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By Charles H. Hopkins, J. M. Lohr

A commercial development requiring a suitable alloy or alloys for sealing into various grades of glass made it desirable to have a more exact knowledge of the expansion characteristics of the nickel-iron alloys than appeared in the published literature. The expansion of the more common types of glass under consideration varies from 2.7 to 10.4 X 10-6 per degree Centigrade, over the range 20" to 400' C. For reference, the t,hermal expansion curves of several types of glass used for sealing by the lamp and tube industries are given (Figs. 1 and 2). This paper covers a detailed investigation of the thermal expansion of a series of nickel-iron alloys in which the nickel content varies from 30 to 70 per cent. Particular stress is laid on the alloys that contain between 40 and 55 per cent Ni.

Jan 1, 1939

By L. D. Jaffe

IT is now well established that quenched and tempered titanium alloys have much better ductility when the quenching is from a two phase a-B structure, rather than from an all B structure. The corresponding microstructural differences, however, have not been shown in previous publications. Accordingly, specimens were cut from a % in. rod of commercial RC-130A, containing 7.9 pct Mn and 0.12 pct C, which had been previously hot rolled, heated 1 hr at 1100°F, and air cooled. (The same heat has been studied by others." 7 Samples about 1/4 in. cube were heated in helium 1/2 hr at 1450' or 1700°F, quenched in brine, tempered in helium 1 hr at various temperatures up to 1250°F, and quenched in brine. They were then sectioned and metallo-graphically examined, using an etchant of HF-HNO, in glycerine. As quenched from 1700°F, the microstructure observed was clear /3. (Probably also present was U, as the hardness was 400 Vhn, but w is not yet reliably revealed by any metallographic technique.) When the /3 quenched alloy was tempered at a high temperature, a precipitated as a grain boundary film

Jan 1, 1957

By F. P. Haver, M. M. Wong

When a mixture of chalcopyrite concentrate and lime is heated in air, the following reaction takes place: 2CuFeS2 + 4Ca (OH)2 + 8 ½ 02 ; 2Cu0 + Fe203 + 4CaS04 + 4H20. Ca (OH)2 is the only common reagent that will adequately control SO2 evolution in roasting. Other additives tried, including CaO, CaCO3, Na2CO3, NaOH, MgO, Mg (OH)2, and MgCO3, were not effective. All reacted with sulfur, but not to the extent that will be required to meet the new control regulations for sulfur oxide emissions. For example: when the concentrate was heated with the theoretical amount of limestone (CaCO3), about 55% of the sulfur was retained in the calcine; whereas use of the stoichiometric amount of Ca (OH), converted approximately 99% of the sulfur to CaSO1. In most of the experiments, Ca(OH)2 was formed by adding CaO to concentrates containing enough water to simulate filter cake from flotation circuit. This eliminated the need for drying the concentrate and utilized the heat of hydration of CaO.

Jan 6, 1972

THE Institute assembled in the metallurgical lecture-room of Pardee Hall, Lafayette College, at 7 o'clock P.M. on Tuesday evening, October 21st. The session was opened by the President, R. W. Raymond, with an address on Mining Industry as illustrated at the Vienna Exposition. The second session was held on Wednesday morning. The Council reported the following names for election as members and associates. They were unanimously elected. †Ayres, W. S., - Easton, Pa. *Baker, Prof. A. L., - Easton, Pa. †Browne, Thomas Nicholl, - Hamilton, Nev. *Carter, Frank, - Pottsville, Pa. *Davis, E. F. C., - Pottsville, Pa. *Fox, Prof. J. G., - Easton, Pa. *Haight, Ogden, - Etna, Pa. †Hall, Norman, - Sharon, Pa. *Knap, Joseph, - Fountain Mill, Pa. †Miller William McKeen, - Easton, Pa. †Pardee, I. P., - Easton, Pa. *Plater, John E., - Eureka, Nev. *Platt, Joseph L., Jr., - Franklin Furnace, N. J. *Plumb, W. H., - Mauch Chunk, Pa. *Reis, George L., - New Castle, Pa. *Samuel, Edward, - Philadelphia, Pa. *Smith, William Allen, - Trenton, N. J. *Smock, Prof. John C., - New Brunswick, N. J. *Weberling, Charles, - Salt Lake City, Utah. Also the following as foreign members Beaulieu, Ad. le Hardy de, - Brussels, Belgium.. Beaumont, Major Fred., - London, England. Beck, Alexander, - Mons, Belgium. Bodmer, J. J., - London, England. Brassert, Berghauptmann, Dr., - Bonn, Prussia. Brogden, James, - London, England * Members. † Associates.

