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By Franc R. Joubin, Donald H. James

"THE PROPERTY of Rexspar Uranium and Metals Mining Co. Limited is situated within 3 miles of Birch Island, British Columbia, a village on the C.N.R. main line 80 miles north of Kamloops. The claims extend up the south slope of the North Thompson River valley.Prospecting in the area dates back many years. Fluorite was reported in 1918, lead showings in 1926, and bog manganese in 1929. Diamond drilling in 1942-43 indicated more than a million tons of material containing 20 per cent fluorite and 15 per cent celestite in what is known as the 'fluorite zone'. Marketing and beneficiation difficulties have delayed further development of this deposit.Systematic checking of specimens and drill core by the B.C. Department of Mines and the Geological Survey of Canada revealed low radio-activity in the fluorite zone material. Subsequent prospecting with Geiger counters revealed zones of higher radioactivity a few hundred feet distant from the fluorite zone. The property at this stage came under the development direction of Technical Mine Consultants Limited, who undertook a program of diamond drilling. Of the several radioactive zones located, two have so far rewarded development and appear to constitute low-grade uranium orebodies. These are referred to as the ""Black Diamond"" or ""BD"", and the ""A"" zones -see section. Open-pit mining of the thick, dip-slope orebodies appears possible.General GeologyWalker (1) describes the local rocks as metamorphosed sediments cut by granodioritic intrusives and by greens tone. At the property the sequence is:GreenstoneUnconformity or intrusive contact Trachytic member -tuffs, breccia, flows. Argillite -black, thin, not always present. Schist -thin-bedded sericitic quartzite and siltstone with some calcareous layers."

Jan 1, 1949

By J. W. G. Hannon

FOLLOWING the experimental work of Denny, Robson, and Irwin, and the clinical investigation by Crombie and Blaisdell, an investigation of aluminium therapy was begun at Washington, Pa., which is situated in a very large industrial section of the State. Some of the men to be studied were from plants manufacturing silica brick, refractories used in steel and glass manufacturing, and semi-porcelain table-ware; others were workers in foundries, sand blasters, and men engaged in the quarrying of ganister rock. This group of workmen gave an opportunity to study the effects of aluminium on various types of silicosis which differed somewhat from that found in hard-rock miners. EXPOSURE In their occupations, the men studied were exposed to silica dust concentrations ranging from 17 to 97 per cent free silica. In the silica brick industries, the unfired product averages 96 per cent silica in the form of quartz, whereas the fired brick contains 50 to 62 per cent cristobalite plus 17 to 30 per cent tridymite, forms of silica that, on account of their higher solubility, are more toxic than quartz. The operational dust counts in the plants varied from 15 to 9,500 particles per c.c., and the median particle size from the aerial samples was 1.0 micron for the green product and 2.0 microns for the fired product. The length of exposure varied with the occupation as well as with the individual plant, but disabling silicosis could be produced in less than four years in certain exposures. The average time needed to produce radiological silicosis in those susceptible to this disease was eight years. Some of the men in our series of cases have been treated as long as fifteen years after exposure had ceased, and have improved under treatment.

Jan 1, 1944

By Ron Davidson

"The Utility Mine in southeast Saskatchewan is owned by Saskatchewan Power Corporation and operated by Mana/ta Coal Ltd. Up to 3.3 million tonnes of lignite is supplied annually to Saskatchewan Power's Boundary Dam Generating Station. The coal occurs in two predominant seams which are covered by up to 37 metres of saturated fine-grained overburden. Overburden is removed by two draglines working in two pits. Coal is hauled to the mine mouth power station. Comprehensive drainage and reclamation programs are integral parts of the operation. IntroductionThe Utility Mine is owned by Saskatchewan Power Corporation and operated by Manalta Coal Ltd. It is located in southeastern Saskatchewan, approximately 200 km southeast of Regina and 8.5 km southwest of Estevan (Fig. 1). The climate of the Estevan area is semi-arid with long, cool winters and short, hot summers. The mean annual precipitation is 42 cm and the mean summer temperature is 20°C; mean winter temperature is -10°C. The Utility Mine supplies coal to the adjacent Boundary Dam Generating Station. Increases in the station's generating capacity during the past decade have resulted in an extensive expansion program for the Utility Mine. This expansion program, the geological conditions present in the area, and the mining/reclamation operations will be highlighted in the following sections<1.2). History The Estevan area has a long history of coal mining. In the early years, coal was mined via entries into coal seam outcrops along the slopes of the Souris River valley. Surface strip mining was introduced in the late 1920s and progressed to the point where it totally replaced underground mining by the 1950s. Surface mining methods are currently used exclusively by all of the Estevan area operators."

