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By H. R. Ogden

The notch sensitivity of titanium alloys is affected by impurity content, microstructure, and heat treatment. Using notch tensile properties to evaluate notch sensitivity, three commercial titanium-base alloys were investigated over the temperature range of -320o to 390°F. The alloys studied were Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-6Al-4V, and Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo. Six interstitial levels were studied for each alloy in four mi-crostmctural conditions. The ff- 0 alloys were studied in both the annealed and heat-treated condition. All tests were conducted using 1/4-in. diam round tensile samples. The notched samples had a 50 pct notch with a notch sharpness (a/r) of 53, corresponding to Kt 6.3. Notch sensitivity was increased by increased interstitial content, low temperature, and acicular-type microstructures. The heat-treated, high-interstitial content - 13 alloys were more notch sensitive than the same alloys in the annealed condition. In addition, minima in the notch tensile-temperature curves were observed at temperatures near 32°F. These minima became more pronounced with increasing interstitial content. 1 HE increaseduse of titanium alloys in high strength applications at subzero temperatures requires that a better under standing of the low-temperature behavior of the alloys be obtained. At low temperatures, metals generally exhibit increased strength with lowered ductility and tohness. Notch sensitivity and the factors which influence it become more important as the strength level is increased and the temperature is decreased. Some of the factor s which affect notch sensitivity in ti- tanium alloys are composition, interstitial content, microstructure, and heat-treatment condition. In this paper, the results of a study of these variables on the notch sensitivity of three titanium alloys at temperatures from —320o to 390o are reported. The notch geometry selected for this program was chosen to provide a severe test of notch sensitivity. The ability of the metal to flow without initiating fracture under these severe conditions is reflected in the notch-strength values. Since notch strength is, in part, determined by the constraint exerted by the combined tensile stresses, the behavior of notch specimens reflects the properties of the material under combined stresses. For example, a material with a high notch-unnotch strength ratio may be expected to withstand the biaxial stresses encountered in a pressure vessel better than a material with a low ratio of notch-unnotch strengths. This implies that maximum strength alone is not a sufficient criterion for applications of this type. It further may be concluded that the various conditions that promote poor notch behavior also will affect adversely the performance of materials under combined stresses. In the alloys studied, these included low temperatures, high interstitial levels, and hasformed microstructures. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Three alloys, Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-6Al-4V, and Ti-2Fe-2Cr-2Mo, were purchased from commercial producers as 2-in.-dam rod stock. Oxygen and nitrogen were added to these alloys by remelting to obtain a variety of interstitial contents as shown in Table I. In order to Compensate for the much more potent strengthening effect of nitrogen compared with oxygen, an oxygen equivalent content is used to describe the total oxygen plus nitrogen contents studied. It has been suggested previously1 thatnitro-gen is approximately twice as effective in strengthening as oxygen, and carbon, to the extent it is in so-

Jan 1, 1962

By C. Schlumberger

SINCE the beginning of .the year 1928 the senior authors and their associates have applied a series of procedures which makes possible the detailed study in situ of the formations traversed by a drill hole before the casing has been landed. They have given the name "electrical coring" to the ensemble of these processes, which now replace in a large measure the mechanical coring performed by the drillers, and permit the gathering of bottom-hole data hitherto unobtainable. Three years have elapsed since the technique and interpretation of these measurements emerged from the experimental stage and entered the field of industrial application on a large scale. The total length of drill holes so far surveyed by the authors and their associates, all over the world, amounts to several millions of feet. Practical and strongly built equipment has been evolved, which permits the examination in a short time of an open hole several thousand feet long. No comprehensive paper has yet been published discussing the essential principles of the processes applied and bringing into evidence their economic interest. This is the object of the present paper.1 Numerous examples of field work performed under varied geological conditions are given, constituting a concrete illustration of the services rendered by the new methods. The study in situ of the formations penetrated by a drill hole is based on the measurement of a given physical factor or parameter associated with these formations. Generally. the measurements are made syste-matically along the whole length of the open hole. The physical factors or parameters which are now utilized by us to this end are: (1) the resistivities of the rocks; (2) their porosity; (3) their electrical anisotropy; (4) their temperature; (5) the resistivity of the muds. In order to

Jan 1, 1932

By Bruce D. Hanson

The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of experiments using four different coal types to determine the effect of attack angle and symmetric bit wear on airborne respirable dust (ARD) generated by point-attack bits and in energy consumption. Neither had a significant effect on ARD at the 95-pct confidence level, but bit wear had a significant effect (95 pct confidence) on specific energy (energy per gram of cut coal) for three coal types, Depth of cut was the most significant factor affecting ARD and specific energy.

