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By Leo J. Vogel, E. D. Hummer, David J. Akers

INTRODUCTION An efficient refuse-disposal system is a necessary part of the modem cleaning plant. The large-scale refuse system and disposal area, engineered for the lifetime of the plant, has become more important due to the greater tonnages of refuse produced from increased quantities of mechanically mined and prepared coal. Laws and increased government regulations have affected the design and operation of disposal systems. THE EFFECT OF MINE AND PLANT OPERATION Refuse disposal starts at the mining face. The mining system, the type of roof support, the machinery used, and the degree of discipline at the face contribute to the amount and type of refuse that must be removed through the disposal system. Economies gained through modification of the mining system or mining machinery may be partially offset by increased dilution of the mined coal with impurities from associated rock formations. In some cases the change in the mining system and equipment has reduced the dilution. In all cases the ratio of impurities that must be removed from the raw-coal feed to the plant not only affects the maintenance and

Jan 1, 1979

By W. G. Matteson

The Gulf Coastal plain of the southern United States is that area bordering for a large part, the Gulf of Mexico and extending inland and northward to the main interior highland region. It is more or less V-shaped and includes the States of Florida, extreme southern Alabama, all .of Mississippi and Louisiana, the eastern and southern half of Arkansas, and the eastern, southeastern, and southern portions of Texas. While the contents of this paper apply to. the Gulf Coastal plain in general, they are intended to refer more specifically to that portion of the plain included between the 90th and 97th meridians, and the 29th and 33d parallels, an area that may be described geographically as comprising western Mississippi, all of Louisiana, part of eastern and all of south-eastern Texas. It is within this area that numerous and prolific oil pools have been developed during the last 17 years.

Jan 2, 1918

By Arthur F. Hagner

The titaniferous magnetite deposit at Iron Mountain, Wyoming, is in Precambrian anorthosite. Individual ore bodies are lenses, commonly arranged en echelon, conformable to the platy crystal structure and compositional layering of the anorthosite; a few transect these features at various angles. The ore bodies are on the east flank of the principal anticline in the anorthosite mass. Magnetite and ilmenite, accompanied by spine!, are the ore minerals. The principal gangue minerals are olivine, which was introduced with the ore, and plagioclase, the chief constituent of the anorthosite. The anticlinal region appears to have been a structurally weak zone, and westward-bowing curves of the axis were especially favorable sites for localization of the two largest massive ore bodies. These bodies are synclinal and plunge southeast. The proportion of magnetite-ilmenite to olivine and to anorthosite appears to be related to structural features. Where magnetite-ilmenite is present with olivine, the magnetite-ilmenite is encountered along the most pronounced parts of a fold where anorthite content is highest, whereas olivine is associated principally with more gently folded portions. During granulation and recrystallization of the anorthosite mass, temperature and pressure changes furnished the energy required to release and mobilize iron and other elements that migrated to areas of low pressure, the ore zone. Some iron and magnesium may have combined with silica from partly dissociated plagioclase to form olivine. The ore formed by replacement of anorthosite as indicated by: (1) the marked changes in mineralogy along strike, dip, and plunge of an ore body; (2) the concentration of massive ore in folds and olivine on limbs; ( 3) the halo of low-grade mineralized rock that transects the structure of the anorthosite in the hanging wall; and ( 4) the layering in the large southern ore body, that strikes more easterly than the trend of the body.

