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By Baafi E. Y

A heuristic approach for the optimisation of the stope geometry is presented. The heuristic method uses economic model of a given deposit to search for the best combination of mining blocks that results in the maximum profit while imposing geo

Jan 1, 1998

Mineral sands are different to almost any other commodity; however, it shares similarities with other commodity types, such as the importance of quality constraints of iron ore and coal or the importance of physical properties of diamonds. The mineral sands industry consists of two principal product streams; titanium dioxide minerals û in the form of rutile, ilmenite and leucoxene, and zircon. The principal valuable heavy minerals (VHM) include ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile and zircon. Variations of other titanium minerals occur between the end members of ilmenite and rutile, including pseudo rutile and anatase. Most mineral sands deposits are found in unconsolidated fossil shorelines several hundreds of metres to tens of kilometres and occasionally hundreds of kilometres inland from the present coastline. Mineral sands orebodies essentially fall into two categories based on the mode of deposition: alluvial or aeolian. Alluvial deposits are further split into marine beach placers (or strandlines) and lacustrine heavy mineral (HM) accumulations. Exploration for mineral sands involves the positive identification of key criteria leading to the focus of exploratory surface sampling, augering and drilling. Assaying is primarily focused around determining the percentage of HM contained within a given sample. Other results of interest include clay fines, sand and oversize. Metallurgical/mineralogical assessment is often undertaken via laboratory scale bench tests that replicate the wet concentration and dry mill processing routes. The most critical component in resource assessment for mineral sands is about quantifying HM grade, then mineralogical assemblage and then quality of those mineral species. This will determine whether a mineral sand final product is marketable or not. Mining of mineral sands is conducted either wet or dry. Wet methods are generally preferred for large tonnage, unconsolidated and low clay orebodies. Where ground conditions are hard and orebodies are small, high grade and discontinuous, dry mining techniques are generally employed. Concentration of mineral sands from the primary ore is carried out in two sections; wet, utilising sizing and gravity differentiation between HM, VHM, clay and quartz, and dry, exploiting the magnetic, electrostatic and to a lesser extent specific gravity (SG) properties of the minerals of interest. Mineral sands exploration, mining and processing faces the same operating challenges as the rest of the resource sector. Added to this are the issues that are unique to mineral sands and to which the industry devotes considerable resources to developing solutions.

Jan 1, 2009

By Paine GG

The Kidston Gold Mine commenced mining in 1984 and current annual production is 12 million tonnes, increasing in 1990 to 18 million tonnes. Mill throughout per year is 4 million tonnes with the balance of material being waste. The operation is a conventional hard rock open pit truck and shovel operation mining 12 metre benches. Buffer blasting is utilized to minimize post blast movement of the broken rock to maintain grade control.

Jan 1, 1988

Data logged on mineral beneficiation processes during normal operation are analysed using time series (correlation and spectral) methods to identify the dynamics of the processes for on-line computer control. Recursive least squares estimation techniques are used to identify parametric models for a cassiterite flotation circuit and a coal washery. Identification problems such as the determination of model order, process time delays and the 'contamination' of the data by process recycle streams (feedback) are discussed. Typical results are presented in which optimised models are identified from data logged during normal operation.

Jan 1, 1985

The mining industry provides employment opportunities for individuals from a wide variety of disciplines. Solid Energy New Zealand Limited (Solid Energy) is New ZealandÆs largest coal mining company and the career opportunities for school leaver trainees and university graduates are numerous. Solid Energy also provides fixed term opportunities for consultants and contracting companies, who complement the wealth of knowledge already within the company.   Focussing on Stockton Mine and my involvement there as an Engineering Geologist, this paper looks at Stockton Mine and the Stockton Water Management Project and outlines the career paths of other young professionals also working at Stockton.

Jan 1, 2007

This paper describes a case history of using an integrated geochemical and hydrogeological approach to predicting solute transport from gold mine tailings in highly fractured volcanic terrain. Two modes of transport are identified, namely discrete fissure flow and diffuse seepage through the intervening weathered rock. A simple mass balance approach is used to predict concentrations at points of emergence because most of the seepage migration will be by way of the discrete fissures where advective transport will predominate. The mass balance method has been modified to allow for natural degradation of weak acid dissociable cyanide. The long term effects of diffuse seepage are also examined.

Jan 1, 1988

By Ward C. W

Conventional polygonal and block modelling techniques inadequately represent the grade-thickness distribution of some narrow shear and stratabound gold deposits. The polygonal influence of high-grade drill intercepts can result in overestimates of resource tonnages at high-grade cut-offs. Although block modelling methods provide grade smoothing and a better representation of structural continuity, the technique can lack precise definition of ore width. An alternative method known as Spatial Object Modelling (SOM) has been developed on MineMap software to overcome some of these modelling issues. This method does not rely on a uniform cell size and allows grade smoothing between resource intercepts in three-dimensional space. The SOM technique creates grade-thickness bars on regular, user-defined spacings which allow easy visual comparison of raw intercept data to the interpolated model. Model cell values are readily transformed into isopachs, isopleths and resource perimeters for reporting and mine planning purposes.

