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By Earl Oliver

Page A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee Activity................. 133 Definition of Capture Rule: Robert E. Hardwicke.......................... 134 Westmoreland Natural Gas Co. vs. DeWitt................ 135 Kelly vs. Ohio Oil Co......................... 135 Bernard vs. Monongahela Gas Co.................... 136 Definition of Ownership in Place..................... 137 Prospective Stabilization Remedies.................... 137 Dean Roscoe Pound's Four Teats of Practicability.............. 137 I. Mechanically Feasible....................... 138 Capture Rule.......................... 138 Ownership in Place....................... 140 Mechanical Separatio.7 Method................. 140 Engineering Appraisal Method................. 141 II. Economically Advisable...................... 143 Capture Rule.......................... 144 Ownership in Place....................... 144 III. Politically Wise.......................... 144 Capture Rule..........................144 Ownership in Place.......................147 IV. Legally Sound..........................148 Capture Rule..........................148 Ownership in Place.......................149 Dean Henry M. Bates' Analysis......................149 Raumé................................152 The A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee was named in 1932 to ascertain whether some practical substitute could be devised for the Rule of Capture, which was generally credited with being the major cause of instability in the Petroleum Industry. After considerable intercommittee correspondence a letter was received from E. DeGolyer under date of Jan. 25. 1935. in which he discussed the possibility of modifying rather than discarding the Rule of Capture. He summarized his proposal as follows:

Jan 1, 1937

The introduction and development of the flotation process have proved to be of such momentous importance to the mining industry of the United States that they deserve to be considered historically.* The origin of the use of oily matter in separating minerals in ores is obscure, because its beginnings were unregarded. The story told by Herodotus concerning the recovery of gold from the mud of a lake by means of feathers daubed with pitch in the hands of apocryphal virgins is as pertinent to our inquiry as the yarn, two thousand years later, of a young school-teacher in Colorado that was washing oil-stained ore-sacks in her brother's assay-office when she noted the floating of pyrite on the water contaminated by the oil. In any event, the method patented by Carrie Everaon in 1885 was a complete failure, except as factitious evidence for trying to disprove the originality of subsequent inventions. An early and inadvertent use of the affinity of oil for metallic surfaces is suggested by the story of Jason and the Argonauts, who extracted gold from the gravel of the river Colchis by means of sheepskins. The woolly hide sewed, like the blankets used in our early stamp-mills, to arrest the gold, which was further detained by the oil on the fleece. Strabo, referring to a later period, says that in the country of the Soanes, who inhabit the valley of the Colchis, “the winter torrents are said to bring down even gold, which the barbarians collect in troughs pierced with holes, and lined with fleeces; and hence the fable of the Golden Fleece”.† William Pryce

Jan 1, 1932

By W. E. Coxe

In 1857 the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, whose main line extended from Philadelphia to Pottsville, Pennsylvania, with branches into the coal regions of Schuylliill County, made a contract with the Fairmount Rolling Mill, at Philadelphia, for the rerolling of some four thousand tons of iron rails. The essential features of the agreement were that the old rails should be piled with puddled iron and rolled into flats for the rail pile, which latter was • to be of a section seven inches square, and after being heated, and reduced, by rolling, to a bloom of a section about fire inches by six inches, was to be reheated, before being finished into the rail of the T pattern, four inches high, weighing sixty-four pounds per yard. Great care was exercised in the execution of this contract, and the rails being distributed over all parts of the road, gave general satisfaction by their excellent wear. Five years afterward, the principal proprietor and manager of the Fairmount Rolling Mill was elected President of the Reading Railroad, and very many of the rails made under his supervision were still in use in the tracks of the company, of which he had just assumed the management. His first efforts were, therefore, directed to the procuring of more rails of the same quality wherewith to replace those worn out. Here he encountered some trouble, makers refusing to bid because of the details in the specification, the required reheating being the objectionable feature, for which it was generally intimated they would not be sufficiently remunerated for the increased labor, extra coal consumed, and the changes necessary from the established methods of working. Most of the new rails were, therefore, bought, and the old rails rerolled without regard to any particulars as to the manner of piling, heating, etc., each manufacturer furnishing what he deemed the best article possible for the money. As a consequence, rails of all imaginable grades were placed in the tracks, some giving out in six