Jan 1, 1968

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Jan 1, 1907

By H. E. Gross

A plausrsle method of drilling beyond the continental shelves is set forth with limitations of the method. The continental shelves comprise the water-covered portions of land masses out to 600 ft. of water, or roo fathoms. The problems and possibilities of drilling beyond this depth are discussed in this paper. Introduction Much attention is being given the problem of developing petroleum beneath the open sea. Geophysical surveys have been made 26 miles offshore1 from the continental United States, and onco offshore ownership is established it is likely that there will be drilling for oil on the continental shelves. More than two years ago the author presented the means for drilling in deep water.2 at the fall meeting of the Petroleum Division of the AIME at Los Angeles. His concepts then were based on the use of rigid foundations suitable for drilling in water up to 600 ft. deep. The present paper suggests a method for drilling in deeper water. Possibilities and Problems of Drilling beyond the continental shelves It being conceded that because restricted deep-water portions of the hydrosphere might contain oil in commercial quantities, and that at any rate it is pertinent to know more of the nature of the lithosphere beneath the hydrosphere, the possibilities and problems of drilling beyond the continental shelves should be set forth. Drilling in open water would offer few if any advantages over drilling on land. These are: 1. The ocean transportation is available to deep-water drilling sites, and extensive pipe lines and roads are unnecessary. 2. Refinery facilities and markets perhaps are established on the near-by shore where adjacent fields on land are nearing depletion. 3. There is freedom from jungle pests and tropical diseases. 4. Competitive drilling is less likely. 5. Extensive areas attractive for development arc not yet under lease or concession. Disadvantages are great and numerous: 1. Storm hazards from wind and wave. 2. Expensive foundations, either rigid or floating. 3. Shutdown times because of weather. 4. Marine Regulations of Federal Bureaus in addition to customary regulations on land. 5. Frequent difficulty in moving men and materials to and from drilling platforms. 6. Extra precautions required in open sea. For drilling in water more than 500 or 600 ft. deep, rigid foundations2 become too costly, and floating foundations must be used, and they must meet the following requirements:

Jan 1, 1947

By H. E. Gross

A plausrsle method of drilling beyond the continental shelves is set forth with limitations of the method. The continental shelves comprise the water-covered portions of land masses out to 600 ft. of water, or roo fathoms. The problems and possibilities of drilling beyond this depth are discussed in this paper. Introduction Much attention is being given the problem of developing petroleum beneath the open sea. Geophysical surveys have been made 26 miles offshore1 from the continental United States, and onco offshore ownership is established it is likely that there will be drilling for oil on the continental shelves. More than two years ago the author presented the means for drilling in deep water.2 at the fall meeting of the Petroleum Division of the AIME at Los Angeles. His concepts then were based on the use of rigid foundations suitable for drilling in water up to 600 ft. deep. The present paper suggests a method for drilling in deeper water. Possibilities and Problems of Drilling beyond the continental shelves It being conceded that because restricted deep-water portions of the hydrosphere might contain oil in commercial quantities, and that at any rate it is pertinent to know more of the nature of the lithosphere beneath the hydrosphere, the possibilities and problems of drilling beyond the continental shelves should be set forth. Drilling in open water would offer few if any advantages over drilling on land. These are: 1. The ocean transportation is available to deep-water drilling sites, and extensive pipe lines and roads are unnecessary. 2. Refinery facilities and markets perhaps are established on the near-by shore where adjacent fields on land are nearing depletion. 3. There is freedom from jungle pests and tropical diseases. 4. Competitive drilling is less likely. 5. Extensive areas attractive for development arc not yet under lease or concession. Disadvantages are great and numerous: 1. Storm hazards from wind and wave. 2. Expensive foundations, either rigid or floating. 3. Shutdown times because of weather. 4. Marine Regulations of Federal Bureaus in addition to customary regulations on land. 5. Frequent difficulty in moving men and materials to and from drilling platforms. 6. Extra precautions required in open sea. For drilling in water more than 500 or 600 ft. deep, rigid foundations2 become too costly, and floating foundations must be used, and they must meet the following requirements:

Jan 1, 1947

By E. C. Potter

FUEL-OIL was first substituted for coal at these works in September, 1888. It was first applied in the converting-department to the battery of boilers, consisting of 14 tubular boilers, 16 feet in length by 5 feet in diameter. To operate these boilers with coal for 24 hours required 14 strikers, 3 ash-wheelers, 6 men unloading coal, and 2 water-tenders, making a total of 25 men. With fuel-oil the same boilers require for the same period 2 water-tenders and 4 men to attend to the burners, making a total of 6 men. This gives a saving of 19 men, which, at an average of $2 per day each, amounts to $38 per day. Comparing the consumption of oil with that of coal, we find that for the week ending January 5, 1889, with an ingot output of 6403 tons, 2731 barrels of fuel-oil were used as against a necessary consumption of coal for the same work of 848 tons, showing 3.22 barrels of fuel-oil to be equivalent to one ton of Indiana block-coal. Figuring oil at 60 cents per barrel, and coal at $2.15 per ton, we have as the cost of oil $1.93, as against $2.15 for its equivalent in coal. In December, 1888, the rail-mill battery of 26 boilers, of the same dimensions as those in the converting-department, was equipped for fuel-oil. For the week ending January 5, 1889, with a rail out-put of 5208 tons, 5987 barrels of oil were consumed, as against a necessary consumption of coal, to do the same work, of 1805 tons, showing 3.31 barrels of fuel-oil to be equivalent to one ton of Indiana block-coal, which at the costs named above would show $1.98 worth of fuel-oil to he equal to $2.15 worth of coal. The labor required to operate the rail-mill boilers for 24 hours, with coal as fuel,is: 26 stokers, 4 water-tenders, 6 ash-wheelers, 12 men unloading coal; total, 48 men. With oil as fuel, the same work requires 4 water-tenders and 6 men to attend to the burners; total, 10 men; a saving over coal of 38 men in 24 hours, which, at an average price of $2 per day, would be $76 per day. In the brief experience we have had with oil as fuel, we find that the efficiency of the boilers is somewhat increased and the repairs are

Jan 1, 1889

By C. W. Goodale

TOMBSTONE, a name not exactly full of cheerful suggestion, has a great record as a mineral producer and a colorful history as a frontier mining camp. The only practical route to Tombstone in the early 80's was by way of San Francisco and Los Angeles. The Southern Pacific was building across Arizona, and a sleeper was attached to a construction and freight train at Los Angeles, and was trailed slowly across the Colorado Desert to Benson in the San Pedro Valley. Thence one staged 26 miles to Tombstone, which is located near the foot of a range of hills at an altitude of about 4500 ft.

Jan 1, 1925

By Arthur V. Corry

GOLD was discovered in Alder Gulch, Virginia. City, Mont., on May 26, 1863. In a short time some 6000 people flocked to the new discovery, and on the banks of Alder Gulch six settlements sprang into existence, the principal one, Virginia City, alone surviving. This town today has a population of 800, and is the county seat of Madison County. It is estimated that between forty and fifty million dollars in gold was produced up to 1904. Virginia City is situated at the mouth of Alder Creek where that stream leaves the narrow canyon that cuts the steep foothills flanking Old Baldy Mountain, elevation 9572 ft., 12 mi. south. Virginia City itself is 5700 ft. above sea level.

Jan 1, 1936

Aamot, Olav Crone, Chem. Engr., Elektrokemisk Raadhusgt..23, Oslo. Norway. '29 Abadilla, Quirico A., Dir., Bureau of Mines Manila, P. I. '3S Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co., 1242 Brown-Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abel, Raymond L.. Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pa. '2S Abel, Walter D., Div. of Corporations Los Angeles, Calif. '32 Abele, Louis T., U. S. Corps of Engrs 7211 Glen Oak Ave., Baltimore. Md. '31 Abel], Leo M., Research Met., Mount Morgan Ltd Mount Morgan, Queens.. Australia. '31 Abenius, Hakan V c/o Falu Gruva, Falun, Sweden. '37 Abernathy, G. E., Geol., Kansas State Geol. Survey Pittsburg, Kan. 3S Aborn. Robert H., Asst. Met., Research Lab., U. S. Steel Corp., Lincoln Highway, Kearny, N. J. '19 Abrams, Charles Jackson 1624 17th St., Denver, Colo. '3 t. Abstein. Henry T., Engr. & Mgr., Profile-Tamarack Mines CoYellow Pine, Idaho. '27 Acker, E. O'C., Met L28 East Washington Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. '86 Ackerman, D. E., Met., Assoc. Prof. of Met., Purdue Univ Lafayette, Ind. '35 Ackerman, E. Dumont, Sub-Surface Geol., Temblador Camp, Standard Oil Co. of Venezuela, Caripito, Venezuela. '3S Ackerman, George F.,. Div. Foreman. The Fresnillo Co Fresnillo, Zac., Mexico. '36 Adami, A. F., V.P. & Prof. of Min. Engrg., Montana School of Mines Butte, Mont. '19 Adami, Charles J., Min. Engr 99 S. Downing St., Denver. Colo. '12 Adams, Army, Cons. Engr 714 W. Main St., Grass Valley, Calif. .'37 Adams, Clyde B.. Geol.. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., Inc 26 Broadway, New York, N. Y. '39 Adams, Ernest C., 6th Engrs Fort MacIntosh, Laredo, Tex. '35 Adams, F. J., Gen'l Agent, Gulf Production & Pipe Line Cos Fort Worth, 'lox. '29 Adams, F. S., Supt., Power Dept., Anaconda Copper Min. CoAnaconda, Mont. '37 ADAMS. FRANK DAWSON, Hon. Mbr., 1913; Logan Prof. of Geology and Dean, Faculty of Applied Science. McGill Univ., Montreal, Que., Canada. '13 Adams, Gale L., Supervisor, Process & Dev. Lab., General Pet. Corp. of California, Higgins Bldg., Los Angeles, Calif. '18

