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By S. H. Morar

Froth stability is widely recognized as a key driver of flotation selectivity. It is well known that froth stability is affected by the type and quantity of surface active reagents present (frothers), and the concentration and hydrophobicity of solid particles present. While some studies have been performed on the effect of frothers on froth stability in three-phase systems and the hydrophobicity of particles present, very little work has been performed on the effect of solids loading on froth stability. This may be due to insufficiently robust measurement techniques. This paper investigates the use of a new machine vision measurement to measure solids loading, and the relationship between this measurement, bubble size, and bubble burst rate on the froth surface. Keywords: froth flotation, machine vision, solids loading

Sep 1, 2012

By J. H. Puffer

The copper mineralization of the Mesozoic Passaic Formation of New Jersey is typical of copper deposits in eastern North American Mesozoic sediments. Most such deposits are located at the base of the first of several basalt flows that are interbedded with continental, red-bed sediments. The copper mineralization is similar in most respects to that of the Keweenawan Basalts of the Lake Superior area. The first basaltic flow units of the eastern North American Mesozoic basins, and the Keweenawan Basalts, are continental quartz tholeiites of similar chemical composition and copper contents. The copper minerals and associated zeolite facies metamorphic mineral assemblages of these two rock units are also approximately the same. Stoiber and Davidson (1959) suggested that Keweenawan copper was mobilized and concentrated during metamorphism. The evidence pertaining to the Mesozoic copper deposits of New Jersey is consistent with such an interpretation and also with DeVore's (1955) suggestion that ore fluids commonly arise as a result of the mobility of metals under metamorphic conditions. There is additional evidence that final metamorphic concentration of Mesozoic copper was preceded by an initial stage of hydrothermal precipitation related to fluids emitted by basaltic magma.

Jan 1, 1987

By T. S. Qiu

In view of the bad effect that Na-bentonite direct adsorb Pb2+-containing wastewater, this article has carried out two kinds modification treatment on Na-bentonite: the direct microwave radiation modification and microwave radiation organic modification by adding quaternary ammonium salt?cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,and analysis the main influencing factors of the modification effect. In static conditions, preparing Pb2+-containing wastewater as the research object, it has respectively studied the effects of Na-bentonite, microwave soil of direct microwave modification and microwave soil of organic modification on the process of adsorption Pb2+, and discusses the effects of pH value, temperature, adsorbent dosage, stirring time on the adsorption Pb2+ in wastewater by modified bentonite, at the same time it does a verification test to the practical Pb2+-containing wastewater. Comparison the effects of adsorption Pb2+ in wastewater, the results show that organic modified microwave bentonite is obviously better than direct microwave modified bentonite and Na-bentonite, and can make 6 mg/L Pb2+-containing wastewater meet the national discharge standards. Through scanning electron microscope, the result of test is that organic modified microwave bentonite is the cause of improving adsorption Pb2+ in wastewater. Preparing modified bentonite by microwave heating will not only shorten the response time, reduce energy consumption and work-load, but also modified effect is good.