Jan 1, 1985

By G. de Alva

"Industrias Peñoles S.A. de C.V. (Peñoles) is a private enterprise and is the main silver producer in Mexico. Peñoles is a Mexican Company, and since 1887 ranks as one of Mexico's main natural resources industrial groups.Peñoles Mining Group includes six operating Companies producing mainly gold, silver, lead, and zinc. All mines are underground operations, and the ore is milled in ten concentrator plants near the mine sites. Plant throughputs range from 150,000 to 810,000 tonnes per year.This paper gives a general view of the Peñoles Mining Group, their type of deposits, mining methods, and mineral processing work practices.The paper also discusses some of Peñoles work philosophies and measures being adopted to become more competitive. Due to the small size of the deposits, the mining methods used and size of the concentrator plants are somehow different to those typically seen in large deposits. This could make the paper more interesting.IntroductionIndustrias Peñoles S.A. de C.V. (Peñoles) since 1887 ranks as one of Mexico's main natural resources industrial groups; initially in the mining field and afterwards in the metallurgical, chemicals and refractories areas.Peñoles is integrated as follows: a Mining Group; an Exploration, Engineering and Construction Groups; the Metals Group; and the Chemicals Group.Peñoles is a Mexican Corporation devoted to the location, extraction, industrialization and commercialization of natural resources under its control, performed in an efficient and responsible manner for the benefit of its shareholders, employees and the communities where it operates, through blending and managing a portfolio of sound highly profitable business, offering products and services with integral quality; leaders in their respective fields or with an outstanding presence; technologically and operatively effective, with ecological consciousness and international projection, and an image of prestigious integrity."

Jan 1, 1996

By E. J. Marcotte

"INTRODUCTIONThe Upper Canada Mine is located at Dobie, approximately ten miles east of Kirkland Lake, Ontario.The mill contains Upper Canada's cyanide circuit and Upper Beaver's flotation circuit. The combined capacity is 590 tons per day consisting of 415 t.p.d. of Upper Canada gold ore and 175 t.p.d. of Upper Beaver copper-gold ore.The Upper Beaver ore is trucked five miles to the Upper Canada mine site.Crushing:The crushing circuit consists of primary, secondary and tertiary crushing employing one C .A. C. 15 in. x 24 in. Superior jaw crusher, one 4 ft. x 8 ft. Tyler-Niagara double deck screen, one 3 ft. Symons standard cone crusher and one 3 ft. Symons shorthead cone crusher.The -2 in. product from the jaw crusher is fed to the double deck screen. The+ 5/ 8 in. passes over the top deck to the 3 ft. standard cone crusher; the+ 3/ 16 in. material passes over the lower deck to the shorthead cone crusher. The - 3 / 16 in. material pas sing through the lower deck of screens is the product to the mill.The screens used prior to the installation of rubber screen cloths were: one 4 ft. x 4 ft. section with 3/ 4 in. square openings and one 4 ft. x 4 ft. section with 5/ 8 in. square openings on the top deck; two 4 ft. x 4 ft. sections with openings of 3/16 in. x 4 1/2 in. slot on the lower deck. The fine screens were positioned so that the 4 1/ 2 in. slots were parallel to the flow of feed.The crushing circuit is operated on a three shift per day basis by one operator per shift."