FREQUENTLY the careful engineer puts the word porphyry in quotation marks or precedes it with "so-called," when he writes of the Porphyry Copper mines. This is done by way of serving notice that he is aware that the term is not a precise one, though no one who is informed on the subject would in any event misinterpret it. The name originated from the fact that the rock containing the copper at Utah Copper, Morenci, Nevada Consolidated, and Braden-the first four to be developed-was in each instance known as porphyry. The term was convenient; and when Ray, Miami, and inspiration came along they fell into the Porphyry category even though the ore consisted essentially of a rock called schist instead of porphyry. The word is not inclusive enough; nor as a matter of fact is it sufficiently exclusive. Numerous copper deposits occur in porphyry rocks that are not Porphyry Coppers, paradoxical as it may seem. Desiring to be more accurate and at the same time to use a word that is in some degree descriptive, various engineers have adopted the expression "disseminated copper deposits." This alludes to the characteristic scattering of grains or specks of copper minerals more or less uniformly throughout the mass of the rock. Yet here again the implication is not entirely accurate, for the following reason: in some of the ores, the proportion of copper minerals "peppered" in the rock is small, compared with that which coats the walls of cracks and minute fissures; and that which is found as veinlets along planes of fracture. Many geologists have extended their interpretation of the term disseminated to include both types of mineral occurrence. One of the most striking features of the Porphyry ores is the intense shattering and fracturing that the rock underwent at some period or periods prior to the deposition of the copper

Jan 1, 1933

By T. Sterry Hunt

I HAVE in a previous communication called the attention of the Institute to the geognostical relations of the crystalline iron ores belonging to the Eozoic rocks of North America, at which time I noticed (1) those associated with the gneisses of the Laurentian series, (2) those of the crystalline schists of the Huronian, as seen in Northern Michigan and in many localities along the Appalachians ; (3) those of Southeastern Missouri associated with petrosilex porphyries and schistose rocks, and presumed to be nearly of the same age with those of the Huronian schists; and (4) the highly titaniferous ores of the Norian or Labradorian series from Essex County, N. Y., and from various parts of Canada. It may here be remarked that, although the presence of titanium is most marked in the Norian ores, this objectionable element is sometimes found in the schistose ores of the Huronian, and to a lesser extent in certain Laurentian magnetites. The ores of each of these geological divisions have their individual peculiarities, which serve to distinguish them to such a degree that the magnetites and specular ores of the Laurentian are as dissimilar to those of the Huronian as are the crystalline silicated rocks of the two series. As it happens that these mineralogical dissimilarities correspond to differences in composition and in adaptability to different processes of manufacture, which, in the present condition of the iron industry, are objects of special consideration to metallurgists, it will be seen that these geognostical distinctions become of great practical importance. During the past year I was desired by the Geological Commissioners of Pennsylvania to devote a few weeks to certain geological studies in the eastern part of the State, in the course of which I was enabled to make, with regard to its crystalline iron ores, some observations to which I desire to call the attention of the Institute. I may mention, in passing, that the great South Mountain belt, from the Schuylkill to the Delaware, is composed of Laurentian rocks, in which are found the characteristic ores of the series like those of the Highlands of New Jersey and New York, and of the Adiron-

Jan 1, 1876

By Paul Beck

IT is well known that the hardness of metallic single crystals, like that of polycrystalline metals, increases during deformation (hardening by cold-work). It is also known that, as a consequence of deformation, the metallic material acquires an evident thermodynamic instability, revealed, for example, by the fact that the increased hardness gradually decreases with time, especially at elevated temperatures (softening by annealing). The temperature at which the stabilizing process begins is different for various metals, and for any metal it depends on the amount of deformation. Such stabilization of deformed metals may proceed in two different ways: through recovery, and through recrystallization. The former process allows the unstable deformed metal body to approach stability gradually and without visible change in the grain structure; the latter process, like an allotropic transformation, yields directly the undeformed stable "phase" in the form of new undeformed crystals, which, starting out of a certain number of nuclei, grow into and' consume' the deformed hard material. The extent of stability attainable through recovery is limited, espe-cially if the deformation of the metal crystal or crystals involves not only the gliding along slip planes, but also the bending of the slip lamellae, or at any rate the bending of comparatively large parts of the crystal lattice. In such cases, for instance in bent single crystals or poly-crystalline metals subjected to any deformation, recovery will not as a rule be able to restore the "straight" undeformed lattice, and stability can be attained only by recrystallization; that is, by the consumption of the bent crystal lattice parts by new, undeformed crystals-a much more drastic process. It is evident that the part of the surplus free energy stored in deformed crystals, which is present in the form of the elastic energy of the bent lamellae, is in these instances not considerably involved