Jan 1, 1997

By Irving R. C

THE objective of the iron smelter is naturally the production of high quality iron at the lowest practicable cost. To enable this, large tonnages are put through the blast furnace, and, at the same time, the quality of the iron must be under definite control.The modern blast furnace enables these objectives to be attained. The description whieh follows sets out the general details of construction of such furnaces, and the operation at thc Broken Hill Proprietary Company's blast furnaces at Newcastle, New South Wales.The occurence of iron in many forms is so well known as to need no description. Modern civilisation may be said to be built on a foundation of iron, and, today, the production of iron and steel has beeome one of the world's industries.A short historical introduction will serve to show the evolution of the processes and apparatus since iron production assumed importance.There is no definite date fixed as to when iron was first made, or by what means it was first discovered. Perhaps prehistoric man threw iron bearing stone on to his fire, and these became reduced, Ieaving a soft metal behind, or more probably the first iron was of meteoric origin.There is evidence, however, to prove that it has been known for a period of 6000 years. Iron has been found in the Pyramids and its use was known to the early Eqyptians and later to the Hebrews, Assyrians, Greeks and Chinese. Following the Greeks, the Romans excelled in its extraction and uses in the manufacture of their instruments of war, and to this fact can largely be attributed the success of their many wars of conquest. As the Romans overran the rest of the then known world they carried the art with...

Jan 1, 1930

The late 1960's and 1970's saw the initial development of the coal resources of the Bowen Basin of Queensland. The projects developed relied on large scale, open-cut operations using draglines for overburden removal and, in the majority of cases, project viability could be established based solely on those open-cut operations. Many of the mines developed in the 1980's have the same characteristics.Unlike these mines, the German Creek Mine has limited open-cut reserves at low overburden to coal ratios, and planning of the complex involved a large open-cut mine capable of developing early cash flow, with phased introduction of underground mining to replace open-cut capacity as the strip ratio increased.

Jan 1, 1985

Newmont Waihi Gold operates the Martha Mine open pit at Waihi, New Zealand and is developing the Favona Underground Project two kilometres to the east. The Company is exploring the Waihi district under eight exploration permits totalling 6300 hectares.   Martha Mine is scheduled to close in late-2006. The Company has instigated and funded a significant programme of community consultation to mitigate the effects of mine closure on the community and enhance effective participation in the selection and provision of appropriate community facilities post mining.   This paper provides an overview of current issues and future developments.

Jan 1, 2004

By J Rutter, D La Rosa, P Walters, M Scott, L Keeney

Bulk ore sorting technologies, whether surfaced based or penetrative, have seen an increased uptake by the mining industry for preconcentration application. As with all technologies, going through the technology validation process is key to de-risking the operationalisation of the technologies and to demonstrate and confirm predicted value propositions. The ability to laboratory calibrate cross-belt bulk sensors is standard practise for sensor vendors, however transitioning the technology from laboratory to real-world application is a non-trivial process. The industry has taken two main approaches to trialling and validating bulk sensing technologies in operational environments, namely:  Construct an off-line pilot facility at scale, or  Install bulk sensing systems on production conveyors Each of these two approaches have significant advantages and disadvantages and require different experimental design programs and analysis methodologies. Consideration of material movement, heterogeneity degradation, logistical requirements, and financial investment all factor into which approach is most suitable for an evaluation scenario. CRC ORE in partnership with mining companies, have conducted several bulk sensor pilot trials utilising different sensor technologies employing each of the two main approaches outlined above. This paper describes the challenges faced, learnings obtained and outlines a position on how to transition bulk sensing technologies from the laboratory into the operating environment. The case studies presented cover a range of commodity types in both open pit and underground operations.

Nov 10, 2020

This paper details successful implementation of a revolutionary pit access system involving excavation of an 'in-the-wall' ramp at Three Mile Hill open pit operated by Gold Mines of Coolgardie, formerly Goldfan Limited, at Coolgardie, Western Australia. Three Mile Hill is a medium-size, open pit, gold operation typified by hard, competent, fresh rock conditions from near surface. The project involved construction of a haulage tunnel or decline access located in the wall of an open pit in place of a conventional pit access ramp. Works undertaken as discussed herein included excavation, support, ventilation, dewatering, services installation, commissioning and monitoring. Prior to implementation, the conventional hardrock pit slopes and designs were constrained by the presence of infrastructure and a main road to the North and by adjoining leases to the Southeast. The combination of these factors and economic considerations resulted in a decision to proceed with an innovative in-the-wall ramp access system that is believed to be the first of its type in Australia. Back-analysis indicates that implementation resulted in a cost saving of as much as A$3.6 million and increased mineable pit reserves. The paper deals with the successful implementation and operation of the in-the-wall ramp haulage as well as an economic evaluation that is aimed at drawing some general conclusions on favourable conditions for implementation in other mining scenarios.