Jan 1, 1968

By I. Protkova

Versa Power Systems solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks operate at intermediate temperatures 700 ? 800 °C allowing the use of metallic interconnects. Thermal expansion good matching with other stack components and cost restriction led to selecting ferritic stainless steels as interconnect material. Analytical tools and techniques were developed to understand the ferritic stainless steel behavior at high temperature while exposed to dual environment. Analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) have provided valuable information towards describing interconnect degradation in a variety of testing conditions. Several examples are presented to demonstrate interconnect oxidation and its relation with SOFC testing results.

Jan 1, 2005

By C. W. Drake, J. H. Walsh

"The Canadian Carbonization Re-search Association was formed during 1965, with seven founding members representing four integrated steel companies, two coal companies and one high-temperature tar processing company. The purpose of this paper is to review the circumstances which led to the formation of this new research association and to discuss its general objectives. Also discussed will be the organization of the Association, the nature of its relationship with the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources in the early stages, and some of the technical programs which have now been initiated."

Jan 1, 1967

By R. A. Hemstock

"OIL EXPLORATION in Western Canada has produced outstanding results in the past few years. From such successes as Leduc and Redwater on the western plains, oilmen are now moving north in the ever-widening search for oil. They are reaching new frontiers and meeting new problems presented by this vast hinterland.One of the least known but most troublesome phenomena which will be encountered is permafrost. This term relates to a thickness of soil or other superficial deposit, or even of bed-rock at variable depths beneath the surface, in which a temperature below freezing has continually existed .for a long time. This permanently frozen ground affects, in many ways, oil exploration and exploitation. Seismic records are changed, pipe lines cannot easily be ditched into the ground, formation of wax is speeded-up in tubing and pipe lines, roads are difficult to build, and foundations of buildings and even of drilling 'rigs may require entirely new methods of construction.Permafrost underlies roughly one-fifth of the entire 'land surface of the world. It covers the northerly portions of Eurasia and North America. In the area that we are here concerned with, the southern boundary of permafrost extends south of east from about latitude 59°N. on the Pacific coast across the Rocky mountains, through Great Slave and Athabasca lakes, to cape Henrietta Maria, at the junction of Hudson bay and James bay (see Figure 1). Geologists generally agree that permafrost first appeared in the Pleistocene or Ice Age as the result of abnormal ground freezing."

Jan 1, 1952

By R. Bruce Graham

The formation, evolution and classification of peat bogs is discussed. Factors resulting in the internal and external morphological changes in a bog are described. The fibrous, absorptive and sterile properties of peat moss account for its widespread use in horticulture and related fields. These properties also account for its usefulness as a binder in pelletizing, as an insulating material in bat tons and in panel construction. Peat, the humijied product of peat moss is used in market gardening and sod growing. It is utilized in Europe as fuel. It is a source of activated carbon and gas. Potentially peat can be used to produce waxes, resins, tannins, cellulose, hemicellu/ ose, humic acids, lignin and hymatomelanic acid. At present other cheaper sources are available.

Jan 1, 1984

By Nordau R. Goodman

"IntroductionTHE HISTORY of Nova Scotia's gypsum industry goes back about two hundred years. The extensive deposits found in the Windsor formation, which is Lower Carboniferous, were the first discovered in North America and were known to the earliest .settlers. There has been a steady increase in production from these beds, except for minor setbacks in years of wars and depressions, but at the same time there has been a decrease in the number of operating quarries. This decrease reflects the change from the days of horse-and-cart recovery to the modern, large-scale, highly mechanized operations. In the beginning, almost any outcrop could •supply the tonnage requirements and the most •convenient were selected, but the millions of tons needed to meet present-day needs are not easily found.Despite the size and importance of the Nova Scotian deposits there has been little detailed geological work. Sir Charles Lyell, in 1843 ( 10), established that the beds are Lower Carboniferous and this was confirmed by Sir William Dawson (3) a .few years later. Both Lyell and Dawson agreed the calcium sulphate beds were an original part of a bedded series .but did not consider they resulted from a concentration of sea water. Lyell reached the conclusion that the gypsum was related to volcanic action in the form of heated vapours or hot springs. Dawson believed it was formed by the action •of sulphuric acid on calcium carbonate. The acid, derived from the oxidation •of iron pyrites which was abundant in the older formations, was carried by rivers into basins which were rich in shells."