Jan 1, 1937

By Roy R. Jones, R. R. Sawyers

It has long been comnlon knowledge that workers in anthracite are prone to develop a disabling disease of the lungs. Some of the earliest scientific contributors dealing with anthracosis were: Pearson1, in his report in 1813, on the coloring matter of the bronchial glands and black spots in the lungs; Stratton2, in 1838, who first termed the condition anthracosis; Greenhow3, who reported to the pathological society in 1865, on the Black Lung of the Collier, and Pick4 in 1870, who reported on the chemical composition of the ash of a collier's lungs. Visconti5, in 1870, is accredited with being the first to use the term "silicosis" to denote the pathological condition of the lungs resulting from the inhalation of silica. Rovida6 confirmed the reports of Pick and Visconti in 1871, in his report on a case of silicosis and chemical examination of the lungs for silica content. The relationship of pulmonary infection, as associated with disabling pneumoconiosis affecting the coal miner, has frequently been discussed. While most reports have emphasized the role of infection, there has been some disagreement regarding the prevalence of tuberculosis among those suffering from anthracosis. The report by Wainwright and Nichols7 in 1905 has frequently been cited to show that the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis among coal miners was less than that among the general population. It was their opinion that pulmonary tuberculosis was more prevalent among the miners' families than among the miners themselves. Collis and Gil-christ, in 1928 in their study of the Effects of Dust upon Coal Trimmers, concluded that among such workers there was an excess of deaths from bronchitis and pneumonia but not from pulmonary tuberculosis. They

Jan 1, 1936

By C. W. Drury, E. J. Hall

The iron-nail method of assaying has been used for a number of years, but has not met with the approval of all assayers. The method possesses advantages which may be given as follows: (1) no preliminary treatment is required; (2) a lead button of proper size can be obtained; (3) it is economical. On the other hand, it has its disadvantages, which may be summed up as follows: (1) it is not applicable to ores containing large amounts of impurities other than sulphur, as practically all the base metals will contaminate the lead button ; (2) the slag is unsatisfactory in the larger number of fusions; (3) the method was known to give low silver results under certain conditions and the gold results were questionable. It was with the idea of determining the extent of this latter disadvantage that the following investigation was undertaken. It is well known that the fusion obtained in the lead assay is far more satisfactory than that in the " nails method" for gold and silver. The principal difference in the charges as a class is the presence of considerable reducing agent in the lead charge, and a limited oxidizing action in the nails charge, dud to PbO. The possibility of improving the nails fusion by simulating the lead charge was the reason for using argol in some tests, even though there were reasons for expecting this would have an objectionable effect on the results. Preparation of the Gold-Bearing Material. The materials containing gold and silver used in the following experiments were prepared rather than selected, in order to have a definite working product excluding undesirable elements. A high-

Jan 1, 1914

By D. T. Jones

In view of the importance of the application of scientific principles to the production of oil from the reservoir, the Production Staff of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (late Anglo-Persian Oil Co.) has been engaged for some years on an intensive program of research on the physical properties of crude oil. Problems involving the retention of crude oil in capillaries and fine fissures demanded for their solution a knowledge of the surface tension and specific gravity of the crude under reservoir conditions, and it is the purpose of this paper to describe briefly the methods adopted for the determination of these properties, and to present the more important results. A detailed article was published in volume 1 of the World Congress Proceedings (1933). Surface-tension observations on crude oil regassed at high pressures with natural gases have been made in the past by Beecher and Park-hurstl and Swartz2, but up to the time of the investigations in Iran no one seems to have carried out experiments with gas-saturated crude direct from the reservoir and kept at its original pressure. Results obtained in this manner are obviously of greater practical value for solving problems connected with the reservoir. Method of Measurement No apparatus for the measurements, under the pressure conditions involved, was available, and a suitable instrument had to be designed and constructed in the Fields workshops. Careful consideration of the matter led to the adoption of a method for measuring the surface tension which did not involve a knowledge of the specific gravity of the oils under the working conditions: the main reason for this being that up to that time no accurate determination of the specific gravity had been made under these conditions. The method adopted involves the measurement of the actual tension in an oil film, and is effected by means of