Jan 1, 1874

By John E. Caffrey

The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, Title III, Interim Mandatory Safety Standards for Underground Coal Mines, is devoted to protection of workmen from hazards of electricity, roof, ribs, fire, and explosions. The Rules and Regulations, promulgated through the Federal Register, provide the criteria by which the law would be administered. Certain aspects of the law involve features that could be summarized under entrapment. These are sections 303 (y)(1), (y)(2) and 317 (f) (4). This paper is intended through the use of the figures to describe how these features of the law affect mine ventilation design, what are the problems, and possible solutions to them.

Jan 1, 1974

By J. W. Halley

COPPER has frequently been recommended as an alloying element for steel and the precipitation-hardening of steels containing from 1 to 2 per cent copper has been studied by a number of investigators. The straight copper steels, however, have not been used extensively and little advantage has been taken of the precipitation-hardening of complex steels containing appreciable amounts of copper. It is diffi-cult to produce a satisfactory surface on the straight copper steels and undoubtedly this has discouraged their use. During recent years a number of steels containing enough copper to make them susceptible to precipitation-hardening have been put on the market. These steels belong to the group usually referred to as "low-alloy high-tensile" steels. They were designed for use in the "hot-rolled" condition; transportation equipment and large structures that cannot be readily heat-treated have been their chief application. Little emphasis has been placed on the possibility of strengthening those containing substantial amounts of copper by precipitation-hardening. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the precipitation-hardening characteristic of one of the "low-alloy steels."

Jan 1, 1940

By H. Hanemann

Discussion of the paper of H. HANEMANN and PAUL D. MERICA, presented at the New York meeting, February, 1916, and printed in Bulletin No. 108, December, 1915, pp. 2371 to 2385. JOHN A. MATHEWS, Syracuse, N. Y.-I should like to ask the authors if there is any evidence of chemical change resulting information of, alpha iron from the gamma crystals found in nickel steel of high nickel content when stressed beyond the elastic limit, similar to the effect produced by drastic cooling. Would the stresses mentioned and the drastic cooling both result in an increase in magnetic induction? I would also like to ask the authors if they have made a test of the hardness. It would be very interesting to see whether the hardness decreased under the conditions of stress, as might be the case if alpha iron were produced. PAUL D. MERICA, Washington, D. C.-While it is impossible to state absolutely, it is my belief that the effect of deformation is approximately the same as, that of -drastic cooling, but we did not make a test, of the hardness.

Jan 5, 1916

By A. G. Journel

Accurate prediction of recoverable reserves are key to the development and planning of a mining operation. Recovery functions for tonnage, quantity of metal, and ore grade are defined and two approaches for their estimation are proposed. The indicator kriging (IK) approach draws on the data rank orders, whereas the multigaussian (MG) approach relies on a grade multivariate distribution hypothesis. Although based on different premises, both approaches yield remarkably similar, and reasonably accurate, estimates for recoverable reserves.

Jan 1, 1986

By Yasushi Ishikawa

The fact that the degree of granulation and the state of granulated particles of sinter raw mixtures are the influential factors in ensuring coke combustibility and permeability during sintering has been clarified. Based on this knowledge, Nippon Steel developed the divided coke-addition process and the technology to utilize binder, and applied them on a commercial scale. Productivity and sinter quality are thereby greatly improved with a significant reduction in fuel consumption.

Jan 1, 1977

By John E. Gale

Seven, 15 cm diameter, cores of gneissic granite, four containing induced fractures and three containing natural fractures all oriented normal to the core axis, were tested in an uniaxial compression mode over a range of 0 to 30 MPa. At given normal stress increments, over two or three loading and unloading cycles, the flowrates and changes in fracture aperture were measured. The induced fractures gave lower initial (at low stresses) and lower final flowrates (at maximum stress) than the natural fractures. Both types of fracture exhibited permanent fracture deformation between loading cycles as well as highly nonlinear, with distinct hystersis, loading and unloading flowrate-stress curves. A significant finding of this stud is the breakdown of the cubic law for fracture flow in induced fractures subjected to normal stresses greater than 20 MPa, with the breakdown occuring at much lower stresses in natural fractures.