Jan 1, 1954

By J. F. K. Brown

WHEN I first received the kind invitation extended to me by the Mining Society of Nova Scotia, I read over very carefully the suggested title-"The importance of long-distance planning and budgetting in modern methods of mining, and the advisability of working to some definite plan". I came to the conclusion that I might as well confess my inability to handle properly such a vast and intricate subject within the scope of any one paper. More properly, I think a round-table discussion should be indulged in-a sort&apos; of symposium carried on in similar fashion to the World Power and Coal Conferences- you know, a committee for this, a committee for that, and, finally, a committee to see what the committees are doing. Weil, your Secretary&apos;s suggestion is just like that- much too comprehensive for any half-hour&apos;s presentation. As a paper, also, it either becomes too general and therefore uninteresting, or i.t descends into detail and describes means and methods to the end desired, which have little attraction because they were designed to meet quite different conditions than those my audience would mentally be considering. Of the two evils facing me, I have chosen the one that sticks to the generalities. Your Secretary&apos;s query almost automatically divides itself into two distinct phases: First, the importance, and second, the advisability, of planning. Let us dwell for the moment on the second, because, if we can prove advisability, that leads to desirability and, finally, to doing. Proving is the difficult part of the little problem. Here was something I, personally and as a mining engineer, had been battling for all my corporate life without being able to prove it to anybody. Then I saw the way out of that. I perceived I could put that little question of advisability on another basis altogether-:put it in the class of "coming- some day- soon" whether you or l or anybody else liked it or not; call it, if you please, mandatory, certain, necessary, enforceable planning. All of which means that the problem of advisability has rather suddenly become the very practical one of "how to do it". Why?

Jan 1, 1937

By Alireza Golabchi

The AEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction) industry is an information intensive industry and all related processes employed during different phases of a project, including planning, designing, building, manufacturing, occupying, and maintenance, involve vast amounts of data that is used for a wide variety of purposes. Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a powerful shared knowledge resource which stores this data to support decision making about a facility through all these different phases in its life cycle. Nowadays, BIM is mostly used in the design and construction phases while it can also be highly beneficial beyond those stages. For example, in the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) phase, BIM could be used for automated facilities management or robotic inspection to provide semantic knowledge for navigation. For any implementation not related to the original intent of the BIM (design), organizations need to be able to represent their project data in a common interpretable form, which provides the possibility of an accurate exchange of data among different software products and platforms, known as interoperability. This study has investigated the current state of interoperability between software products used as Building Information Modeling tools. The main focus has been on a popularly used format for BIM models, Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), since it has been specifically developed to enable standardized data exchange. The research methodology involved a comprehensive literature review and the gathering of all fragmented prior research related to the field in order to develop a consistent understanding of the current state of knowledge. This was accompanied with a detailed case study that evaluated and compared two dominant pieces of BIM software, Revit and Bentley, and examined their interoperability strengths and weaknesses while using the IFC format.

Aug 1, 2013

By H. C. Rickaby

The Bannockburn gold area covers the four townships of Bannockburn, Argyle, Hincks, and Montrose, lying in the western part of the Matachewan district of Ontario (see Figure 1). The geology of these four town-ships was studied by H. C. Cooke of the Geological Survey, in 1917-18, and is shown in his map of the district. In the fall of 1930, a rich gold-bearing quartz vein was discovered in the northwest part of Bannockburn by B. S. Ashley. A prospecting rush followed the discovery; many claims were staked in the Bannockburn area, and, during the summer of 1931, a considerable amount of prospecting was done.