Jan 1, 1979

By Martin Hertzberg

In this Bureau of Mines study, an equation is derived for the limit burning velocity for divergent, spherical propagation from an ignition kernel of radius, r: (Su)e = ( ) . For flame propagation into a preexisting, stretching velocity gradient of magnitude dv/dx, the limit velocity is (Su)e = (a dv/dx)1/2. These formulations are shown to be equivalent to the fluid dynamic concepts of Damkoh1er, Kar10-vitz, and Markstein. Existing data for the b10woff limits of flames are shown to give excellent agreement with those concepts provided that proper account is taken of two dilution effects: composition dilution caused by entrainment and velocity gradient dilution caused by flow expansion. Approximate flow-field solutions are also derived for the unburned gas motion above an upward propagating, spherical flame kernel in buoyancy-induced flows. It is shown that;, the upward hemisphere propagates toward a stagnation plane in a counterflow configuration involving the balance between the combustion force, which accelerates the cold gas upward, and the buoyancy force that accelerates the cold gas downward. The position of the stagnation plane above the upward propagating hemisphere is related to the ratio of the buoyant velocity, vb, to the burning velocity, Suo Extinction of the upward propagating wave occurs by flame stretch in that counterflow configuration when n = Vb/Su begins to exceed the expansion ratio, Pu/Pb' and the wave is blown off by its own buoyancy-induced flow field.

Jan 1, 1984

By Chas. F. Jackson

During the current business depression the Bureau of Mines has received many inquiries concerning placer mining, the prospects for men of small means to make wages by small-scale placer operations, the locations of placer deposits in the United States, methods of working placers on a small scale, and allied subjects. It has therefore seemed desirable to prepare a circular covering, in nontechnical language, the principal questions which have boon referred to the Bureau of Mines for answer. There are a number of bureau publications dealing with placer mining, most of which are now out of print, but which may be consulted in the larger libraries. Other articles on placer mining nave appeared from time to time in the technical press and several good textbooks have been written on the subject. A partial bibliography of this literature appears at the end of this paper. A recent pamphlet published by the Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology to assist the prospector and inexperienced small operator has received wide and favorable attention and is recommended as a useful reference. In the present paper no attempt will be made to cover the subject of placer mining in a comprehensive manner, but discussion will be confined to elementary questions of particular interest to persons of limited experience.

Jan 1, 1932

By James T. McCartney, Joseph D. Davis

For more than 10 years coke-oven technologists have been investigating the expanding properties of coal on a scale larger than that afforded by laboratory test tubes. Koppers 4/ was among the first to realize that coals can not be differentiated satisfactorily with respect to expansion in coke ovens by the simpler test-tube methods; in his first method 80 grains of fine coal were coked in a cylinder heated from the bottom, so that the zone of fusion (plastic layer) advanced from the bottom to the top. The scale of test was too small; it has been modified by other investigators, but without significant improvement in practical application of the results. Somewhat later Koppers and Jendne 5/ experimented with a small-scale coke even, one wall of which was movable, in which the layer-coking in a coke oven could be simulated closely. This oven was heated from both sides. Their results with this oven showed a peak in the time-pressure curves near the end of the coking, period when the two plastic layers, advancing from opposite walls, meet. They also found that although the smaller oven was heated from one side only and did not show the Pressure peak characteristic of two-sided heating, it still gave results entirely too high. Russell built an oven similar to the movable-wall oven of Koppers and Jenkner and compared results obtained in it on Beckley expanding coal with these obtained on the some coal in the Altieri 7/ small-scale apparatus. Both tests were conducted at the same constant pressure, but heating was from two sides in Russell's oven and from one side in the Altieri tester. Russell found that the two types of test gave comparable results under constant pressure conditions even though the heating procedures were quite different. He showed later, however, that a "borderline" coal 8/ that contracted in the Altieri tester at constant pressure developed a peak pressure of 4 pounds per square inch in the movable-wall oven heated from both sides at constant volume. He concluded from this that testing at constant volume gave results more accurately indicative of dangerous expansion tendencies than those at constant pressure. He also found that heating from both sides in this oven gave higher pressure than heating from one side only.

