaining the vertical flow of oil and gas mixtures under all conditions. Although some valuable data were obtained which seem to have application to the solution of problems involving vertical flow, this important research of the petroleum industry is so involved that more study of the complicating factors influencing the flow of oil-gas mixtures through vertical pipes is required.

Jan 1, 1933

By Roy T. Sorensen

The Bureau of Mines has investigated the recovery of cell-grade alu-mina by RCI leaching of calcined kaolin in the alumina miniplant at its Boulder City (NV) Engineering Laboratory. Classification and thickening were used for separating aluminum chloride leach liquor from the siliceous residue generated in the acid leaching step of the clay-HCI process. Coarse solids were classified from fines at 115 mesh and countercurrently washed in three additional spiral classifiers. Fines were treated in a conventional five-thickener, countercurrent decantation circuit. When this method was applied to the solids-liquid separation of slurry from RCI leaching of minus lO-mesh calcined kaolin, 75 pct of the residue reported as classifier sands and 25 pct as thickener underflow. Predicted individual classifier and thickener area requirements were 6 and 25 ft2/tpd, respectively. Total thickener circuit flocculant requirement was 2.4 lb/ton solids. Aluminum chloride pregnant liquor was produced that analyzed 8.4 pct A1203 and contained more than 97 pct of the alumina in the liquid phase of the slurry. Bench-scale settling tests were used to correlate fines content of leach residue to thickener area and flocculant requirements.

Jan 1, 1983

By F. W. Davis

For some years this subject has been of interest to metallurgists. Previous to the War some work was done in :Belgium. on the enrich.ntSnt of the blast with oxygen i.."'l. connection with the smelting of iron orei.; in the blast furnace. In the United States, the late .J. E. ,Joh."lson, .Jr., \ve.s :interested in the possible use of 0J1.:ygen for metallurgical operations ar.:i cerried on some experic:.ental work along these lines pre..,,-ious to his de.e.hft Dr. F. G. Cottrell, formerly Director of the :Bureau of Mines, De7?,H''(;:,-of,,:a:t: of the Interior, and now Direc'cor of the Fixed lifi trogen Itesearc:l-1 La -:c r;a.-o='Y, Depart­ment of .Agriculture, first directed. the Eurec:ru 1 s attention to this subject. When it first began this work, the Director of the Burea.t1. of Mines, beca11se of his interest in this investigatio:::i, asked :Mr. M. H. Roberts: Vice-President of the FraU:din Railway Supply Company to select an Advisory Corr:nittee to work with the BJ::eau on tl1is subject; it also asked Mx-. Robez·ts to act as Cha.irman of this C<)1.,_1l!lHtce. T!le personneJ. of the Comrnitee which was selected. by r. Roberts is as follows:

Jul 1, 1923

By Rogers F. Davis

This publication has been prepared to supply manufacturers and industrial users a listing of mobile diesel-powered equipment and subassemblies approved and certified by the Bureau of Mines for use in nongassy noncoal mines and tunnels. This revised and supplemented listing supersedes an earlier publication2 released in 1963. Testing of diesel-powered equipment is one phase of the Bureau&apos;s program of health and safety that concerns approval of electrical and diesel equipment designed to prevent explosions, fires, shocks, or toxic hazards in underground mines, when such equipment is used and maintained properly. Manufacturers submit machinery and component parts to the Bureau for study of their design, safety features, and use. Equipment must pass exacting tests and must meet strict requirements established through research and experience and outlined in the Bureau&apos;s permissible schedules before the Bureau approves it for safe use in mines.

Jan 1, 1968

By M. H. Kline, Wing G. Agnew

"INTRODUCTION The Yancey-Crawford tract, located 1-1/2 nines east of Yancey station on the Norfolk & Western Railway in Rockingham County, Va. was from 1917 to 1941 considered an unusually promising manganese prospect. Because of the favorable geologic formations and because of the common occurrence of manganese in the district and Virginia's large production of these minerals from this area, geological report 3/ have listed this tract as the No. 1 prospect in the State. During World War I, extensive geologic studies were made to locate manganese deposits similar to those exploited at the Crimera mine near Waynesboro to alleviate this mineral shortage during the existing emergency.In September 1941 the Bureau of Mines started exploratory drilling on the tract in an effort to discover and block out reserves of manganese minerals as authorized by the 76th Congress under the Strategic Materials Act. After five drill holes wore sunk, the project was terminated October 1941."

Apr 1, 1948

By Robert C. Hickman

"INTRODUCTION The Big Four fault and the Sandy Creek fault, with several cross faults, traverse the Stalion-Curnel fluorspar prospect in a northeasterly direction. The Big Four mine, about three-quarters of a mile northeast of the prospect, is the only active mine in the immediate area.A resistivity survey was made of a portion of the prospect by the Division of Geophysical Exploration, Bureau of Mines, in May and June 1946. As a result of this survey, five holes were drilled by the Bureau of Mines during the period from October 8 to December 16, 1946. Two Longyear No. 12 Junior Straitline diamond drills were used for the work.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Division, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigative work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Division, Oliver C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and makes beneficiation tests.The project was under the supervision of Mitchell H. Kline, chief, Raleigh Branch, Mining Division."

Mar 1, 1948

By A. J. Kraemer

This paper is the third and concluding report of the results of the United States Bureau of Mines twenty-third semiannual survey of motor fuel marketed in the United States. The first paper, reporting data relative to gravity, vapor pressure, and distillation range of the samples, was published as Report of Investigations 3129. The second report dealt with the data of the twenty-third survey in accordance with the revised specifications for United States Government Motor Gasoline. These data were published as Report of Investigations 3142.