Jan 1, 2014

By J Herrmann, J Richards, B Hutchison

An extensive trial of laser-based survey and monitoring systems at Hillgrove Resources Kanmantoo Copper Mine in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia, has proved the capabilities of the system in monitoring rock movements on open pit walls. Initially, the trial involved deploying a Maptek I-Site 8820 laser scanner and the proof-of-concept Maptek Sentry software in the Nugent Pit to monitor ductile rock movements located up to 260 m away. The system was proven to be capable of monitoring various rock movements from 1.5 tonne rockfalls up to a 40 m high toppling wall failure. Data collected from smaller rockfalls was used to help build a database for Hillgrove’s rockfall management program. As part of the trial, the laser scanner was deployed to monitor a ramp movement event, as well as the toppling failure, adjacent to an IBIS slope stability radar. Both devices monitored the slump and the slowly developing toppling movements, with similar results. Although the radar was used as the successful ‘critical alarm’ device for the toppling failure, post-failure analysis showed the laser-based system to be capable of performing a similar role in the ductile rock regime; albeit over much shorter distances than the radar capability. A second laser scanner was deployed to monitor Kanmantoo’s Emily Pit in early December 2014, where it successfully provided critical alarm warnings for a block topple event. Sentry software, which takes advantage of Maptek I-Site 3D spatial imaging technology, was first released in November 2014 to meet industry demand for a cost effective, flexible system to detect movement. Sentry has now been re-launched as a fully transportable monitoring system. Deployed in a custom trailer, the system offers a power and communications module, cellular and Wi-Fi networking and a stable bollard for the I-Site laser scanner and Sentry software. This paper will present rock wall movement data from the Sentry trial and a subsequent two years of monitoring of the open pit walls at the Kanmantoo Copper Mine, at distances out to 750m. In addition, examples of remote geological mapping and small rockfall detection, using the laser scans, will be described. The Sentry system has proven to be beneficial for the continual improvement of slope monitoring and risk management at hard rock mines. CITATION:Hutchison, B, Richards, J, Richards, J and Herrmann, J, 2018. Mine rockfall and rock wall failures – proven digital laser-based approach for monitoring slopes at the Kanmantoo Copper Mine, in Proceedings The Fourth Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference (AusRock), pp 463–472 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 30, 2018

By G. R. Hopkins

Crude-petroleum pipe lines in the United States on May 1, 1941, had a total length of 118,350 miles - an increase of 7,770 miles since Jun, 30, 1936, then the last previous survey was made by the Bureau of Mines. The expansion was due almost entirely to trunk-line construction, as the mileage of gathering lines was virtually unchanged from 1936. The greatest mileage of gathering lines, 53,640, was recorded in the survey of May 1, 1931. Both trunk and gathering-line mileage decreased moderately, in the interval from 1531 to 1936, but the present survey indicates that trunk-line facilities have expanded since 1936 to new high levels. Truck-line mileage equaled 55 percent of the total mileage of all crude lines on May 1, 1941, and 52 percent is 1936. The total length of gasoline pipe lines on May 1, 1941, was 9,001 miles this does not include several hundred miles of life under construction at that time or several hundred additional miles now being laid. No detailed surveys of gasoline mileage were made for 1, 1931, and June 30, 1936, but the mileage for those dates was about 1,400 and 4,600, respectively.

Jan 1, 1941

By D Anderson, W Timms

"A geotechnical centrifuge can characterise and model the interaction of tailings and fluids over very long time periods by accelerating drainage and consolidation processes. This technology can be considered an environmental ‘time machine’ for designing and evaluating tailings storage projects and verifying numerical models. The Broadbent G-18 geotechnical centrifuge (2 m diameter, up to 875 rev/min) and associated equipment is a unique facility commissioned in 2011 at UNSW Australia for applied research in low-permeability materials such as mine tailings. Two centrifuge modules are available: the permeameter module for characterisation and physical modelling and the strongbox module for physical modelling.This paper presents examples of geotechnical centrifuge applications for the: consolidation of slurries and dewatering design of earthen barriers compatible with tailings chemistry prediction of contaminant mobility. The specifications and capability of the UNSW Australia geotechnical centrifuge and associated instrumentation is also presented, along with preliminary analysis of the confidence intervals associated with permeability testing of a set of samples of varying heterogeneity. Drainage velocity through a mine tailings sample increases linearly with g-level in the centrifuge permeameter until tailings consolidation occurs. Alternatively, geotechnical centrifuge experiments can be designed to limit consolidation so as to quantify permeability changes that may occur with geochemical interactions between fluids and mine tailings or earthen containments. Reactive solute transport through mine tailings can be simulated at realistic solid:liquid ratios when chemical equilibrium is maintained during geotechnical centrifuge testing. Carefully designed physical models of tailings disposal tested at accelerated gravity can therefore provide a realistic evaluation of tailings consolidation and drainage and the potential for subsurface migration of contaminants from mine tailings over long time periods.CITATION:Timms, W and Anderson, D, 2015. Geotechnical centrifuge technology for characterising the interaction of tailings and pore water over decadal time periods, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century, pp 247–252 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 27, 2015

Discussions of the papers with a written contribution on Paper No. 11 and authors' written replies. Also brief obituary of Dr. T. David Jones on p146.