Jan 1, 1982

By Francis L. Vinton

THE eccentric theodolite I exhibit is one constructed by the Stack-poles of New York, from drawings, considerably modified, of Combes's theodolite. The telescope is on one side of the horizontal limb, and the vertical circle is opposite to the telescope; thus they nearly balance each other, making already the construction lighter than in the instrument of Combes, where the telescope and vertical circle are together on the same side, and are both balanced by a considerable weight. The instrument stands upon three levelling screws or feet, an improvement upon the old or general style of mounting a transit on four feet-for indeed the instrument is easier levelled, and, more-over, stands more stable on three than on four points of support. The general advantage of an eccentric theodolite is evident, namely, that it can measure any and all vertical angles, from 0 to 360, without being interfered with by the horizontal limb as is the transit; besides this advantage, it needs no preparatory adjustment or correction for eccentricity ; on the other hand, however, that correction

Jan 1, 1873

By Garry M. Hughes

Sherritt's new, 3000 tpd, copper- zinc Fox mine is situated 30 miles southwest of Lynn Lake. The copper-zinc orebody is part of a large body of massive and semi-massive sulfides consisting chiefly of pyrite; with chalcopyrite, sphalerite (containing 7-9s Fe) and pyrrhotite in varying proportions which occur within a series of volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The average sulfide content is 67%. Higher zinc zones are masses of pyrite grains cemented by sphalerite with lower than average copper content. Zones higher in copper and lower in zinc are slightly more quartzose. Gold and silver are present in small amounts roughly proportional to the copper content. Surface diamond drilling indicated an orebody containing 12,269,000 tons grading 1.74% Cu and 2.35% Zn to the 2000 ft level. Underground drilling established the tonnage at 11,- 300,000 tons containing 1.96% Cu and 2.74% Zn.

Jan 4, 1972

EUGENE MCAULIFFE, St. Louis, Mo. (written discussion*).-When we undertook the development of the Kathleen mine, near DuQuoin, certain features greatly influenced the construction and underground development. The country is very flat, so that the usual gravity yard movement of empty and loaded coal cars would entail a very heavy fill at the empty-car end of the tracks, with some form of car-pulling arrange-ment to move the loads where it was practically impossible to provide. a gravity movement. So the yard was made level, except for 1000 ft. (304 m.) under the two tipples, where the cars are moved by gravity and controlled under the main-shaft tipple by four Fairmont car retarders. Both tipples are spread sufficiently to admit of introducing a narrow-gage track and locomotive. One 18-ton locomotive is at present employed in moving empties clown to a point above the main-shaft tipple and the loads off the track scales clown into the storage yard; ultimately a 25-ton loco-motive will be employed on the loaded side of the tipple. This form of car movement and control will admit of handling empty and loaded cars

Jan 11, 1919

The Institute maintains a dual relationship with students (1) an individual relationship with a Student Associate, and (2) a relationship with local organizations of students, known as Affiliated Student Societies or Student Chapters 1 The conditions of Student Associate¬ship are set forth in Section 9, Article I, of the Bylaws of the Institute (see page 74 and following pages) During 1934, sundry amendments were made for the purpose of improving the student relationship Post-graduate students are now eligible, and associateship can be maintained, with the payment of the regular dues of $2 per year, for 18 months following graduation in June With his regular dues, each Student Associate is entitled to receive during the year his choice of MINING AND METALLURGY, METALS TECHNOLOGY, MINING TECHNOLOGY, PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY, or COAL TECHNOLOGY, and on payment of an additional fifty cents he can have both MINING AND METALLURGY and any one of the others He is accorded the privilege of getting special publications such as "The Porphyry Coppers" and "Elements of the Petroleum Industry" at the reduced prices applicable to Members, he has the privileges of the Engineering Societies Personnel Service and the Engineering Societies Library, and he is not only invited but urged to attend all meet¬ings of the Institute, its Divisions and its Local Sections The Institute wants to extend the hand of professional fellowship to students following mineral industries curricula

Jan 1, 1952

By C. Le Neve Foster

The object of this paper is to offer a few suggestions for improving the mining and mineral statistics presented by the governments of various nations on both sides of the Atlantic. At the present time one may fairly complain of' two evils—lack of uniformity in some cases and want of completeness in others. The consequence is that the statistics are either less plain than they might be, or are useless for comparisons, or fail to present a faithful picture of the state of the mining industries of a country. The principal subjects upon which information is desirable are: the amount and value of the mineral products raised and the number of the mining population. With these data it is possible to form an estimate of the importance of the mining industries of any given