Jan 1, 1936

By C. R. Boyd

The region to which I have the pleasure of calling your attention, though limited in area, is remarkable for the quantity and purity of its mineral deposits, and in these respects it would be difficult to find its equal anywhere. IRON ORES. The red and brown hematites, pipe ore, and semi-magnetites, from which is made in charcoal furnaces the highest quality of iron for car-wheels, extend through the counties of Giles, Montgomery, Pulaski, Wythe, Smyth, Washington, Bland, Tazewell, Russell, Scott, Lee, Floyd, Carroll, and Grayson, Virginia, and run over into Ashe County, North Carolina. One locality of semi-magnetite, in the centre of the great Giles County basin, has in sight, by actual measurement, 50,000 tons of ore, which, according to Prof. Fesquet, contains 69.74 per cent. of iron and no phosphorus. In the great brown-ore belt, which passes through the counties of Montgomery, Pulaski, Wythe, Smyth, and Washington, there is an extraordinary deposit of more than a million tons. A small section of this very long vein, on Cripple Creek, in the County of Wythe, yields an ore which, analyzed by Mr. James Aumann, gave the following results: Metallic iron,........58.15 Water,.........12 96 Alumina,........2.32 Silica,.........1.09 Phosphorus,.. none. At one point towards the western end of Red Land Mountain, in Pulaski County, New River section, I measured a body of ore in this belt which will yield, to a depth of 150 feet, over 8,000,000 tons, and the deposit extends far below the 150 feet measured at the upper part. Again, at Rich Hill, near the mouth of Reed Island Creek, these veins show extraordinary surface development, giving an ore of very great purity. At numerous places, also, in the counties of Giles, Bland, Tazewell, Russell, Scott, Wise, and Lee, these brown and red iron ores are exposed in such vast quantities as to baffle both description and measurement. That of Chestnut Flat, in Giles County, back or west of the Angel's Rest Mountain, is an easily reducible ore, blood-red when crushed, of which there are fully 300,000 tons in sight. Its analysis is as follows :

Jan 1, 1880

By A. J. R. Curtis

THE Portland Cement Association was organized more than a third of a century ago by a group of cement manufacturers, to do cooperatively the educational and research work needed to ensure proper use of their product. Specifically, the Association has a threefold purpose: (1) to search out facts to ensure the best possible service from concrete; (2) to give the widest possible circulation to facts affecting the use of concrete; (3) to urge practical application of those facts on actual building projects. An organization of technically trained men conducts many research projects in the Association laboratories, interprets their findings and applies them practically in the field. The net effect of this work has been to improve the design and prolong the life of roads, bridges, industrial, commercial and public buildings, homes, farm structures and concrete products. The results of this technical research and experimentation are made available to the entire construction industry through bulletins and reports. Information is also released to the general public through newspapers, magazines and Association publications. In addition to a technical staff in the general office in Chicago, the Association has district offices in 22 cities. Field engineers cover 37 states, the District of Columbia and British Columbia, to give service to users of Portland cement. ACCIDENT PREVENTION During the early part of the century, there began a complete transformation in the processes of manufacturing cement. Electricity, with its attendant hazards, was beginning to replace steam; huge rotary kilns and tube mills were being substituted for the vertical kiln and "coffee grinder" mill. Only a few far-sighted leaders realized the import of these innovations, and they also recognized the fact that workmen must be protected against the hazards of the new machinery. By their sincerity and firm purpose they infused into the whole industry the concept of industry's responsibility for safeguarding employees. Even before effective compensation laws had been passed in most states, the Portland Cement Association had assigned to an Accident