Jan 1, 1947

By B. J. Jody

Each year, about 11 million tons of metals (ferrous and nonferrous) are recovered in the U.S. from about 10 million discarded automobiles. The recovered metals account for about 75% of the total weight of the discarded vehicles. The balance of the material or shredder residue, which amounts to about 3 million tons annually, is currently landfilled. The residue contains a diversity of potentially recyclable materials, including polyurethane foams, iron oxides, and certain thermoplastics. This paper discusses a process under development at Argonne National Laboratory to separate and recover the recyclable materials from this waste stream. The process consists essentially of two- stages. First, a physical separation is used to recover the foams and the metal oxides, followed by a chemical process to extract certain thermoplastics. The status of the technology is discussed, and the process economics are reviewed.

Jan 1, 1994

By Reinol Compañero, Ivy Gonzales, Herman Mendoza, Brian Buenaventura

"The extraction of gold in the Philippines has been a significant challenge for the past decades. Around 70-75% of gold mined in the country can be accounted from the small-scale mining industry which primarily use the traditional cyanidation and amalgamation; processes which have been advocated due to its adverse affects to health and environment. To address this challenge, an alternative clean and sustainable technology was developed for the small-scale miners to recover gold and other metal/mineral values efficiently from Philippine ores. An initial survey was conducted and followed through with extensive mineralogical investigations ascertain the best method applicable. It was determined that Philippine gold occur in ore as (1) very fine particles in the microns range, (2) free-milling, which is in abundance, and (3) locked particles with sulfides --- it was concluded that enhanced gravity concentration and flotation are viable alternatives. A comprehensive test regime was followed to check the response of the ores obtained from different small-scale mining districts across the country. It was shown conclusively that the gold ores respond positively, with recoveries using gravity concentration and flotation of at least 95% and 88%, respectively; exceeding the nominal recoveries using cyanidation or amalgamation. A specific process flow was designed for each type of ore with customized parameters. It was determined that while capital expenditure of implementing these alternative processes is higher than what is currently being used, the operational aspects show that it is much more economical to apply enhanced gravity and flotation. It should be noted that the process developed addresses the critical issue of environmental costs which should be more than enough to justify the shift from the current to the novel and sustainable technologies."

Jan 1, 2014

By Konner Horton, Adam L. Bedell, Don Del Nero, Brian Jones

"The City of Atlanta’s Water Supply Program Tunnel project includes a 7,315-m (24,000-ft) long, 4-m (13-ft) diameter, hard rock tunnel. A complex aspect of the project involves connecting five, blind bore shafts to the tunnel in a location close to current drinking water reservoirs. During the supplemental geotechnical investigation following the initial contract award, results from additional borehole geophysics were reviewed. Unfavorably oriented fracture sets forced a change in the original pre-excavation grouting program designed for that site. Real-time grout monitoring and geophysical data were compared to provide assurance that the program, as designed, correlated with the in situ ground conditions. Following grouting, results were modeled, and all grouting data were reviewed to determine if grouting was complete.Project backgroundThe current water supply system operated by the city of Atlanta’s Department of Watershed Management (DWM) consists of four, aged, raw-water pipelines, one of which dates back to 1893. Based on previous assessments completed by the DWM, the entire water supply system is at, or will soon reach, its recommended useful life. As such, the city acquired the Bellwood Quarry in 2006 with the intention to create a water storage facility with a volume of approximately 9.1 billion L (2.4 billion gal) to serve approximately 1.2 million people.The project location is shown in Fig. 1, which is generally in the northwest part of downtown Atlanta, GA. The overall project has been divided into two phases. The Phase 1 project connects the quarry and the Hemphill Water Treatment Plant (HWTP), and the Phase 1 Extension project connects the HWTP to the Chattahoochee Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) and the Chattahoochee River. A 7,315- m (24,000-ft) tunnel with a finished diameter of 3 m (10 ft) connects all three elements. The HWTP location is also where the city’s two most proximate drinking water reservoirs are located."