Jan 1, 1932

By Robert P. Harrison, Marie-Christine Patoinel, Kristian E. Waters

This paper describes a collaboration between McGill University and Hatch Ltd. to expose undergraduate students to real-world industrial projects. As part of the final-year design course, the students receive a detailed lecture on Scale-Up of New Technologies&apos;, including seven case studies drawn from over fifty years of full-scale industrial projects. The students are taught the basic concepts of scale-up, including the limits of pure theory and the need for empiricism. Insights from real scale-up failures and successes are fictionalized as Projects A, B, C, etc. The students are then asked to identify the guiding principles that can be distilled from these case studies.

Jan 1, 2011

Mineral engineering is defined as those engineering activities that relate to the discovery, development and utilization of mineral resources. Using petroleum engineering as an example, it is shown that the breadth of the field to be studied is a major educational problem. Breadth of field is aggravated by the rapidity with which technological demands may change. At present, special short courses serve to update engineering education. Recent experience suggests an increased rate of change for the future. The fact that engineers have typically human needs and goals, and the fact that engineers respond to these in our free society, introduces a third class of problems. One approach to the solution of these problems is the unified engineering curriculum based on a core of subject mat-ter common to all engineering. Experience suggests that the unified curriculum is an effective method to minimize the importance of the first two problem areas presented, and shows a degree of success in handling some problems within the third area. Perhaps, for the good of all segments of society, it is best to have both career-oriented and unified curricula represented by educational institutions of high quality.

Jan 1, 1963

By Philippe Henry

HYDROMETAL is using suitable technology to reintroduce lost metal units into the industrial cycle, thereby saving resources and energy while keeping the environment cleaner. Hydrometal is treating on average 60000 t per year of complex materials through a unique hydrometallurgical recycling concept. Zn, Cu, Sn, and Pb are the most important in volume, but in the last 15 years, Hydrometal has also developed a few specific recycling treatments for the minor metals including Ge, In, Co, etc. In 2010, Hydrometal commenced the recycling of RE (Rare Earths) from wastes generated by the RE refining industry in Europe and has decided to initiate new recycling projects for the RE recovery from the magnet or glass industries. Two case studies of recycling of materials in our integrated hydrometallurgical facility (Hydrométal) in Belgium are discussed: recycling of cerium from polishing sludges; and recycling of Ni- Co from cement produced in the zinc industry.

Jan 1, 2014

"Introduction The first documentary record of coal nurung on Vancouver Island was that of the Hudson Bay Company operations in the Suquash area in 1836. Between 1836 and 1862, the Hudson Bay Company mined some 65,000 tonnes from this Suquash field and the Nanaimo coal fields discovered in 1851. However, systematic mining of coal did not take place until the Hudson Bay Company holdings were sold to the Vancouver Coal Company in 1861, and a rival company under Robert Dunsmuir was established in 1869. These two interests under various organizational names and jointly as the Canadian Collieries (D) Ltd. (1928) developed and exploited the coal seams of the Nanaimo and Comox Basins from 1852 to 1966. Because of the proximity of the coal outcrops to tidewater, the coal was readily marketed to ocean-going and coastal ships for fuel. However, during the turn of the century the main market was to meet the demand of the developing cities along the west coast of Canada and the United States for residential and commercial heating. Island-based copper smelters and brick factories, and the coming of the railroads motivated by steam engines increased the demand. This economic success of the industry continued until 1922 when a peak production of over 1,750,000 tonnes was reached. Following 1922 labour unrest in the industry, which affected the certainty of supply, and the availability of alternatives in the form of California petroleum and mainland coal combined to cause a rapid and steady decline in the demand for Island coal. In spite of post-and pre-wartime prosperities the trend could not be reversed. Serious coal mining phased out in the Nanaimo area in 1939 and in the Comox area in 1967. puring the 114 years in which the industry flourished over 75 million tonnes of coal were mined from more than 30 mines and a minimum of ten new mining communities were established on Vancouver Island."