Jan 1, 1931

By A. J. Kraemer

This paper is the third and concluding report of the results of the United States Bureau of Mines twenty-third semiannual survey of motor fuel marketed in the United States. The first paper, reporting data relative to gravity, vapor pressure, and distillation range of the samples, was published as Report of Investigations 3129.7 The second report dealt with the data of the twenty-third survey in accordance with the revised specifications for United States Government Motor Gasoline. These data were published as Report of Investigations 3142.8

Jan 1, 1931

By M. Orchin

THIS PAPER is concerned with two aspects of the behavior of coal: (1) Dispersion by solvents atmospheric pressure and high temperature and (2) the destruction and regeneration of the coking properties of coal. Several pure polycyclic compounds and a coal-tar fraction were found to extract 95 percent of the organic material of a bituminous coal. About 20 percent of the extract was soluble in benzene, and this fraction contained the ?coking principle? of the coal. From an extensive chemical spectroscopic, and x-ray study of the benzene-soluble material, some conclusions could be drawn concerning the composition and structure of this fraction of coal. A possible commercial application of the extraction technique is in the preparation of low-ash carbonaceous material for the manufacture of electrode carbon.

Jan 1, 1951

By R. J. Leary

Oxidation testing of copper-clad steel strip was performed in a muffle furnace to determine whether copper in contact with steel scrap could be removed by oxidation in an airstream at high temperatures. Substantially all of the copper was oxidized before any significant iron oxidation occurred. The rate of copper oxidation was not affected by contact with iron. Copper oxide scale separated spontaneously from the underlying metal during cooling. Results indicate the possibility of removing light-gage copper coatings and components from ferrous scrap by oxidation in an incineration process.

Jan 1, 1965

By S. L. Weber, V. Castranova, D. E. Banks, J. K. H. Ma, Y. Rojanasakul, J. Y. C. Ma, M. Bhat

"The mechanism of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis is not ye: clear. Recent studies have shown that alveolar macrophages (AM) can be stimulated by bleomycin in vitro releasing inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that the interaction of bleomycin with AM is an important step in the drug-induced fibrotic process. Bleomycin is known to bind DNA and generate oxygen radicals through complexation with Fe2+ and oxygen. To provide,more insight into the cellular oxidative property of bleomycin, v.s have developed a fluoromicroscopic method using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFHDA) as an oxidative fluorescence probe to study the deomycin-induced intracellular oxidation in rat AM and the inhibition of the oxida¬tion by taurine, a compound known to inhibit the bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Bleomycin at 5 to 20 ug/ml has a moderate stimulatory effect (1.87- to 2.66-fold) on the secretion of superoxide anion. A high concentration of bleomycin (20 ug/ml), however, inhibits cell response to zymosan-induced secretion of superoxide anion. At 4 ug/ml, bleomycin has no effect on cell membrane integrity or morphology but results in a significant increase in intracellular oxidation. This oxidative process is Fe2-,-dependent and is accompanied by an increase in intracellular calcium (35 nM). Both the intracellular oxidation and calcium rise induced by internalized bleomycin are inhibited by pretreatment of cells with varying concentrations of taurine (25, 125, and 187.5 uM). The inhibitory effect on intracellular oxidation .vas found to be 36, 57, and 60%, respectively. These results demonstrate a stimulation-inhibition relationship between bleomycin and taurine on re cellular oxidation at a subcytotoxic dose of bleomycin, suggesting that the oxidative effect of the intracellular bleomycin-Fe2 complex is important in the initiation of the fibrotic process. — Environ Health Perspect 102 (Suppl10):91-96 (1994) IntroductionThe pulmonary system is most susceptible to oxygen radical-induced diseases due to its constant exposure to the highest oxygen tension, and the potential encounters with oxidant gases such as ozone, nitrogen oxides, and toxic doses of dust particles. The lung is also a well-perfused organ and thereby vulnerable to the effect of circulating xenobiotics such as paraquat, and, bleomycin, which is known to cause pulmonary injuries (1). Alveolar macrophages (AM), which act as a means of defense by phagocytizing inhaled dust particles and microorganisms while increasing production of reactive oxidative species, have been shown to play an important role in mechanisms leading to oxidative lung injury and fibrosis (2-4)."

Dec 1, 1995

In March, the Minister of Mines, Mrs. Judy Erola, released a mineral discussion paper at the annual meeting and convention in Toronto of the Prospectors and Developers Association. Among the mineral objectives discussed was the revitalization of the "junior" mining industry. That industry reportedly has seen its share of total exploration expenditures fall from 50% in 1969 to 10% in 1979. Some sources believe the reason to be the rise of exploration costs and more- restrictive legislation The junior mining industry reportedly was responsible for 40% of all mineral discoveries in the 1969-79 period. CZECHOSLOVAKIA Czechoslovakia expects its capacity for the recovery of gallium metal to increase from 1,650 kilograms to nearly 3,000 kilograms per year by the installation of new recovery equipment at the aluminum plant at Ziar Nad Hronom in Central Slovakia. World production data are not reported, but the United States consumed 8,000 kilograms (estimated) in 1981, of which 5,536 kilograms were imported. Gallium is recovered as a byproduct of the Bayer process for the conversion of bauxite to alumina, and from certain zinc processing wastes. It is used for electronic applications such as light-emitting diodes for visual display panels in calculators, clocks, and other instruments.

Jan 1, 1982