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By J. Kretschmann

Mining heritage can be of outstanding value for many regions around the world, because mining has been done for thousands of years for the benefit of mankind and its development. This paper presents an ongoing project creating a general guideline for the handling of mining heritage on the basis of experiences made in Germany. Interactions of stakeholders in the ?heritage network? as well as strategies for the technical proceeding will be described. An action plan for the sustainable handling of mining heritage has already been developed in part, which includes necessary measures. Best-practice recommendations will be derived. Keywords: m ining heritage / preservation / guidelines / action plan / Sustainability

Feb 27, 2013

A review of historic mining information and geological literature pertaining to the Alpine Mine, Lyell Goldfield has been completed. As a result of this work the Alpine reef is inferred to be associated with an upright anticline with a sub-horizontal axis. Structural profiles prepared from limited underground data indicate that the reef is subparallel to the eastern limb of the anticline and cuts across the western limb. Reassessment of structural mapping completed by the New Zealand Geological Survey indicates that Greenland Group metasediments within the Lyell Goldfield are folded into a series of opposed assymetic folds with sub-horizontal axes. It is suggested that the anticline which harbours the Alpine Reef is located on the axis of a synclinorium. Along the western limb of the synclinorium the subsidiary folds have steep west dipping limbs and shallow east dipping limbs (western sense of assymmetry) whereas shallow west dips and steep east dips are typical of the eastern limb. The notion of quartz mineralisation occupying the axis of a synclinorium is contrary to the situation in the Reefton Goldfield where quartz mineralisation is affiliated with folds associated with an anticlinorium. Historic mine data reveals that below No.4 Level the quartz-gold mineralisation, in the Alpine Mine, occupied a steeply dipping ore channel. The strike of the channel was to the northwest and within this structure the are shoots plunged to the north at approximately 40¦. Archival mine plans show that two quartz bodies, the North and South Blocks, were present at No. 4 Level. Although the North Block was followed down to No 14 Level (530 m vertically below the surface outcrop) the South Block was only mined as far as No 7 Level. Sampling on No 7 Level together with the results of trial mining suggest that the grade of quartz underfoot in South Block is low. Information from the Mines Statements and mapping undertaken by the Gold Prospecting Scheme reveals that faulting had a profound influence on the intregity and extent of the Alpine Reef. The reef occupies a Inajor shear zone but little is known about it. It is also apparent that below No 7 Level the reef was progressively shattered by faulting and this may be the chief reason for the decrease in grade in the lower levels of the mine. No substantive facts are available about wall rock alteration effects adjacent to the Alpine Reef Still this is not surprising considering that comments on the mineralised pug envelope and breccias adjacent to the mined quartz shoots at the Globe - Progress Prospect were omitted from contemporary publications. In spite of this the existance of sulphide bearing reef casing lithologies cannot be completely dismissed since 9.15 m of 'reef track' has been reported in Reids No 2 Level.

Jan 1, 1996

By Robert G. Peets

After 216 years, the end of operations at the Corn- wall mine can be foreseen within the next two decades. The story starts in 1732 when three sons of Wiliam Penn-John, Thomas, and Richard-deeded 9669 acres in the Province of Pennsylvania to a Joseph Turner, who assigned it to William Allen. In 1734 Peter Grubb, who had prospected for iron in the area, paid Allen £ 135 for 300 acres of this tract in what is now Lebanon County. In 1737 he was granted a warrant for 142.5 additional acres, which included three hills of outcropping magnetite described as "rich and abundant, forty feet deep, commencing two feet under the earth's surface." This seemingly inexhaustible reserve was to become one of the most valuable deposits in the U. S. before the ore-rich Lake Superior region was developed.