Jan 1, 1996

The Devonian Mount Morgan gold-copper deposit was situated on the western margin of the Calliope Volcanic Are assemblage, in the northern New England Orogen. Recorded production from commencement of mining in 1882 to mine closure in 1989 stand

Jan 1, 1994

The theory of declining optimimum cut-off grades is more than 25 years old, but for a number of reasons it is still not widely used in industry. A lack of faith in the veracity of estimated grades is not in itself a reason to abandon any attempt to optimise cut-off grades. The use of declining cut-off grades has been thought to cause high-grading, but in fact this is only true if an artificially high discount rate is used in the calculations. Perfect application of an optimum cut-off grade should ensure that only ore generating more than a minimum net return is mined, and that as much as possible of the ore capable of generating that return is mined. Therefore differing mining costs in different parts of some underground mines necessitate local modifications to cut-off grade. Optimisation of cut-off grade is of necessity an iterative process. Integration of that process into a feasibility study need not be excessively time-consuming. A number of approximations can be made to speed the optimisation (any attempt to achieve a high level of accuracy is probably doomed to failure by a lack of precise cost and price projections). A procedure is outlined for optimising cut-off grade during planning of a typical underground mine.

Jan 1, 1991

By Kuganathan V

The processing of black coal in Australia segregates waste in the form of coarse reject and fine tailings. The coarse reject is relatively easy to handle, while the tailings can be problematic. Conventionally, the two waste materials are disposed of separately, the coarse reject in dumps, and the tailings in man-made containments. Aqueous tailings slurry is pumped to a 'wet' tailings storage, where the fine particle size of the tailings limits dewatering. Their low bearing capacity and high compressibility result in tailings deposits being difficult to rehabilitate. Disposing of the waste streams separately moves away from the heterogeneous mixture in the undisturbed ground, and concentrates potential problems with each waste stream. The feasibility and desirability of the co-disposal of tailings and coarse reject by combined pumping is demonstrated. This technique is in operation at Jeebropilly Mine and is proposed for a number of other coal mines.

Jan 1, 1992

The last 40 years has seen a dramatic reduction in the prevalence of pneumoconiosis through improved mining engineering associated with continuing medical surveillance of those at risk. Presently the dust particle count standard is being correlated with gravimetric dust standards. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema are also coal mining related diseases. Methane is the commonest of a number of coal mine gases. Oxygen deficiency symptoms may result from high gas content of mine air. The explosive nature of methane-air mixtures is well known. Mine gases will always present a potential threat to safety.

Jan 1, 1983

The Golden Cross mine is situated in a sensitive environmental setting on the North Island of New Zealand, about 150 kilometres south-east of Auckland and about 8 kilometres NW of Waihi. The mine is situated in dipping topography, with volcanic ashes making up soils, fault zones running through the area, and rainfall of about 3m per year on average. Water management is the most demanding environmental challenge on site, and a comprehensive programme has been put in place to address tailings deposition, long term tailings storage, and water treatment during and after operations.

Jan 1, 1995

By Cripps-Clark CJ

Sulphur partition between metal and slag has been examined on a cast-by-cast basis for BTIP furnaces. Partition values. were calculated from thermodynamic equilibrium data together with oxygen activities computed from the manganese partition. The S-C interaction coefficient, esc , was treated as an adjust- able parameter and the agreement between calculated and measured S partition values optimized. In the case of furnaces operating with low viscosity slags this procedure led to estimates of esc in close agreement with previously measured values. The same analysis applied to daily average data for several Kawasaki Steel furnaces led to the same esti- mates of e c s , indicating a similar approach to equilibrium. Silicon partition between metal and slag has been examined on a time average basis and found to be far removed from thermodynamic equilibrium for most Australian furnaces. A study of Japanese furnaces of comparable size reveals a temperature dependence of Si parti- tion which appears to be close to equilibrium. Australian furnaces approach this behaviour only when operating with low viscosity slags. A preliminary examination of the effects of burdening with TiO 2 on the silicon partition is also reported.

Jan 1, 1980

The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly the problems encountered in designing and sinking No 7 shaft, and to present the methods employed in the operation.The illustrations accompanying the paper show the details of the construction of the equipment used in completing No 7 shaft, consequently the descriptions appearing in the text are brief outlines only. Mineral leases Nos 7 and 8, held by the Broken Hill South Limited, comprise an area of 69.5 acres. The length of the holding is approximately 2500 ft.The western orebodies, which are the main producing masses, enter the property at the northern bonndary. Generally, the dip of the orebody is to the west, and the pitch to the south, but local variations occur and even a reversal of pitch has been noticed. The angle of dip is approximately 70 degrees and the angle of pitch 45 degrees.

Jan 1, 1932

By Greenhalgh L. P H

The opportunities offered by an increasingly volatile world invite the international consultant or engineering services contractor to broaden attitudes, diversify interests, expand capabilities, retain and develop specialist skills and base judgements upon sound principles and solid experience. The wide-ranging scope of this review reflects such a change but the topics of discussion are not intended to be exhaustive or to detract from many other current developments.The subject of environmental protection, effluent control and pollution prevention is a primary consideration in the application of many mineral processing technologies but is not covered here. There is an array of developments relating to noxious gas emissions and toxic wastes and the paramount importance of this matter justifies comprehensive conferences dedicated solely to the application of suitable measures. This review concentrates therefore on the main stream processing techniques for the primary recovery of values.

Jan 1, 1993