Jan 1, 1894

I. N. KNAPP, Ardmore, Pa. (written discussion*).-Captain Lucas has made an important contribution to our, knowledge of Belle Isle, especially as to the outline of the sulphur deposit, and the pronounced irregularity of the salt surface. I agree with his view, that the elevation or mound that constitutes Belle Isle may consist of several salt domes formed at different periods. It may be interesting to note the high gas pressure encountered in pockets in the salt by my No. 1 Belle-Isle well. While drilling a dry hole with cable tools, we sometimes struck. pockets of gas which would float the tools, so that drilling had to be suspended sometimes for several hours at a time, until the head of gas was exhausted, and this with a string of tools, 5-in. (127 mm.) stem 36 ft. (10.9 m.) long, that weighed complete about 3500 lb. (1587 kg.). At about 1800 ft. (548 m.), we struck the largest gas pocket and the string of tools was thrown up and nearly out of the hole. When it dropped back it made several loops

Jan 1, 1918

By K. L. Woodruff

The first step in processing municipal solid waste (MSW), principally household waste, for resource recovery is usually shredding. A trommel has been investigated as a step to precede shredding. This way abrasive inorganic materials, such as stones and metals, would be removed prior to shredding, thus lowering the amount of feed and hence maintenance on the shredder. In addition, friable materials such as glass would be removed in large pieces, rather than pulverized too mall to process for recovery. The utility of a trommel for these purposes was investigated on a pilot scale using a unit 9 ft diam by 10 ft long with 4-in. square clear openings. Experimental results indicate that up to approximately half of the MSW may be removed as -4-in. material prior to shredding. The -4-in. fraction contains approximately 70% of the metals and 95% of the glass present in the MSW feed to the unit. Scale-up and cost information necessary for the design of a 60 to 70 tph unit is developed.

Jan 1, 1977

The Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo. M F Coolbaugh, President. Since 1906 the School of Mines has issued a journal, known as the Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, which carries many articles on matters of general interest as well as other articles of a technical nature There is no regular subscription price to the School of Mines publications Anyone interested in back numbers should write and find out the conditions under which individual copies may be obtained, whether a price is set on them or whether they are free Some back numbers are not now available but efforts will be made to supply copies from the files of alumni or other friends of the School Vol 23, No. 3 of the Quarterly (July, 1928) is an index of the publications complete from July, 1906 to July, 1928. A selected list of the technical articles appearing in the Quarterly is given here: Vol 3, No. 3, Rare metals. uranium and vanadium, by H. Fleck (1909), vol 3, No 4, Tungsten in Colorado, by H R Van Wagenen, vol 4, No 3, Preliminary report of the radioactivity of the carnotite of southwest Colorado, by H Fleck and W. G Haldane (1909), vol. 8, No 1 (1913), Some recent developments at Leadville, by G. M Butler, vol 8, No. 3, Physiography of

Jan 1, 1933

By Tuncel M. Yegulalp, Peter G. Zambas

In planning an underground room-and-pillar mine, the selection of the shaft or portal location and the orientation of the main haulage arteries is of paramount importance, particularly in view of the high dependence of the cost of truck haulage on the proper definition of these parameters. In an effort to facilitate this selection a computer program was written which, by relating the truck characteristics to the areal configuration of the property or ore body, derives the volume-weighted total fuel and time requirements for hauling ore from every panel within the property to a specified portal or shaft location through a predetermined gridwork of haulage drifts. By varying the size and orientation of the gridwork and the location of the portal or shaft access, an infinite number of configurations can be investigated. The results of this analysis can be plotted to indicate the optimum conditions.

Jan 1, 1974

W. G. MATTESON, Houston, Tex.-I think that Mr. Powers has given us some very valuable information on the Healdton field, which is of material interest in view of the fact that the Healdton field has passed Cushing in the point of production, and if not leading, stands second only to the new El Dorado field in the point of production of the oil-in this country. Mr. Powers says that the deepest producing sand at Healdton is 1860 ft. Within the last 3 or. 4 months they have drilled to 2700 ft. there and found a sand which is producing very high-grade oil, if I remember correctly, about 42 gravity. Another very important point brought out by Mr. Powers is the fact that the Pennsylvanian beds and the Permian beds are conformable according to his interpretation. He seems to have based his interpretation upon the gathering of a number of well logs and a very careful study of them, but it seems to me the information furnished by the, well logs is really insufficient to justify such an important conclusion. In the first place, the difficulty of interpreting the line of demarcation between the Permian "Red Beds" of Oklahoma and the top of the Pennsylvanian is apparent, for the reason that sometimes the uppermost Pennsylvanian formation has a reddish phase and the line of demarcation is not very sharp.

Jan 4, 1918