May 1, 1942

By H. Lawrence

In 1977, the Bureau of Mines awarded a grant to the State of South Carolina to explore the possibility of using Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data as an aid in monitoring surface mining activities in selected counties of the State. Work had been done in Aiken County prior to the grant by Bureau of Mines and State personnel at the EROS Data Center using both the GE Image 100 and ESL IDIMS systems. The initial work on the 1-100 consisted of locating and measuring the areas of various kaolin mines. The results were excellent on location, identification, and accurate area measurements of several mines as compared with aerial photos of each mine. The effort also included locating and measuring the size of all mines (including sand and gravel) within two U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7 ½ min quadrangle maps. Line printer overlays using the IDIMS equipment and software resulted in the location of all known mines within an estimated error less than ±91.4m (5300 feet). Mine acreage was calculated by counting each symbol (which represented one pixel) and multiplying by 1.1 (the number of acres per pixel). Figure 1 shows a portion of one quadrangle overlay. Table I gives a comparison of acreage measured for sever- al mines from the 1-100 and IDIMS systems vs. aerial photo measurements.

Jan 1, 1979

By J Lööw, M Nygren, E Segerstedt, L Abrahamsson

The purpose of the paper is to discuss socially sustainable development in the mining industry and the communities surrounding the mines. The discussions are based on results from a prestudy and literature review on mining and sustainable development conducted during 2013–2014 at Luleå University of Technology in Sweden. ‘A social licence to mine’ is important for the mining industry, but the social dimension is a relatively underdeveloped dimension when it comes to sustainable development in general and the mining industry in particular, one reason probably being the lack of effective methods for capturing social impacts. The mining industry and the surrounding communities face many challenges that provide both possibilities and obstacles to socially sustainable development; eg aspects such as gender, work conditions and cultural aspects. For example, a strong mining workplace culture and community identity can create strong cohesion but also lead to excluding certain groups, rejecting new ideas and reinforcing obsolete values. Other challenges include recruitment, as well as health and safety in relation to an increased use of fly-in-fly-out, contractors and automation of mining. Some challenges relate to the effects of fluctuations in the mining market. There is a lack of research that links attitudes, policies and activities within companies to their impact on the wider community, and vice versa. Future research should also include the development of methods and indicators for social sustainability relevant for mining – in other words: how do mining companies get ‘a social licence to mine’?CITATION:Abrahamsson, L, Lööw, J, Nygren, M and Segerstedt, E, 2015. How to get a social licence to mine, in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 125–136 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

By Lester G. Rollins

Coal today enjoys a dominant position, serving the energy and metallurgical marketed The measure of success in the market place is, and will continue to be, the price per million BTUs or price per ton delivered to the user. The Coal Industry's remarkable record of price stability since World War II is well known. The next twenty years promise to be equally as challenging. This challenge will be met our president, Mr. Drain, has often stated that, ?The Joy Manufacturing Company is betting that coal will meet the challenge.? To this end, the resources of Joy have been committed to doing its part. Joy's efforts are directed toward a target which has been defined as: 1. Deliver coal to the user at a price of $.15/MBTU or less. or; 2. Deliver coal to the mine portal at a cost of $1.00 or less.

Jan 1, 1966

By William C. Baldwin

Unitization and containerization continue to grow with great rapidity throughout the world today. Every industrial nation outside of the Iron Curtain is devoting more and more time toward research of these developing sciences. Unitization and containerization are proving to be the solution to many of modern industry's most pressing handling and shipping problems. Manufacturers make large savings, carriers receive many benefits, and customers take an increasing interest in demanding that their shipments either be unitized or containerized. Unit-loads consist of items, packages or bulk materials pre-assembled into a convenient mass for handling by mechanized equipment and to fit the internal dimensions of carriers. It has been found that unitized handling and shipping offers cost savings too great to be ignored by anyone interested in the distribution of goods. At present, the benefits from unitized shipping and handling are being enjoyed only to a small extent due to the failure of many persons concerned with handling practices in recognizing only some of the advantages of unitization. Before the full benefits of unitized handling and shipping can be realized, some major changes in packaging and distribution practices will be necessary on the part of industry. Numerous investigations in the last two years show conclusively that there are more advantages and more inherent savings for shipping goods on pallets in unit loads than by any other method. There is no question that unit-load handling can offer significant advantages to the user over piece-by-piece package handling. Reduction in handling costs is the primary objective of such activities, but it is by far not the sole objective. Some of the other benefits that can be realized are:

Jan 1, 1973

By G. Purcell

When coal in an oil/water slurry is ground to minus-200-mesh in a ball mill, some of the mill energy, normally wasted as heat, can be usefully recovered to help emulsify the oil. If the discharge flows onto a suitable sized trommel screen, water and ash material are rejected through the screen while coal and oil ball together to give a clean coal product. A small (6-lb/hr) continuous plant has demonstrated the feasibility and the limitations of this process for New Mexico coals.

Jan 1, 1980

By H Sichani-Teimouri, B N. Noller, J C. Ng, R N. Alsaadi, P L. Breuer, S Shini

Cyanide has been used for over a century worldwide for gold extraction. However, the presence of several metals and metalloids in ore requires greater amount of cyanide for an efficient gold recovery due to their solubilisation in conjunction with gold. The extraction residues are discharged into tailing storage facilities (TSFs) and may cause bird mortality if there is exposure to cyanide-bearing wastewater exceeding the toxic threshold. The toxicity arises from free cyanide released from weak acid dissociable (WAD) cyanide complexes. The International Cyanide Management Code (ICMC) has deemed 50 mg/L of WAD cyanide released into TSFs to be safe for wildlife protection. However, this concentration is based on observations of an apparent lack of toxicity rather than a toxicological approach. The National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) identified in 2010 that there is a lack of toxicity data to properly assess the environmental significance of cyanide levels at gold mines. Lack of knowledge for the toxicity of free cyanide and metal cyanide complexes to wildlife led to consider alternative direct assessment techniques for designating safe levels. Whilst toxicity may be assessed by using young chickens with animal ethics approval, the traditional bioassay approach to assess cyanide toxicity is impractical for gold mine TSFs. Bioassays using algal species such as Euglena gracilis, a unicellular alga, are widely used for ecotoxicological studies. A unique feature is that the Euglena gracilis Z cell has plant-like while SMZ cell has animal-like characteristics. The aims of this project are to evaluate the suitability of Euglena gracilis Z and SMZ strains to assess the toxicity of free cyanide and both strong (cobalt) and weak (zinc, copper and nickel) acid dissociable metal-cyanide complexes that may be present in TSFs.CITATION:Noller, B N, Ng, J C, Shini, S, Breuer, P L, Sichani-Teimouri, H and Alsaadi, R N, 2014. Development of a toxicity approach to evaluate free cyanide and metal cyanide complexes in waters associated with gold and other mining, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 573–590 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By Gregory P. White

A number of private companies and universities have developed computer programs which can be used to simulate surface coal mining by dragline. In this paper, we briefly discuss the concept of computer simulation, compare these computer programs with each other, describe the major changes required to convert these programs to an IBM computer system, and analyze their sensitivity to inaccurate input data. We also present a summary of the required data input for each program, core storage requirements, and output results. Sources for obtaining these programs and their documentation are listed at the end of the paper.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. M. Luff

The Brunswick No. 12 Deposit is a large polymetallic massive sulphide deposit, occurring in Ordovician age rocks of the Tetagouche Group. Silver is contained within the sulphide zones and economically it is the second most important commodity produced. Brunswick is one of the largest silver producers in Canada. The distribution of silver within the mine is presented, with examples from various levels. The concentration of silver can be shown to be related to both stratigraphy and structure. The mineralogy of silver in mill products is also presented.