Jan 1, 1937

By A. S. Bower

Any process which has for its object the preservation of iron and steel from rust, and which will make these metals more applicable than they now are to the requirements of mankind, will be sure to meet with attention from members of this association, and from all those who are either engaged in the extraction of the ore, its reduction to metal, or the subsequent application of the metal itself. It is, perhaps, not too much to say that when iron and steel are rendered secure against corrosion and decay, they will be used to an indefinitely greater extent than they now are. The whole realm of science has, therefore, been explored in the attempt to discover some method by which the formed article may be preserved, leaving its strength undiminished by the destructive action of rust. Paints, oils, varnishes, glazes, enamels, galvanizing, electro-depositing and what is called "inoxidizing" are among the many systems now in vogue to effect the preservation of iron and steel from the corrosive action of air and water. The object of this paper is to show what may he done in protecting iron and steel from rust by forming upon their surfaces a film of magnetic oxide by an inexpensive process. It is no new thing to be told that magnetic oxide of iron is unaffected by exposure to the atmosphere or to salt water for any length of time. The black sand of Taranaki, in New Zealand, is a sufficiently good example of this. Dr. Percy has pointed out that the reason why Russian sheet iron is less affected by exposure than ordinary sheet iron is because of a coating of magnetic oxide; but this was not known

Jan 1, 1883

By C. R. Van Hise

[Concluding Contribution of Prof. Van Hise to the Discussion of his Paper, and Others on the Same General Subject, presented at the Washington Meeting, February, 1900 (see Ram., xxx., 27, 177, 323, 424, 578) ; also of the contributions of Vogt, De Launay, Beck, Lindgren, Kemp, Rickard, Bain, Keyes, Collins and Adams, presented at the Richmond Meeting, February, 1901, and to be printed in the present volume.] In June, 1900, shortly after my paper was published in the Fransactions, I made a briefer statement* before the Western Society of Engineers covering the same ground, which, in certain respects, is somewhat of an improvement. For instance, instead of using the terms descending and ascending &th reference to the waters resulting in the two concentrations, my modified statement is as follows: " The first concentration of many ore-deposits is the work of a relatively deep water-circulation, while the reconcentration is the result of reactions upon an earlier concentration through the agency of a relatively shallow water-circulation. Commonly the deep water-circulation is lacking in free oxygen, and contains reducing agents, and the shallow water contains free oxygen. The deep water is therefore a reducing, and the shallow water an oxidizing agent."† Of the papers upon ore-deposits which, in vol. xxx. of the Fransactions, follow my own, or which were presented at the Richmond meeting, a considerable number are wholly con-

Jan 1, 1902

By E. S. Tankins

The main purpose of this work was to study the effect of gold on the activity coefficient of oxygen in the liquid Fe-Au alloy and to determine how copper and silver change the activity coefficient of oxygen. A preliminary investigation has been made of equilibrium in the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen in some of the liquid gold alloys. The experimental method, which has been described in detail elsewhere,' consisted of bubbling accurately known H-A-water vapor mixtures through the Fe-Au alloys contained in alumina crucibles within a vertical closed furnace. When equilibrium was reached, the samples were quenched by rapidly lowering the crucible under an atmosphere of argon to a water cooled brass fixture at the bottom of the furnace tube. The melts were found to freeze from the top in less than 4 sec. The heats were carefully prepared for oxygen analysis. The oxygen content was determined by vacuum fusion analysis.' Only high purity electrolytic materials were used in this investigation. The activity and free energy of oxygen in the liquid iron alloys were studied by means of the reaction; The data for the 80 Fe-Au alloys, obtained as a function of temperature, are summarized in Table I and presented in Fig. 1, where log is plotted against . The results can be expressed by: The data were obtained using water vapor-hydrogen ratios between 0.04 and 0.30, and a 25 pct H2-75 pct A mixture. An oxygen content between 0.030 and 0.060