Jan 7, 1957

By Virginia T. McLemore

The Black Hawk district in New Mexico hosts an unusual type of deposit: arsenide five-element veins. These deposits are Ag-Co-Ni-Bi-As-bearing carbonate veins with local concentrations of U, Pb, Zn, Sb, and other elements. They are high-grade silver deposits (1000s g/t Ag), but low tonnage (<1 Mt) and difficult to find. By 1881, claims were staked and a town developed. It is estimated that >$1,500,000 was produced in 1883–1893, when Ag prices dropped due to the 1893 Ag panic. Solid Silver Mining Co. produced $600,000 from the Black Hawk mine; one car load contained $28,000 worth of silver! The town of Black Hawk grew to 125 population by November 1883. By the end of 1893, the town was vacant; nothing remains. The district was idle until 1916, and the mines operated sporadically since because of lack of available capital, water issues, and difficulty in finding ore shoots. The area is a favorite for mineral collectors. Tungsten was found in the district in 1935 in quartz veins associated with pegmatites. Metal production from 1881–1960 is estimated as 3,000 lbs Cu, 1,000 oz Au, 1,286,000 oz Ag, and 4,000 lbs Pb. In addition, 10,542 short tons of 2.7–71% WO ore and 615 short tons of fluorspar ore have been produced from the district.

Feb 1, 2025

By Thomas A. Simpson

THE Birmingham red iron ore district in Jefferson County, north central Alabama, Fig. 1, is bounded on the northwest by the Warrior and Plateau coal fields and on the southeast by the Cahaba and Coosa coal fields. The area of study includes the ridge and valley between Red Mountain and Shades Mountain, Fig. 2, approximately 70 square miles extending from Homewood in the northeast to Greenwood in the southwest. The district is one of the most important producers of hematite in the United States, with an annual production of about 7 million tons. The amount of hematite mined between 1870 and 1950 ranged from 6 to 16 pct of the nation&apos;s total annual production, and the iron and steel products from blast furnaces in the Birmingham district supply the entire southeastern section of the country.

Jan 1, 1955

By William R. Yernberg

Most citizens take it for granted, but minerals produced in the mines of the western United States, including Colorado, are crucial to nation’s standard of living and quality of life, said Colorado’s Gov. Bill Owens in his welcoming remarks at the 106th National Western Mining Conference. The conference, which was organized by the Colorado Mining Association (CMA), was held Feb. 4-6, 2004, in Denver. Attendance was425, up substantially from last year’s meeting. The meeting included the CMA annual membership meeting as well as the CMA chairman’s and president’s reports. The meeting also included awards presentations in which companies were recognized for their efforts in pollution prevention, health and safety, and reclamation. The conference also included a tradeshow.

Jan 1, 2004

By A. H. Baldo

Covers a very broad spectrum of problems and solutions. The problems are multitudinous and their solutions are sometimes simplistic, sometimes ingenious and sometimes within a very broad interpretation of the law. However, one thing is quite certain: the problems and their solutions will have a direct impact upon corporate and personal well being. First of all, why does one mine in a foreign land? Since the Bronze Age, when ancient man discovered the metallurgy of copper, tin and zinc, intrepid souls have been wandering afield searching for and exploiting those mineral deposits which would create wealth and security for his city-state or community.

Jan 1, 1981

Suddenly, mining has been thrust into the limelight. It has a large image that casts its shadow over New Zealand. Is it any wonder that resistance has heightened and that an almost unprepared populous is currently struggling to protect the very land they hold dear. Next to the atomic bomb, mining has the demonstrated power to massively change the land and its side effects can pollute many miles beyond the operation. During the past year, New Zealand concern over the possible effects of the mining proposals has become acute. This was specially so in the areas of special environmental quality, such as the Coromandel, and here a very unhappy situation has arisen.

Jan 1, 1981

By Jack Parker

"The original design of mine openings and pillars at White Pine was based upon traditional assumptions; i.e., that the principal load is due to the weight of overburden, and that horizontal stresses are equal to one-. third of the vertical.Beginning January, 1964, borehole deformation measurements confirmed suspicions that the principal stress is horizontal and several times greater than the vertical.Vertical stress appears to be directly related to depth, but lateral stresses vary considerably in direction and magnitude. The direction of major principal stress lies parallel to the bedding and is apparently parallel to tension joints. Lateral stresses appear to originate from an igneous intrusive.Mining induces stresses which add to the primitive stresses, in some areas precipitating failure. In this paper, rock failures are illustrated, methods of measurement and typical results are given, and measures to counter or utilize the lateral stresses are described."