Jan 9, 2018

By H. Ding

Calcium carbonate/Titanium dioxide composite, characterized by coating TiO2 on the surface of CaCO3 particles, is an important substitute for titanium dioxide. This paper studies preparation method of CaCO3/TiO2 ,composites based on mechano-chemical effects, measures its properties as a pigment, analyzes the binding form and interface reaction mechanism between CaCO3 and TiO2. Through single finely grinding of CaCO3, co-grinding of CaCO3 together with TiO2, and mecha-no-chemical effects produced in the course of grinding, CaCO3/TiO2 composites can be prepared successfully. Results indicate that grinding fineness of CaCO3, co-grinding time of CaCO3 and TiO2, the weight ratio of grinding media to mineral feeding, and the amount of TiO2 have much influence on the properties of CaCO3/TiO2 composites. CaCO3/TiO2 composites have the properties same as titanium dioxide pigment, oil adsorption and ultraviolet adsorption same as TiO2, and 90% of hiding power as that of TiO2. Wet grinding of CaCO3 causes the production of mechano-chemical effect and hydroxyl group, through which CaCO3 and TiO2 can be bonded together. Repulsion occurs between the particles of CaCO3 and the particles of TiO2, respectively, they are both in good dispersion. But attraction occurs between CaCO3 and TiO2. TiO2 particles are distributed evenly on the surface of CaCO3. Therefore, coating of TiO2 on the surface of CaCO3 particles and chemical bond between them make CaCO3/TiO2 compo-sites have pigment properties of Titanium.

Jan 1, 2014

By Britta Schoesser, Zdenek Zizka, Markus Thewes

"The support pressure of a slurry shield corresponds to the in situ earth and groundwater pressure to ensure the stability of the tunnel face. The support fluid (bentonite suspension) penetrates from the excavation chamber into the pore space and transfers the support pressure to the granular structure of the soil within this zone. At the same time, the cutting tools rotate periodically with the cutting wheel and remove the penetrated soil up to a certain cutting depth at the face. Shortly after the tool passing, the penetration process starts again. Both, the support pressure and the soil excavation, act in the same direction at the tunnel face, but they are subject to different cyclic intervals. This relationship between the time needed for the transient penetration process and the interval of the cyclic passage of the cutting tools at a local point at the face is examined and the impact onto the global face stability is discussed. INTRODUCTION Slurry shields are usually deployed for excavations in soft ground. The main application range is in non-cohesive soils (DAUB Recommendations 2010). In non-cohesive granular soils, the tunnel face stability is one of the key design issues. The slurry shields make use of pressurized bentonite suspension (slurry) to support the unstable tunnel face. To support the tunnel face effectively, the slurry pressure has not only to counter the groundwater pressure, but also has to be transferred into an effective stress to support the soil grains. In general, the pressure transfer can be achieved in two ways: (1) with a thin flexible membrane or (2) a penetration zone. The membrane (1), called filter cake, creates a thin impermeable layer from bentonite particles directly on the tunnel face, and enables a transformation of excess slurry pressure into effective stress. In case of penetration zone formation (2), the excess slurry pressure is transferred onto the soil skeleton along the entire penetration depth by shear stresses between slurry and soil grains. These theories, presently applied to assess the pressure transfer on the grains within slurry shield tunnelling, are originating from diaphragm wall technology, e.g. Müller-Kirchenbauer (1977), Kilchert and Karstedt (1984). They assume that the support pressure transfer mechanism is built-up instantaneously on the whole tunnel face and is not damaged or influenced by the interaction with excavation tools. These assumptions are valid for conditions during the excavation of diaphragm wall trenches whose bottom is excavated and the walls of the trench are supported. At the tunnel face of a slurry shield, the support suspension acts on the same area as the soil excavation. Hence, the conditions on the tunnel face are transient (time dependent) due to the time period needed for the penetration process of the slurry and the periodical damage of the pressure transfer mechanism by excavation tools (Fig. 1a)."