Jan 1, 1939

By Wilbur S. Burbank, Robert G. Leudke

The impressive western San Juan Mountains of Colorado were carved by Pleistocene and Recent erosion from a thick blanket of Tertiary volcanic rocks that rests upon a basement of metamorphic, sedimentary, and igneous rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Tertiary. These rocks record a long, complex, and fairly complete sequence of geologic events that have affected the region through much of geologic time. The geologic history of the region includes several periods of deformation, erosion, and igneous activity; closely associated with two of these periods were two periods of mineralization. The older of these was related to Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary (Laramide) intrusive activity, and its deposits occur in the older sedimentary units. The younger, of later Tertiary age and related to the widespread middle Tertiary extrusive and intrusive activity, is the chief concern of this paper. Tertiary volcanism built a great plateau surrounding the San Juan volcanic depression, a complex of subsided crustal blocks in the vent areas. The Silverton and Lake City cauldrons, nested within the larger depression, were domed by resurgent magma that created keystone grabens along the distended crests of the domed floors and many postcauldron radial and concentric fractures, dikes, and intrusive plutons within and marginal to the cauldron sites. The postvolcanic evolution of large quantities of gases, chiefly carbon dioxide and water, propylitically altered the rocks in and around the volcanic depression prior to the younger period of ore deposition. The ore deposits, localized mainly in the radial and concentric fractures about the cauldrons and in the associated graben faults, include fissure veins, chimneys, replacements, and disseminations in volcanic and underlying basement rocks. Fissure veins, constituting the major economic source, yielded precious- and basemetal ores. Most veins are compound with sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite; some veins contain silver-bearing arsenical sulfosalts and free gold. These minerals occur in predominantly quartz gangue. However, gangues composed of several manganese silicates and carbonates and relatively· barren of metals are abundant locally and probably originated by alteration of rocks at roots of faults and fissures during evolution of carbonatic solutions. The bulk of the ores are hypogene and probably had their source in deep parent magmas of the shallow eruptive rocks. Total production since the early 1870's has exceeded half a billion dollars in recovered metals, with a ratio of precious- to base-metal values of about 3 to 2. Since 1930, improvements in metallurgical treatment and mining techniques have increased the base-metal yield.

Jan 1, 1968

By Earle E. Schumacher, Alexander G. Souden

IN the field of physical metallurgy it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep abreast of the recent develop¬ments since the diversity of investigations is so great and the literature so voluminous. The purpose of this review is to present the more important advances in the nonferrous field during the past few years, the topics discussed being classified broadly as fundamental and practical. The former includes those studies that have done most toward developing the basic science of metals and alloys, and the latter includes technical developments and applications. With the rapid growth of the metal