Jan 1, 1966

By B. Swarbrick

Today’s mining occurs in a dynamic world of conflicting objectives. Mining companies have to look further than a traditional cash flow analysis to determine the potential value of developing a mine. In particular, proposals for new mine developments undergo rigorous scrutiny by a variety of stakeholders including regulators, NGO’s, and the local communities. From a business risk perspective, how mining companies address stakeholder concerns can have a dramatic impact on the success of the project. In today’s mining environment mining companies must continue to ‘walk the talk’ to stay in business, particularly during downturns in the business cycle. Falconbridge’s Raglan Mine is an example of a project that was successfully developed in a region that is sensitive from many perspectives, including environmental, socio economic, and regulatory. Close working relationships with local stakeholders along with strong environmental management systems are necessary elements of continued success for the project.

Jan 1, 2000

By Tim O’Neil

More than 5,300 mining professionals from around the world attended the SME Annual Meeting and Exhibit, March 1-3 in Denver, CO. Seventy three technical sessions highlighted innovative technologies and applications for the development of mineral resources. And the exhibit featured 421 companies worldwide and 632 exhibit booths. The 1999 SME Annual Meeting had 10% international attendance. Professionals from outside the United States were guests at the first SME International Reception.

Jan 1, 1999

More than 5,300 mining professionals from around the world attended the SME Annual Meeting and Exhibit, March 1-3 in Denver, CO. Seventy three technical sessions highlighted innovative technologies and applications for the development of mineral resources. And the exhibit featured 421 companies worldwide and 632 exhibit booths. The 1999 SME Annual Meeting had 10% international attendance Professionals from outside the United States were guests at the first SME International Reception. Other meeting highlights included the Keynote Session. This pivotal session examined the international experience of North American-based companies. Speakers presented their perspectives on international explorations and operations. Keynote speakers included Robert Buchan, Chairman an( Chief Executive Officer, Kinross Gold; Dave Baker, Director Global Mining Project Management, Caterpillar; and Leendert Krol, Vice President International Operations Newmont Gold. Ihor Kunasz, 1998 SME President, made the introductory remarks.

Jan 1, 1999

By Bob Snashall

Introduction 1300 BC, Egypt. Pharaoh, the god-king, owned all things. He was the only mine operator. As the provider of all things, Pharaoh had great expectations of his officials who gathered the wealth. Pharaoh&apos;s official, the mine foreman, was at a gold mine site to see that royal expectations were met. For the official, it could mean a promotion to the good life here and to the godly life hereafter. When he checked the haul for sufficient progress, a lot was at stake. The miner wore a loincloth, perhaps a headband and, if he was a prisoner, ankle manacles. Only an oil lamp helped illuminate the hot, dusty blackness. A fire at the base of the quartz ore face competed for scarce air. The ore so heated crumbled at the prompting of copper wedges. Confined to a crouch, the miner tossed chunks of ore onto a rope-mesh which, when loaded, was drawn up and lugged out. On the surface, the gold was ground to dust. Then it was transported by donkey caravan to the royal depot. There it was weighed, recorded, and distributed to workshops. Many minerals mined Egypt had gold mines to the south in Nubia and to the east in the desert and Sinai. Indeed, gold underwrote Egypt&apos;s prosperity. With a constant gold supply, fewer hungry hands robbed burial crypts and tombs. Gold was sacred, "the flesh of the gods." The shiny metal financed the army that policed the desert mining routes and guarded the gold caravans from Bedouin marauders. Gold theft was an offense to the gods. Anyone caught with gold `in his lunchpail,&apos; so to speak, could say goodbye to life, both in this world and the next. In addition to gold, Egypt possessed other mined riches that allowed the Egyptian civilization to flourish. From Sinai and Nubia came copper. So abundant was the red metal that it enabled Egypt to become the supreme power, before the advent of iron. Also mined were amethyst, turquoise, feldspar, jasper, carnelian, and garnet. These were used for the rich inlay work that distinguished Egyptian jewelry and cloisonne. But Egypt&apos;s most endurable and awesome material was its stonework - for statues and obelisks and in temples, tombs, and pyramids. Stone quarrying was a vast enterprise. One expedition boasted nearly 10,000 men. These included 5000 laborer soldiers, 130 skilled quarrymen and stonecutters, and - egads! - even 20 scribes. In addition, there were thousands of officials, priests, and officers grooms. There were even fishermen, to provide the multitudes with the catch of the day. Mining methods detailed In 1300 BC, quarrying techniques had changed little since the age of the pyramids some 1300 years before. At that time, in 2600 BC, limestone was locally quarried and fashioned into the blocks of the pyramids. A basic limestone mining method was tunnel quarrying. A ramp was built up to the face of a cliff. A monkey stage was then erected on a ramp. While standing on the stage, quarrymen carved out a rectangular niche in the cliff. The niche was large enough for a quarryman to crawl into. With a wooden mallet, he hammered long copper chisels along the edges of the niche floor to free up the back and sides of the block. The quarryman climbed out of the niche and removed the stage. He then carved out a series of holes in the cliff face for what would be the bottom of the block. The quarryman pounded wooden wedges into the holes. He watered the wedges until they were soaked. The water-logged wedges expanded, splitting the stone along the line of holes. The freed-up block was then levered down from the cliff. On the ground, the blocks were placed on sledges. Men pulled these to nearby water transport. Without block and tackle pulleys, paved roads, and wheels, this was no mean feat. Each block weighed an average of 2.3 t (2.5 st). Whenever possible, the quarrying was done directly from the surface. This "open cast" quarrying also involved using chisels