Jan 1, 2016

By Richard E. Sylwester

Evaluating surface and subsurface conditions for marine foundations (bridges, causeways, terminals, etc.) is often done with a limited amount of data. Subsurface information for these projects is primarily acquired using traditional methods, such as boreholes, test pits or divers, which tend to be expensive and limited in the area of coverage. A number of geophysical methods, including precision bathymetry, sidescan sonar, and seismic reflection or subbottom profiling are extremely cost-effective and obtain significantly more data than can be acquired using traditional intrusive methods. These geophysical methods provide detailed surface images and continuous profiles of the subsurface stratigraphy. This information can be invaluable for selecting the best location for geotechnical boreholes and to map potential geohazards such as submarine slides and filled or open scour holes. Offshore investigations conducted for a proposed highway bridge (Knik Arm Bridge, Cook Inlet, AK), the retrofit of two existing bridge (Antioch and Dumbarton Bridges, CA) and a proposed cruise ship terminal (Ketchikan, AK) used a combination of geophysical methods to map water depth, detect and map debris on the seabed, map the thickness of unconsolidated sediment, determine the depth to bedrock and identify potential geohazards such as scour holes. The results of the geophysical investigations will be used to select locations for obtaining geotechnical borings, to extrapolate geologic information between existing or proposed boreholes, evaluate the potential depth of scour and design a pile support pier. Geotechnical engineers, offshore contractors and bridge designers are realizing the importance of the early use of offshore geophysics for (i) site characterization, (ii) to reduce the uncertainty of geotechnical conditions thus avoiding designs that may be overly conservative and thus more expensive and (iii) to assist in selecting locations for geotechnical borings.

May 11, 2007

By B. A. Slaker, T. Miller

"An underground limestone mine in eastern Ohio was experiencing significant floor heave and roof falls, attributed to high horizontal stresses. Areas of the mine showing floor heave were monitored with roof-to-floor extensometers and photogrammetry surveys, to determine the rate and magnitude of heave. Extensometer data were recorded hourly at four locations across adjacent entries while photogrammetry surveys of the floor were performed at the same locations every two to five weeks. A final survey was performed using an I-Site 8200 laser scanner. Following instrumentation, floor heave up to 10.1 cm (4 in) was measured by the extensometers, photogrammetric reconstructions, and laser scanner over a 6-month period. The extensometers were biased by the location where they were placed, failing to consistently capture the location and extent of floor heave and cracking. The photogrammetry surveys were not precise enough to capture small magnitude movements. Mining in the area was halted and within several months the floor movement and incidence of roof falls was significantly lessened. INTRODUCTION Limestone formations in the United States can be subject to relatively high horizontal stresses due to the presence of tectonic loading of the strata. Horizontal stresses have a documented history of causing stability issues in underground limestone mines. Kuhnhein and Ramer (2004) discussed the influence of horizontal stress on complex ground control interactions associated with limestone pillar design and mine layouts. Esterhuizen et al. (2008) documented roof damage observations associated with high horizontal stresses such has roof guttering, beam instability, oval-shaped falls, and failure propagations. There have also been a number of documented case histories of horizontal stress causing unexpected roof and pillar failures at shallow depths (Stacey and Yathavan, 2003). To the knowledge of the authors, there has only been one well-documented case of floor failure causing stability issues in an underground limestone mine. Murphy et al. (2015) documented the role that a weak, moisture-sensitive floor had in the development of a massive roof collapse. For this paper, the study site neighbored, and was in the same general geology of, the site in Murphy et al. (2015). However, the weak, moisture-sensitive floor was not present for the current study. The current study site has experienced significant floor instabilities caused by high horizontal stresses. The instability area was monitored using two different methods to determine if the floor failure would eventually propagate into roof or pillar failure. The objective of this paper is to analyze displacement monitoring measurements from string potentiometers and remote sensing techniques in an area experiencing active movement. Based on the measurement trends and observed damage from inside of the mine, the presumed failure process will be discussed."