Jan 1, 1938

By T. C. Craig

For the year 1934, there were 382 oi1 wells completed for a total initial of 146,965 bbl. Fifty-three wells were deepened for a total increase of 8363 bbl., bringing the total volume of new oil to 155,328 bbl. As of Jan. 1, 1934, the daily potential of the field as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission was 159,740 bbl. Of this amount 26,429 bbl. is "marginal oil," and 2682 bbl. is exempt on account of water. In December, 1934, the daily potential was established by the Railroad Commission as being 297,501 bbl. with a daily allowable of 56,800 bbl. Of this amount 31,993 bbl. is "marginal oil," and 2183 bbl. is exempt on account of water. There has been no field-wide test made during the year, and as a result the rated potential of the field is in all probability much higher than the actual potential. As each new well comes in, a five-day test is made under the supervision of the Railroad Commission. The potential thus established is added to the field potential and shares its pro rata part of the market outlet, which is the allowable production, no allowance

Jan 1, 1935

By J. Greenspan

The anisotropy of fracture and slip, that is, the brittleness and ductility of the beryllium single crystal, is characteristic also of po1ycrystalline beryllium in which the grains are oriented in a preferred manner. Beryllium with grain orientations resulting from hot working either unidirectionally or bidirectionally is ductile or brittle in directions given by the anisotropy and orientation of the grains. Textures developed from various hot-working sequences are given, and tensile results are correlated with textures. Not only texture, but fine grain size is necessary for obtaining high tensile elongation. Ultimate tensile strength and elongation are both correlated with grain diameter. Of particular interest is the case in which unusually high tensile elongations of 30 to 40 pct are obtained when basal planes are oriented to carry THE beryllium crystal (of nominal purity) is probably unique among metals with respect to its unusually acute anisotropy of slip and fracture. While extensive slip can occur on the system (1010) [ll20] starting at about 19,000 psi, the (0001) plane is particularly vulnerable to fracture at 4500 psi or less. Fracture occurs also on the (11zo) plane at about 26,000 psi.1"3 Further, there seems to be no other slip System which contributes significantly to

Jan 1, 1960

By AIME AIME

STRIP coal mining in the United States has-become noted for its massive equipment, especially its power shovels. Notable among the latest examples of this trend is the Bobolink mine of the Binkley Mining Co., at Seeleyville, Ind.,. eight miles from Terre Haute. This is only one of the Binkley company's operating properties; in all, the company owns or controls 26 mines, in fourteen seams. The Bobolink, however, is the largest strip mine in America and probably also in the world. It has an estimated life of fifteen years. The shovel used to strip the over¬burden is electrically operated, of Bucyrus-Erie make, and was. shipped to the property for assembling, a job

Jan 1, 1936

By Joseph M. Locke

The discovery of this asphaltum was made by S. H. Gilson, of Salt Lake, and since then the material has borne the local name of Gilsonite. So far as I have been able to ascertain, however, the first published notice of this discovery was made by Prof. W. P. Blake in the Engineering arid Mining Journal, of December 26, 1885, where he names the new mineral Uintahite, from the place of its discovery, the Uintah Mountains in eastern Utah. The priority of publication and the geographical fitness of the name will probably secure its acceptance by mineralogists.* The following is Prof. Blake's article. In the month of September last, a sample of peculiar asphalt was received for examination, and recently when in Provo, Utah, I had the opportunity of seeing a considerable quantity brought in from the Uintah Mountains. It is obtained in masses several inches in diameter, and apparently free from mechanically disseminated impurities. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture, is very brittle, and is readily reduced to powder in a mortar. Hardness, 2 to 25. Gravity, 1.065 to 1.070. Color, black, brilliant, and lustrous; streak and powder, a rich brown. It is a non-conductor of electricity, and is electrically excited by friction.

Jan 1, 1888

By R. W. Raymond

Recent literary labors have led me to the compilation of the following tables and estimates, which may possess interest for my colleagues in the Institute, and which are here submitted without comment.