Jan 1, 1970

By Quentin Singewald

SOME of the broader relations between structure and ore deposition along the London fault, deduced from a thorough study of the geology of the eastern part of the Mosquito Range, should be of general interest to economic geologists. The first part of this paper is a generalized state-ment of the geology of the region in which the London fault is located; it may be supplemented by reference to several earlier publications by the writers and to the U. S. Geological Survey's Professional Paper 148, on the Leadville district. The second part deals with the structure of both the fault and the disturbed zone adjoining the fault. The third part dis-cusses the salient features of the ore deposits, particularly emphasizing structural control. The two generalized maps are complementary to one another but contain too many data to show on a single small map. The London fault is between Leadville and Alma, and the ore deposits along it are said to lie in the Alma district. Field work in this district, during six summers since 1927, has been a part of the cooperative work of the U. S. Geological Survey, the State of Colorado, and the Colorado Metal Mining Board. The writers have made use of work by R. D. Butler, J. W. Vanderwilt and R. E. Landon. G. F. Loughlin and C. H. Behre, Jr., who have worked on the west side of the range, have con-tributed valuable suggestions. Mining men of the district have aided in many ways.

Jan 1, 1936

By C. Laird, C. E. Feltner

IN previous workif2 we have shown that the steady state cyclic stress response of pure copper tested in the low cycle fatigue range was determined only by the plastic strain amplitude and the test temperature. hus, copper, at any given temperature, has a unique cyclic stress-strain curve independent of prior history. Cu-7.5 wt pct Al, however, showed a stress response for a given plastic strain amplitude and temperature which depended sensitively on prior history. From this work we predicted that all wavy slip mode materials, typified by copper, would have a unique cyclic stress-strain curve; whereas all planar slip mode materials, typified by Cu-7.5 pct Al, would not. This prediction has now been tested for a number of materials of widely varying crystal structure and slip character. Wavy slip mode materials studied include: Fe. Al, Cd, disordered FeCo-V, and Cu-3 pct Co (quenched and aged). Planar slip mode materials investigated include: Fe-3 pct Si, ordered FeCo-V, disordered Ni3Mn, ordered Ni3Mn, and Zn. The treatment and properties of these materials are listed in Table I. Cyclic stress-strain curves were determined by controlled plastic strain tests (see Ref. 1 for details) at room temperature for all materials in both the initially annealed and cold worked conditions. The results obtained for iron and Fe-3 pct Si are typical of wavy and planar slip mode materials, respectively. The cyclic stress-strain curves for these materials are shown in Fig. 1 and it can be seen that iron has a unique cyclic stress strain curve while Fe-3 pct Si does not. Aluminum, Cu-3 pct Co, and disordered FeCo-V showed a behavior like that for iron, while Ni3Mn in both the disordered and ordered condition behaved in the same manner as Fe-3 pct Si. These results therefore support the general conclusion drawn in Refs. 1 and 2 that. for wavy slip mode materials, a cyclic mechanical equation of slate it =t.(hcp, i. T) is approximated in which the satura-

Jan 1, 1970

By A. D. Hodges

The process to be described, whatever other merits (or demerits) it may have possessed, certainly proved a financial success under the conditions of the locality where it was introduced and where a refining process had been sought previously in vain. I have ventured to bring it to the notice of the Institute in the hope that it may prove of some interest as a solution of a practical problem, such as is often presented to the metallurgist in the remote mining regions of the West. The method was used first at the Lyon Mill at Dayton, Nevada, and has been adopted at other tailings-mills on the Cornstock. These mills treat two classes of tailings: "sand," or; material which has passed previously through the pans of the ore-mills; and " slimes," or the fine clayey material which, coming from the battery, is too light to settle in the tanks inside of the mills but is

Jan 1, 1886

By Walter L. Maxson, Fred C. Bond

There is more information contained in a screen analysis than is ordinarily recognized, and there is an increasing need for methods of making this additional information easily available. As more comprehensive studies of crushing and grinding are made, and as the possibilities of decreased expense and increased extraction through a closer control of grinding are explored, methods of interpreting screen analyses assume an importance which they have not had heretofore. The information commonly desired, which can be determined from a complete and carefully made screen analysis, includes: (1) the size distribution of the material passing the finest screen, (2) the presence of a hard grinding fraction, (3) the location of natural grain sizes, (4) the presence of different materials with markedly different grinding characteristics, (5) the presence and amount of finely divided material such as clay, which is merely unlocked in grinding, and (6) the total surface area of the ground product. It is necessary to know the fundamental law of size distribution of a homogeneous material in order to correctly resolve a screen-analysis curve, and to understand the variations and anomalies that a sample may exhibit when compared with the ideal curve. This fundamental law was developed by Gaudin,1 who showed that when the logarithm of the per cent weight retained on any screen and passing the next larger screen in the Tyler standard screen scale was plotted against the logarithm of the screen aperture the resulting curve for the finer sizes of a homogeneous crusher or grinding-mill product would be a straight line. Gross and Zimmerley2 experimentally confirmed Rittinger's law, which states that the useful work done in crushing a homogeneous material is directly proportional to the new surface area produced; and showed that in the larger screen sizes resulting from impact crushing a