Jan 1, 2017

By Sidney Katell

An economic analysis of underground gasification of coal, based on experimental results obtained by the Bureau of Mines, indicates that a gas suitable for use in a power plant might be produced for approximately $.62 to $.77 per million British thermal units. This estimate does not include cost of land purchase. The gasification experiments were conducted in a 3-ft. seam of high volatile A bituminous coal. The major factors which can influence a change in operating costs are height of overburden, power costs, thermal efficiency, and the gasification air inlet pressure. The following equations show the relationship of these factors to operating costs:

Jan 1, 1961

By H. M. Cooper

The determination of moisture in coal is an empirical test, because the time, temperature, and equipment are specified. The essential features of the equipment and details of the procedure are given in A.S.T.M. Designation: D271-44.:2. According to the specifications, the following features should be incorporated in the equipment used: 1. Oven must have uniform temperature in all parts. 2. Oven must be constructed with minimum of air space. 3. Oven must have means of changing the air two to four times per minute. 4. Air must be dried over sulfuric acid (sp. f-7. 1.84). The analytical procedures governing most of the nation's coal purchases are those given in A.S.T.M. Standards referred to above. These standards are general arid of such scope as to cover all ranks and types of coal. In cases where only the moisture is required, a faster method than the standard procedure is desired.

Jan 1, 1948

By H. Y. Sohn, M. Y. Mohassab-Ahmed

"As part of research to develop a novel flash ironmaking process using reduction of iron ore concentrate by natural gas or hydrogen, sulfur and phosphorus distribution ratios between MgOsaturated slag and iron were determined in the temperature range 1550-1650°C under three different gas atmospheres: H2/H2O, H2/H2O/CO/CO2, and CO/CO2. The distribution coefficients of sulfur (Ls) were 4.0, 2.0, and 0.8, respectively, under these atmospheres. The distribution coefficients of phosphorus (Lp) were, respectively, 8, 17, and 20 under these atmospheres. In the flash process over -25 wt% P and S volatilize during ore concentrate downward flight in the reactor shaft in addition to avoiding coke. Therefore, iron produced by the flash ironmaking process would have much lower sulfur contents than the typical hot metal produced by the BF.IntroductionGiven the issues related to large carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption in the existing ironmaking technologies, a novel flash ironmaking technology was conceived by Sohn [1-3] at the University of Utah. This technology is the first ironmaking process that will convert iron ore concentrate directly to metallic iron in-flight. This process will produce iron directly from concentrate without requiring pelletization or sintering and avoid the need for coke. In addition, this process concept takes full advantage of the fine particle size of concentrate with a large surface area, which permits rapid reduction by a gas. In this novel ironmaking process, potential reductants and fuels are H2, natural gas, and coal gas. Therefore, an iron-slag bath is expected to be at equilibrium with gas atmospheres of mainly H2/H2O or CO/CO2/H2/H2O, respectively, corresponding to the use of H2 or natural gas/coal gas. Since the effects of an H2O- containing atmosphere on slag properties have not been studied before, it is critical for the development of the novel flash process to determine these effects. In H2-H2O-CO-CO2 gas mixtures under ironmaking conditions, H20 was found to have the most pronounced effect on the slag chemistry [ 4, 5]. In addition, it was found in this laboratory that water in the gas atmosphere affected the distribution of Mn between slag and molten iron [6]. Most previous work used CO/CO2 gas mixture to control oxygen partial pressure (p02) [7, 8]. Others used only inert atmospheres [9], although Kor and Richardson [10] used a mixture of C02/H2 to control p02. For phosphorus, previous research focused on Ar [11], Ar-CO mixture [12], CO [13], CO/CO2 [14] or N2/CO [15]. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate the effect of water vapor content in H2-H2O-CO-CO2 mixtures on the equilibrium distribution of sulfur and phosphorus between CaO-MgOsatSiO2-Al2O3-FeO- MnO (0.2-0.8 wt%)-P2O5 (0.1-0.9 wt%) slag and molten iron as part of the development of the novel flash ironmaking technology."