Jan 2, 1987

By Jim Britton

Sustained elevated metal and coal prices in 2011 continued to drive mining projects across British Columbia. The province is the top producer of copper, exporter of coal and the only producer of molybdenum in Canada. The province also produces significant amounts of gold, silver, lead and zinc and more than 30 industrial minerals. The total 2011 value of solid metal production is an estimated $8.6 billion and the outlook for 2012 is positive. British Columbia is poised to bring several new mines onstream in the next few years. Construction continues at the New Afton and Mt Milligan copper-gold projects that are anticipated to be open in 2012 and 2013, respectively. The provincial Environmental Assessment Office indicates there are 26 mine proposals in process with three currently under review and 23 in the preapplication stage. The following text briefly describes 2011 metal and coal mining activities in the five regions reported on by the provinces? regional geologists (Fig. 1).

Jan 1, 2012

Overview of Presentation ?About MiHR ?Human Resources Challenges in the Minerals and Metals Industry ?Getting the Facts -Sector Study Project ?Key Findings ?Recommendations ?Conclusions ?MiHR?srole

May 1, 2006

By James P. Dorian

istorical records suggest that the gathering of geologic information in China began more than 2,000 years ago. Modern-day geological work in the nation started in the early part of this century but it progressed rather slowly. Before the founding of the People&apos;s Republic of China (PRC), there were only 800 people engaged in geological work and only 200 trained geologists among them. According to Minerals and Mining in China, many accomplishments were achieved within China&apos;s mining industry during the period of years between 1949, the founding of modern China, and 1997. These include: ? The number of types of minerals with verified reserves increased from 18 (pre-Liberation) to 162 (today). ? Mineral deposit localities grew from 5,123 (pre-Liberation) to nearly 200,000 (today). Of these 200,000 localities, more than three-quarters have verified mineral reserves. ? Minerals extraction and processing contribute to 31 % of the total industrial output value of China (today). ? Regional geological maps at a scale of 1:1,000,000 covering the entire country have been completed, while regional geological and hydrogeological maps at a scale of 1:200,000 covering two-thirds of the country have also been finished (today). ? Before 1949, China was regarded as an oil-poor country. Since the 1950s, China has developed an extensive petrochemical industry. It is largely government-owned except for a limited number of joint ventures. The central government maintains active control over China&apos;s most productive fields, including the Daqing field in the Songliao Basin of northeastern China and the Shengli and Liaohe fields in the Bohai Basin of northeastern China. ? Employment in the minerals industry engaged in geological exploration increased from 800 (pre-Liberation) to 1 million (early this decade). The new report provides an overview of the current political and economic situation in China and discusses how this affects the minerals industry. China is in transition between a socialist planned economy and a market economy. This makes it difficult for non-Chinese to keep track of developments. Minerals and Mining in China is divided into 14 chapters that contain detailed statistics, including data on the geographical location and extent of known mineral reserves, production rates, local technical personnel, imports and exports. The report reveals which companies are already active in the area by profiling 50 major investment projects in China&apos;s metals and minerals industry. According to its author, China possesses one of the world&apos;s largest mining industries, ranking among the leading producers of several metallic and nonmetallic resources. The Chinese mining industry is extraordinarily complex. It has evolved into an overwhelmingly large bureaucracy that was, until the 1980s, shrouded from and misunderstood by the international community. To date, more than 160 types of minerals have been discovered in China. But a significant portion of the minerals and energy base remains largely unidentified and evaluated. And despite China&apos;s large reserves of mineral resources, with a population of more than 1.2 billion people, the country ranks among the lowest in the world in terms of proven reserves per capita. In addition, mining recovery rates in China average about 50%, significantly