Jan 1, 1986

By Roland W. Rammler

In recent years, the crude oil reserves of the world have increased at the same rate as the consumption. A Consideration of the global figures suggests that adequate supplies of petroleum will be available during the next decades. On the other hand, it in a fast of economic and political significance that the reserves in the industrialized countries increase much more slowly than in the developing countries. In Western Europe the reserves have even decreased. At the present time, about 70 % of the petroleum reserves of the world are in the Middle East and in Africa in regions in which political arises are prevalent or impending. For the industrialized countries, the discrepancies between the consumption and reserves in various regions of the world are a strong urge to investigate whether oil can be recovered from other sources. The situation will probably not be changed to a large extent by the discovery of oil in the north of Alaska. The main starting materials for the production of synthetic crude oil are coal, oil shale and tar sand. In North America, where the consumption of petroleum increases more rapidly than the reserves, there are enormous deposits of each of the three materials. This fact is another incentive toward the utilization of these unconventional oil reserves, which provide a reliable basis for a supple of energy for a long time to come.

Jan 1, 1970

By AIME AIME

COMMITTEES. CANAL ZONE.-Col. George W. Goethals, U. S. A., Chairman; Lt.-Col. H. F. Hodges, U. S. A. ; Lt.: Col. D. D. Gaillard, U. S. A. ; Lt.-Col. William L. Sibert, IT. S. A. ; H. H. Rousseau, U. S. N.; Col. W. C. Gorgas, U. S. A.; Maurice H. Thatcher ; Joseph Bucklin Bishop ; Lt.-Col. Charles F. Mason, U. S. A.; S. B. Williamson ; Major Eugene T. Wilson, U. S. A. ; Edward Schildhauer ; Henry Goldmark ; Edward C. Sherman ; W. G. Comber ; W. B. Corse ; J. A. Walker; Joseph A. Le Prince; J. A. Smith ; Lt. Frederick Mears, U. S. A. HAVANA.-V. T. Polledo, Chairman; Diego Lombillo Clark, Jose Primelles, J. R. Villalon, Jose Artola, J. Ducassi, Luis Morales, Enrique Montonlieu. ENTERTAINMENT ON SHIPBOARD.-William L. Saunders, Chairman; Mr. and Mrs. S. D. Warriner, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Robins, Mr. and Mrs. George.D. Barron, Mr. and Mrs. R. B. Watson, W. E. Greene. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. .Joseph Struthers, Chairman; Albert E. Vaughan. There were ten sessions of the Institute held for the presentation and discussion of, technical or professional papers. Eight of these sessions were held on the steamer while en route, and two in the ball-room of the Hotel Tivoli, at Ancon, C. Z. Mr. David W- Brunton, President of the Council, presided at all the sessions, except the sixth, at which Mr. Charles Kirchhoff, past President, occupied the chair. The following list includes the papers presented in oral abstract by the authors: First Session., October 24. The Summit Hill Mine-Fire, by W. A. Lathrop, Philadelphia, Pa. Mine-Fire at the Calumet and Hecla Mine, No. 8 Shaft., by S. D. Warriner, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Fire in the Big Lick Stope, Lykens Valley and Williamstown Colliery, by R. V. Norris, Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Mine-Fire in the Hecksherville Valley, Schuylkill Field, Pa., by W. J. Richards, Pottsville, Pa.. Fire in the Monarch Mine, near Rock Springs, Wyo., by S. A. Taylor, Pittsburg, Pa.

Dec 1, 1910

By Jorge Alberto Soares Tenório, Denise Crocce Romano Espinosa, Morgana Rosset, Bárbara da Rocha Pereira

High-purity alumina finds application in various electronic industry sectors, with approximately 100 million tons of this compound being produced worldwide. Alumina is acquired through the mining process of bauxite, a rock composed of a mixture of minerals such as gibbsite, kaolinite, hematite, and either anatase or rutile. In 2020, both bauxite and alumina were included in the list of critical raw materials. Due to the demand for high-purity alumina production, the development of a methodology to remove impurities present in the leach liquor from bauxite processing by solvent extraction (SX) followed by precipitation has been widely studied. This work aims to obtain high-purity alumina from bauxite by a solvent extraction process followed by a precipitation step from the sulfur leach liquor obtained by the thorough dissolution of Al and Fe from bauxite. Different parameters were evaluated in the SX step, such as extractant type, pH, temperature, and volume-to-volume ratio. The results indicated that using Alamine 336 as an extractant at pH 0 and room temperature led to an extraction of 90% of Fe and 15% of Al. Aluminum sulfate was completely precipitated as aluminum hydroxide and 55% of Fe using NH4OH. After the calcination procedure, obtaining a 99.9% pure alumina was possible without generating a red mud-similar residue.