By Charles M. Rolker

The Mariposa estate, a grant made by the Mexican Government to Juan 13. Alvarado, during the time when California was still under the dominion of Mexico, was purchased in 1847 by J. C. Fremont, and the United States patent issued to him in 1856. By sale, or its equivalent, money advanced, the property came into the hands of the Mariposa Company, June 25th, 1863, and through a varied existence of work and temporary inactivity, has as yet been kept as an undivided property, and rests at present with the Mariposa Land and Mining Company of California. I pass over this period of 15 years without giving the history of the ups and downs of the estate, partly because it is familiar to many, and also because I think in such a case this paper would assume too much the character of a narrative. The estate is situated in Mariposa County, California, about 170 miles southeast of San Francisco. It begins in lat. 37' 26' 38'' north, and long. 119' 55' west, and runs 6 miles north; thence 69 miles west; thence 5 miles northwesterly towards the Merced River; thence 84 miles southerly; thence 3 miles easterly; thence 1 mile southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence 2 miles southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence 1 mile southerly; thence 2 miles easterly; thence 1 mile northerly, and thence 2 miles easterly to the place of the beginning; embracing 44,387 acres (70 sq. miles) more or less. To describe this vast estate in detail as to its full geology, its numerous quartz veins, its many facilities to exploit them and work them by cheap methods, would lead me further than I intend to go at present, and I will content myself to describe the latest workings of the company and its immediate field of operations. As long ago as 1860 the late Dr. Adelberg advised the running of an adit from the northwestern edge of the estate at Benton Mills 011 the Mereed River. His object was to undercut the deepest workings of the then paying mines on the estate—the Pine Tree and Josephine. Following this advice, the tunnel known as "River Tunnel " was commenced. Its entrance is in S. 5, T. 4, s. R. 17 E. It is run in

Jan 1, 1879

An index covering the papers presented at the 19 Open Hearth Conferences from the first meeting at Pittsburgh, April 15 and 16, 1925, through the most recent meeting in Detroit, April 16 and 17, 1936, the reports of the meetings and the discussions that took place has been published, accompanied by a list of the papers presented, grouped by subject matter and a list of books of interest to open hearth men The list below gives the Open Hearth Conference meetings in chronological order and the symbols used to designate them in the index SYMBOL MEETINGS P25 Pittsburgh, April 15 and 16, 1925 C125 Cleveland, Oct 13 to 15, 1925 Ch26 Chicago, April 12 and 13, 1926 P26 Pittsburgh, October, 1926 B27 Buffalo, May 3 to 5, 1927 D27 Detroit, Nov 2 and 3, 1927 Y28 Youngstown, May 3 and 4, 1928 P28 Pittsburgh, Nov 15 and 16, 1928 C129 Cleveland, May 16 and 17, 1929 Ch29 Chicago, Nov 5 and 6, 1929 B30 Buffalo, May 20 and 21, 1930 C130 Cleveland, Nov 20 and 21, 1930 Ch31 Chicago, May 12 and 13, 1931- D31 Detroit, Nov 24 and 25, 1931 P32 Pittsburgh, May 24 and 25, 1932 Ch33 Chicago, June 29 and 30, 1933 P34 Pittsburgh, June 28 and 29, 1934 C135 Cincinnati, April 11 and 12, 1935 D36 Detroit, April 16 and 17, 1936 The list of papers mentioned in the first paragraph above is reprinted on pages 428 to 431 The Index of the Open Hearth Proceedings may be purchased at A I M E headquarters, 29 W 39th St, New York

Jan 1, 1936

By John H. Schissler

INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY Complex copper-lead-zinc ore is mined from underground workings high in the Western Cordillera of the Andes mountains about 100 km in a stralght line north of the city of Arequipa in southern Peru. The Madrigal mine is situated in a steep-walled canyon into which the six operating levels "daylight". Production is from cut-and-fill stopes currently producing approximately 740 dry metric tons per day. The Santa Rosa vein, the most important producer in the district, outcrops for a distance of about 4 km, bearing N 75º W and dipping about 70º NE. In places the vein splits into two or three branches; widths of each vary between 1 and 4 m and total mineralized widths of up to over 8 m occur. Principal ore minerals are chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. Ore reserve grades for the Madrigal mine average about 1.45% Cu, 2.6% Pb and 5.0% Zn, 2.9 ozAg per metric ton. [Compania] Minera del Madrigal is a California limited partnership; the general partner and operator is [Compania] Madrigal, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Homestake Mining Company. HISTORY Shallow workings found on the Santa Rosa vein were probably made by the Spaniards during colonial times in their search for

Jan 1, 1977