Jan 1, 1999

By Louis W. Cope

Since its discovery, Cuba has been called the “Pearl of the Antilles.” The country remains that, albeit a little tarnished these days. In Havana, many of the buildings are being refurbished, while some new ones are under construction. Since 1991, the laws have been relaxed so that Cuba is developing a mixed economy of central control with free market. Joint venture agreements have been signed with businesses from many countries. This does not include the United States due to its embargo. But even these regulations have been relaxed some.

Jan 1, 2003

The nation of Fiji is located the South Pacific on the æRim of FireÆ some four hours flying time from the eastern sea board of Australia. It is a tourist destination situated on the main route from Australia to the Americas. Fiji is a developing country that has had a fewsetbacks but the country has able, happy people that are very resilient. Most importantly, the country is a safe destination for tourists and businesspeople as the local people are friendly, have good ethics, and most speak English. Fiji is a very willing nation, hungry for knowledge and advancement. The Fiji geological setting on the æRim of FireÆ, that runs from New Zealand across the Pacific through Fiji and on to Papua NewGuinea, has many large deposits of gold and copper. Fiji is an exciting destination for mineral explorers with discoveries of gold, silver, manganese, bauxite, iron and copper. Gold was first discovered in 1921 and the first two mines opened in 1935; one of which was Emperor Gold Mining Company (EGM) the other being Mt Kasi. EGM mines gold on the margin of the Tavua caldera, some 85 km north of the Nadi international airport. EGM has operated continuously for close to 70 years, producing approximately 6.9 million ounces of gold and has an underground reserve of 847 600 ounces with a total mineral resource of 12 335 600 tonnes at 10 g/t (as given in the Emperor Mines Limited Annual report 2003). The mineralisation in Fiji is very exciting and it is common to discover spectacular intersections and outcrops, which are typical for this type of epithermal narrow vein mineralisation, but be aware that the orebodies are variable and not easy to understand.

Jan 1, 2004

By K. F. Jakob

Sustainable development is a principle for the way we should act in the present. It ensures also options for the future to achieve a balance between social, economic and ecology development. The efficiency of raw material utilisation is being enhanced through technological developments, starting from extraction through all the following stages of the value creation chain. The use of domestically produced resources helps to assure the technological know-how. Additional indicators being collected and published by individual companies are questionable in countries with a tightly regulated legal framework such as in Germany, but make sense in developing and threshold countries. Sustainability in terms of efficient use of raw materials will manifest itself at the next stages of the value creation chain. Examples for efficiency improvement can be found in the steel, the power generation and agriculture industries. The approval procedures for German mining operations entail an internationally extremely strict assessment of the potential impact on the environment. All the mining activities include remediation and recultivation where the practise in Germany has become model character by international levels.

Jan 1, 2005

By Howard S. Strouth

SINCE the days of the Conquistadores, people have told exaggerated tales of the wealth and possibilities of Mexico and Central and South America, and the mining fraternity has never been known to exaggerate any less than any other professional group known to man or beast. However, during a short stay in Mexico one can probably hear more whoppers than at any other time, when dozens of mining propositions are thrust across the desk, and it is not necessary to remind anyone that a listing of the do&apos;s and don&apos;t&apos;s for Mexico requires special mention of the fact that most mining propositions offered south of the border eventually turn out to be a beautiful fairy tale. The following is not suposed to be either an exact description of Standard Mining Corp.&apos;s operations in Mexico by its mining associate, the Corporacion Minera y Beneficiadora Anahuac, S.A., or the last word as to the most economical way to start such an operation. But rather it is the sum total of the recent experiences of the writer while commencing such an operation in 1951-52 with the help of many qualified gentlemen.

Jan 6, 1953