Jan 1, 2014

By S. C. Grund

In secondary copper smelting as it is performed at Hüttenwerke Kayser plant in Lünen, tin-and lead-containing flue dusts are produced as intermediate products. These flue dusts are further processed in a hearth furnace. Followed by certain refining operations a saleable tin-lead-alloy is produced. Even though the hearth furnace technology has been in use for this purpose for a long time still its performance undergoes changes in search for optimum processing conditions regarding to the increasing complexity of the raw materials and tightening economical and ecological boundaries. The use of modern statistical tools for the calculation of accurate mass balances is demonstrated for the tin-lead hearth furnace. These reliable mass balances are the basis for any further modelling of the process with the aim of optimization. Incorporating metallurgical knowledge and experience as well as different mathematical modelling techniques, further studies are planned in which the recoveries of valuable and minor elements and their dependency from various process parameters are examined. The aim of this modelling is to optimize the recoveries of the valuable elements, to minimize the energy consumption and the processing costs and thus to keep the process competitive in a harsher economical and ecological surrounding. The modelling principles are transferable to other metallurgical operations and are especially suited for ill-defined pyrometallurgical processes.

Jan 1, 1999

By W. J. Dick

THE purpose of this paper is to point out, briefly, the importance of the coal mining industry of Alberta and to stress the economic factors that hinder its development; also to offer suggestions relating to the major problems of the industry. The minor problems will not be dealt with in detail, because, if the major problems are taken care of, it is felt that the industry itself can take care of ,he remainder. COAL MINING NO LESS IMPORTANT THAN GOLO MINING The large increase in metal mining development in all provinces of Canada, excepting Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the Maritimes, has had the effect of focussing public attention on this branch of the industry. The fact, also, that this development came at a time of depression has been of immense benefit to Canada as a whole. On account of the necessity and consequent demand for gold, with its attendant increase in price, through government action, from $20.67 per ounce to $35.00 per ounce, it is safe to say that the public of Canada have become, today, gold mining conscious. While everyone admits the great value. of the gold mrn111g industry, nevertheless, the equal value to Canada of certain other industries must not be lost sight of. The coal mining industry, in particular, is worthy of greater public and government support than has been accorded it in the past. It would seem unnecessary to stress this matter to a meeting of the Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, but unless certain facts are brought to your attention, there is danger that the coal mining industry will not be developed to the extent its national importance deserves. Too many public men and men in authority are unaware of the value of coal mining.

Jan 1, 1936

By Claude K. Howse

The area covered by the present paper consists of about fifty square miles in the immediate vicinity of the settlement of St. Lawrence, which is on the Southern extremity of the Burin peninsula on the south coast of Newfoundland. Physiography Physiographically, the area is part of the Atlantic upland, equivalent to the New England province of the United States. Evidences of two erosion surfaces are to be seen truncating the intrusives and the folded volcanics and sedimentary rocks. The older erosion surface is represented by small monadnocks from 650 to 750 feet in height with the younger surface covering most of the area and characterized by rounded subdued topography with maximum relief of two to three hundred feet and numerous ponds and bogs. These surfaces have been correlated with the High Valley and the Lawrence peneplains of Newfoundland. On the Avalon peninsula, these peneplains have elevations of, respectively, from 1,300 to 1,700 feet and from 500 to 1,000 feet. Glaciation The entire peninsula has been glaciated, with lee-and-stoss slopes showing on the highest hills in the immediate vicinity, many of which have striae and erratics on their summits. The lee-and-stoss slopes, the glacial striae, and the distribution of certain rocks found in the drift and whose source outcrops are known, indicate a southward direction of ice movement.

Jan 1, 1951