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By P Navarra, R Kuhne

Dynamic simulation (discrete event simulation) is the preferred methodology to evaluate the impact of dynamic aspects of processing plants on the overall plant capacity. This tool can be used to: identify bottlenecks in the plant,justify upgrade and expansion projects by evaluating their impact, oroptimise maintenance and operating practices without disrupting the operation. Iron Ore Company of Canada's (IOC) pelletising plant is a complex operation because of multiple products, varying equipment capacity and shifting bottlenecks. Furthermore, with extensive capital requirements for projects and long lead times, a high level of confidence in project outcome is required. Therefore, a model of IOC's pelletising plant in Labrador City was constructed in 2007 by a joint IOC and Hatch team. The model includes both operational and metallurgical aspects in order to better capture the complexity of IOC operation. In this paper, the justification, boundaries, and functionality of the model are described. A comparison of simulation results to historical plant operation is given. It is observed that projects have interactions and that the benefits of combined projects are not equal to the combined benefits of the individual projects. Projects can have synergies that result in greater benefits when combined or can have overlapping benefits that result in lower benefits when combined. The power of the proposed modeling exercise lies in the ability to assess the impact of projects on overall performance.

Jan 1, 2009

By Mine F. J, Woods P. H

The Top End of the Northern Territory lies in the monsoonal zone and receives rain during the November-April period. Initially, at the start of the wet season, rain storms are localised, but, following the descent of the monsoonal trough from below the equator, widespread rain occurs. Overflow incidents at mine sites tend to arise midway through the annual wet season when excess water accumulated in ponds begins to discharge to the external environment. Remote-access monitoring may be undertaken at mine sites using equipment to continuously measure water quality parameters with storage of the information on a data logger. The data is then retrieved by visiting the site and transferring it to a portable computer or by remotely accessing the system using a telemetry system and transmission via telephone, VHF/UHF or satellite. Such systems are readily available and vary in cost depending on the sophistication of the data transfer system. Available sensors for continuous monitoring include those for conductivity, temperature, pH and other ion selective electrodes, eg nitrate, and water level. Of these variables, conductivity is most useful due to its inherent accuracy and stability of reading. Remote monitoring capability is able to provide: (i) more intensive monitoring of key issues; (ii) more timely information; (iii) correct perspective on the degree of environmental problem; and (iv) information from remote locations, which would be difficult to monitor by more conventional methods. Examples are given for applications of continuously logged measurement of conductivity of waters discharging to drains and in creeks at Pine Creek, Ranger, Nabarlek and Woodcutters mines in the Northern Territory. These applications demonstrate the timeliness of the continuous monitoring technique.

Jan 1, 1994

By K Smith

This paper presents an assessment of the Robertson (2010a) method within the CPTu inversion parameter framework of Been et al. (1987), using CPTu calibration chamber data presented by Jefferies and Been (2015) and in other literature to assess the validity of the method, with particular focus on applicability of the method to TSFs (i.e. its applicability to loose silts and silty sands). The assessment demonstrates that although the method estimates values of k consistent with calibration chamber data, the method estimates values of m that are generally 1.5 to 2 times greater than calibration chamber data. As a result of this, the method generally overestimates Ψ for values of Ψ less than 0, and underestimates Ψ for values of Ψ greater than 0. This may result in both overly conservative assessment of materials as potentially liquefiable and unconservative predictions of material behaviour for loose materials.