Jan 1, 1985

By C. Yanqui

"Discontinuum Mechanics is based on two foundations: the idealization of the internal structure of substances, and the principle of the arithmetic mean value. For a linear discontinuum, the methods of Crystallography are used to describe their structure, in which nodes stands for the position of the homologous points such as molecules, grains, or any other motif. The principle of the mean value states that the value of any discrete function at a node is equal to the arithmetic average of the values of this function at the neighboring nodes. This principle leads to an elliptical linear differential equation of the second order, with coefficients given by the statistical second moments of the Cartesian components of the metric vector. As long as those coefficients are components of a symmetric second-order tensor, there are three mutually perpendicular directions, in which the variances reach their extreme values and the covariances are zero, showing that the mean value principle transforms the discontinuum into a statistically equivalent orthotropic continuum.The application of Discontinuum Mechanics to linear rock masses is simple and direct. It is sufficient to define the motif as the plane of geological discontinuity, and the metric vector as the normal vector to this plane, whose magnitude is the spacing between two consecutive planes belonging to the same set of discontinuities. Furthermore, heterogeneities of rock masses can be also included in this description by substituting the plane of discontinuity by a zone of weakness. In this way, the magnitude of the normal vector results from the product of the spacing and the RQD or the RMR. In going further in this theory, at least three conclusions show up. First, in the evaluation of rock masses, it is necessary to determine the orientation, spacing, and RMR for each set of discontinuities. Second, the conventional method of finding the principal families from the contours of equal concentration of poles on the stereographic projection excluding the spacing does not have any physical meaning. Third, any problem of rock mechanics can be solved in a rigorous and reliable way by integrating the differential equation of the mean value."

Jan 1, 2015

By A. Todd Davis

"Introduction“CAN YQUR Company afford not to train?"" This question was asked by Jack Taylor in the Factory Management Magazine for June, 1950. Mr. Taylor went on to say, ""No, it can't; no Company can"". It's true that many training programmes have not done the job they were designed to do because of a number of factors such as parts of management resenting training, management failing to understand the abstract values of training, and management giving impossible assignments or picking the wrong trainers. However, Mr. Taylor summarizes his article by saying that a properly-designed and •conducted training programme brings a company or a corporation to the point where the question is: ""Can my Company afford not to train?""About two years ago, in July, 1952, Nevada Mines Division of the Kennecott Copper Corporation embarked on a training programme, the same type of programme that had been inaugurated earlier at the •Utah Copper Division at Bingham, Magna, and Garfield, Utah. President Charles Cox of Kennecott, in •a speech made •before the Utah Bankers Association in June of 1951, stated that, ""I think that our programme of employee training is one of the most important phases of our entire operation"". That statement might be said to be one of the guiding principles of training at Nevada Mines Division. Training is supported by top managements and down the line to Division managements. As the years go by, the Company expects to receive many benefits from training."

Jan 1, 1954

By PAULL. BROUGHTON

Commercial deposits of sodium sulphate are harvested from alkaline lakes that are widespread throughout semi-arid southern Saskatchewan and adjacent southeastern A lberta. Concentration of sodium sulphate occurs in undrained basins under semi-arid conditions. Precipitation runoff from land adjacen1 to 1hese basins leaches 1he mineral from the soils and carries it in solu1ion 10 the basins. The process may be largely subsurface, wherein spring seeps feed basins associated with buried (preg/acial) river valleys. Evapora1ion during summer concentrates salts in the brines, and chilling of water below sa/Uration poin1 during win1er resu//s in deposi1ion of sodium sulpha1e (mirabili1e) crystals on lake bo//oms. Sodium su/pha1e, commercially known as sa/1 cake, ranks second only 10 po1ash in cen1ral-wes1ern Canada's nonme1allic mineral production. // is recovered from su,face brines, directly from intermittenl salt beds, and, until recently, by solution mining of shallow subswface deposits. Sodium sulphate is extrac1ed from seven alkaline lakes and sail f/a1s in Saska1chewan and one in Alberta. Annual produc1ion is approxima1e/y a halfmillion tonnes. Manufacture of kraft paper is the mos1 significanl marke1 for salt cake, but addi1ional quantifies are used in the glass and detergent manufac1uring indus1ries.

Jan 1, 1984