Jan 1, 1935

By C. Ernest Birchenall, Gerd M. Rosenblatt

The pressure and molecular weight of the antimony vapor over solid solutions of tin in antimony, containing 97.4, 94.9, 93.0, and 90.7 at. pct Sb, have been measured from 445° to 545°C by the torsion-effision method. The vapor is all Sb, within experimental error. A solidus curve which differs somewhat from the accepted curve has been calculated using the measured antimony activities. Metallographic examination of additional annealed alloys substantiates the accepted solidus. The solid solutions, which show negative deviations from ideality, probably do not deviate greatly from regular solution behavior. HANSEN' considers the Sb-Sn phase diagram to be well established with the exception of the boundary of the (Sb) phase.* Although there have been no pre- Their data can be combined with data for the solid alloys to calculate the solidus curve of the (Sb) phase. This paper presents measurements of the pressure ant1 molecular weight of antimony over Sb-Sn solid solutions containing 97.4, 94.9, 93.0, and 90.7 at. pct sb. Measurements were made by simultaneous use of the volmer3 torsion and Knudsen, effusion methods. The results of these measurements have been combined with the vapor pressure of pure antimony5 to obtain the activity of antimony in the primary solid solutions. The solidus curve calculated from these data differs somewhat from the accepted curve and is rather uncertain. Metallographic examination of Sb-Sn alloys was carried out to clarify the position of the solidus of the (Sb) phase. EXPERIMENTAL The apparatus and technique have been described previously.5 The measurements were made with the same effusion cells and torsion wire used in the measurements on pure antimony. The torsion measurements were calibrated with mercury at 30" using a mercury vapor pressure of 2.96 x 10-3 mm Hg determined by concurrent, absolute, weight-loss experiments. As in the measurements on pure antimony, an extraneous vapor was observed to distill off during the first run after the cell had been loaded with A fresh sample of alloy and during the first minute or two of every run. The change in composition after a series of runs with one sample was of the order of 0.1 at. pct and thus completely negligible in the calculation of the thermodynamic properties. The alloys were prepared from pieces of Merck antimony and Matheson, Coleman, and Bell reagent-

Jan 1, 1962

By C. D. Hunter, I. B. Browning, N. W. Shiarella

The oil industry in Kentucky during the year 1937 shows some improvement over that of 1936, although not to as marked a degree as 1936 over 1935. Oil in Eastern Kentucky In eastern Kentucky more than 150 new inside wells were completed in the pools of Estill, Powell and Lee Counties. Also, a number of wells were completed to be used as intake wells in repressuring operations. Repressuring is proving more successful in this area than was expected, as the producing formation was the Corniferous limestone. However, when the repressuring work was started, cores taken of this formation showed that the oil in the second and third pays was from a true sand, only the first pay in the top being a sandy lime formation. In the Weir sand fields of Magoffin, Johnson and Lawrence Counties, continued repressuring operations caused an increase in the quantity of oil. These operations and the completion of 20 new wells in the Maxon sand and the Big lime (Mississippian) in Martin and Floyd Counties produced an increase in the oil production from eastern Kentucky of 100,000 bbl. over that of 1936. As an illustration of what may yet be done in the fields of eastern Kentucky, one repressuring operation involving four oil wells and one pressure well produced an increase in production, or an additional recovery of 7200 bbl. of oil during the year. This amounts to a recovery of 2000 per acre for the 3.6 acres involved. In other fields of eastern Kentucky, as in the Corniferous pools of Estill, Powell and Lee Counties, increases in the runs are noted as follows: In the area of the Estill County pool from which the oil passes through the Revena pumping station, the production in 1935 was 88,175 bbl.; in 1936, was 102,849 bbl.; and in 1937 was 107,704 bbl. This pool was

Jan 1, 1938