Jul 1, 2021

By R Sinclair, D Landwehr, I Hunter

"The Syama Gold Mine, located in southern Mali, was established in 1990 by Broken Hill Propriety Limited (BHP). The operation began treating oxide, and in 1994 it transitioned to processing hard and refractory ore based on ‘whole-of-ore’ roasting. In 1996, BHP was succeeded by Randgold Resources and the operation ran until 2001, when it was placed into care and maintenance.The Syama ore is classified as a double refractory ore with pyrite occluding the fine grained gold present in the ore and high levels of organic carbon presenting a challenge in terms of preg-robbing behaviour. The ore is extremely competent and this combination of metallurgical features was the main source of metallurgical problems encountered by the previous owners.Resolute Mining Limited (RML) acquired the Syama project in 2004. Following a feasibility study and the development of a revised processing flow sheet the plant was recommissioned in 2008 using a combination of old and new equipment. The revised flow sheet enabled primary sulfide ore to be treated by flotation and roasting of the concentrate to produce a calcine suitable for conventional carbon-in-leach (CIL) processing.Commissioning and ramp up of the plant was a troubled process, with monthly gold production being as low as 3000 oz in 2010. Poor availability of equipment and lower-than-forecast recoveries were the primary contributors.During the last five years, RML has utilised a systematic approach to improve production, focusing on mechanical reliability, metallurgical recovery and process bottlenecks. Modifications to the circuit have been as a result of both innovation and the application of technological improvements. Improvements have been made to the flotation, roasting and CIL circuits and RML has introduced a deslime circuit to treat flotation concentrate, in addition to the very successful commissioning of a new 1 Mt/a oxide circuit in December 2014. These changes have resulted in gold production increasing to more than 20 000 oz per month in 2015.This paper presents the processes, change implementation and outcomes of the modifications made to the sulfide circuit to address the availability and recovery problems.Apart from the expansion of an existing, world-class deposit and discovery of new resources, future improvements on the path to a class-leading gold mine include the continued reduction of the unit cash cost, increase in overall sulfide circuit gold recovery, increased throughput through continued innovation and consistency in the plant’s operation.Citation:Sinclair, R, Hunter, I and Landwehr, D, 2016. Syama Gold Mine - the Journey towards a Class-leading Gold Mine, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2016, pp 213–224 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Oct 10, 2016

By A Gustafson, D Johansson, K Jonsson

The underground mining process, from in situ characteristics of the unmined rock mass to the final mill product with fully liberated minerals, consists of a chain of unit operations. Some of them influence fragmentation while fragmentation impacts others. From a production point of view, fragmentation is a key parameter for the proper functioning of many unit operations and affects total production; it influences the ability to load, haul and crush the rock later in the process. Fragmentation varies because of rock mass strength, the presence of joints, the chosen explosive, specific charge (kg/m3) and quality of drill holes. The efficiency and result of unit operations such as drilling, blasting, loading and crushing depend on the rock properties, which vary throughout a mine. Generally speaking, operations are not well adapted to the actual rock properties, leading to a non-optimised flow in production. This paper presents the initial part of a project that will build knowledge on the impact of fragmentation on each step of the production chain in an underground mine. It identifies the key parameters of fragmentation, which influence the overall energy consumption and productivity in a mining operation through interviews, mine visits and a literature review. In the subsequent stages of the project, a number of field tests in the case study mine will address important segments of the production process where fragmentation is a major obstacle to improvements. Optimising the entire process, rather than isolated unit operations, will lead to increased productivity, decreased amount of interruptions and lower energy consumption.CITATION:Gustafson, A, Jonsson, K, Johansson, D and Schunnesson, H, 2016. From face to surface – a fragmentation study, in Proceedings Seventh International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining (MassMin 2016), pp 555–562 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2016

By D Kilkenny

Underground contractors in the mining industry must be prepared to take a position at the forefront of innovation of equipment and work methods in order to maintain a competitive advantage over in-house operations and remain relevant. Innovative concepts such as split-feed development jumbos, high capacity trucks and loader guidance systems were implemented by contractors to stay ahead of ‘the pack’. All of these are now common across the industry.The demands of regular participation in competitive tendering coupled with aggressive fleet depreciation, means contractors tend to have more communication and opportunities to work with equipment suppliers than mine owners. Therefore, they are more likely to influence equipment design and product directions. They also have a unique opportunity to assist in trialling new concepts and technologies across a wide variety of operating conditions rather than being restricted to one mine.In addition, as a ‘guest’ on a mine site, mining contractors do not have the luxury of creating the environment for their preferred systems, rather they must have the capacity to adapt their technology to suit the offered environment at a particular mine. This leads to a pursuit of adaptive technologies that can be implemented selectively and seamlessly without excessive disturbance rather than ‘all-of-mine’ systems. These incremental innovations then become available for use across the mining industry where they can add value as ‘bolt-on systems’ to existing operations.Mining contractors, therefore, act as the bellwether for industry practices and equipment. However, in order to maintain their position they must engage industry stakeholders to deliver practical, innovative and cost-effective technologies that add value and result in an improved bottom line for all. This paper uses case study material to illustrate how the Byrnecut Group has approached innovation and how the theory of Disruptive Technology applies to underground mining innovation.CITATION:Kilkenny, D, 2017. Innovation in mining – a contractor’s role, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 59–68 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By D R. Seaman, B Adamson, F Burns, B A. Seaman, P Manton