Dec 28, 2023

By J. C. Keenan

Company-community agreements are widely considered to be a practical mechanism for recognising the rights, needs and priorities of peoples impacted by mining, for managing impacts and ensuring that miningderived benefits are shared. The use and application of company?community agreements is increasing globally. Notwithstanding the utility of agreements, the gender dimensions of agreement processes in mining have rarely been studied. Prior research on women and mining, however, does show that women are often more adversely impacted by mining than men, and face greater challenges in accessing development opportunities that mining can bring, however there is currently little to no guidance for companies, government or communities in terms of bringing a gender perspective to the fore in mining and agreement processes. While it is undisputed in human development literature that investment in women and sensitivity to gender delivers long-term health, education and local development outcomes, a number of key factors remain unexplored in debates about mining and development. These include: women?s participation in agreement processes, the gendered distribution of agreement benefits, and the extent to which impacts and benefits influence (either positively or negatively) women?s development and economic inclusion. This paper presents the results of an applied research project undertaken by the Centre for Social Responsibility in Mining (CSRM) at The University of Queensland and funded by a partnership between the Minerals Council of Australia (MCA) and the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID). The project sought to connect with practitioners who had been directly involved in agreement processes to hear grounded perspectives on the interaction of gender dynamics and agreements, and connect those experiences with the broader literature. Findings from this study have implications for the role of companies and governments in promoting gender equality and empowerment as part of their commitments to sustainable development. A key challenge for companies will be navigating the territory of cultural norms and gender equality. The authors argue that without consideration of the gender perspective, and appropriate responses, mining agreements may not be inclusive or representative and may exacerbate gender inequalities and fail to contribute to long-term sustainable development.

Aug 1, 2013

By S Larbi-Bram, F Shi, E Manlapig

Mining companies have recognised that characterisation of particle breakage plays an essential role in the design and optimisation of comminution circuits. Recently the JKMRC comminution research team has developed a new breakage model incorporating the effect of particle size, and a new breakage characterisation testing device, called the JK Rotary Breakage Tester (JKRBT), which allows rapid testing of particle breakage under high energy single impact and low energy repetitive impact conditions. The latter is believed to be the dominant breakage mechanism in AG/SAG mills. Existing devices, such as the JKMRC Drop Weight Tester, are not suitable for performing repetitive impacts since they are too time consuming. Positive feedback received from mining company sponsors to the new technology has prompted the JKMRC to further validate the device and the model through a formalised experimental test program on professionally designed and manufactured JKRBT machines. The first JKRBT was installed at the Anglo Research laboratory in Johannesburg in March 2007 and four more major mining companies will participate in the project in 2008, with commercial release expected in early 2009. The JKRBT has the potential to revolutionise ore testing, with applications in laboratory impact breakage characterisation of rock samples, drill cores, coal and other materials. It also stands poised to significantly advance the process control of comminution circuits since it is readily adaptable to on-line ore hardness measurement. Can any mine afford to miss out on this technology?

Jan 1, 2008

By C. N. Bailey

Let's review the economic factors in mill design. Talking about engineering economics in mill design reminds me of an old' saying "There are several ways to handle women but nobody knows what they are." I'm sure that the same economic factors do not apply to each of our mill designs, but for the sake of emphasis, it is well to review a few of them. They are so simple that we are apt to feel they are not important. Other speakers today are talking about the engineering factors of mill design, but I'm asking the question "Have we checked the economic factors involved in these designs? Have we checked the obvious? Many great discoveries have resulted from analysis of the things that appeared to be obvious all the time. What are some of these economic factors? Perhaps the most basic one is simply the value of minerals in place if minerals have value in the ground, they have value only because many important and different considerations add up to the probability that the minerals can be mined, beneficiated and disposed of profitably. The size formation and quality of the ore body, the distance from market, and the transportation available to the market area, depreciation rates, taxes, and the ownership interests involved are but some of the factors that must dovetail into the answer of profit, an answer prerequisite to hoped-for financing.

Jan 1, 1961