The Telfer concentrator, located in the Great Sandy Desert of Western Australia, consists of a dual train gold/copper operation processing ore from one underground and, currently, two open pit mines with differing mineralogy. The flotation circuit of each train was designed to operate in several modes depending on the feed mineralogy. The majority of ore mined at Telfer is processed in a sequential mode where copper minerals are first floated into a saleable copper concentrate followed by the flotation of an auriferous pyrite concentrate which is treated in an on-site hydrometallurgical plant (carbon-in-leach (CIL)). Gold is recovered as a gravity product within the primary grinding circuit, to the copper concentrate, and to a lesser extent, the CIL circuit.Since Telfer was re-opened, with a new concentrator, in 2004, the processing plant has struggled with poor copper concentrate grades, partially due to the excessive entrainment of non-sulfide gangue minerals in the copper flotation circuit and, more recently, due to composite copper particles produced when processing ore from a supplementary satellite pit that has not previously been processed through the new Telfer concentrator. Gold recoveries in the CIL circuit have also been below industry standard. This paper presents the implementation of recent changes made to the circuit to address these performance issues. The reconfiguration of the circuit has involved the installation of the following major equipment items: two ISAMillsÖ in ultra-fine grinding applications (one in the copper circuit and one in the pyrite circuit), two Jameson Cells to improve fine gangue rejection and a bank of 5 + Outotec TC30s to recovery copper and gold from the reground pyrite stream. The equipment was purchased direct from vendors and an engineering firm contracted to design and install the multi-vendor reconfiguration upgrade.CITATION:Seaman, D R, Burns, F, Adamson, B, Seaman, B A and Manton, P, 2012. Telfer processing plant upgrade - The implementation of additional cleaning capacity and the regrinding of copper and pyrite concentrates, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference, pp 373-382 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012

Confirmation that acid drainage (AD) was a significant environmental issue for the Australian minerals industry came in 1992 with the first national workshop on the topic. Subsequently the extent of AD was documented in a national survey published in 1997. The recommendations arising out of that survey served as a platform for actions by government, industry and industry-support organisations such as the Australian Centre for Mining Environmental Research (ACMER) to enable more effective prevention and management of AD. This paper briefly documents the extent of AD in the industry, the government regulations and guidelines for AD management, industry initiatives, the role of ACMER and other organisations in assisting industry through research and technology transfer, and the efforts being made to deal with AD at derelict mines. Future management of AD in the industry will be assisted by the linkage of Australia (through ACMER) into the International Network for Acid Prevention (INAP) which is facilitating the interchange of knowledge on AD as well as coordinating global research on the topic.

Jan 1, 2003

By P S. Heithersay, M McGeough

The discovery of Olympic Dam in 1975 and, more recently, Prominent Hill in 2001 and Carrapateena in 2005 demonstrates the potential for world-class IOCG deposits in South Australia. Potential for further discovery of large IOCG mineral deposits in the Gawler Craton and the Curnamona Province is high because of continental-scale pervasive iron-rich alteration, crustal-scale structural preparation and unique magmatic-hydrothermal conditions. Recent exploration successes point to the effectiveness of new exploration tools and technologies to locate this style of mineralisation under cover. The gold endowment of these orebodies located in South Australia exceeds 75 Moz, with further discoveries to come. The lead time between discovery and development of the multi-million ounce Prominent Hill copper-gold mine in less than seven years demonstrates how quickly this style of deposit can be brought into production in South Australia. Clearly these long-life, multi- commodity IOCG deposits mines are an immediate exploration and future growth opportunity for the gold mining industry to replace ever depleting gold inventories.

Jan 1, 2007

By T Schrimpf, I Bryan

The life cycle of a mining project begins with initial regional exploration and ends with mine closure and rehabilitation. Between resource definition and the commencement of mine construction is the study phase. In this phase technical concepts and processes are defined, evaluated and assessed with the aim of establishing whether the deposit is economically feasible. The study phase usually involves various steps from a concept/scoping study to prefeasibility and ultimately definitive feasibility study. The complete study phase can take several years. Although the costs for studies are low in comparison to actual construction and operating costs of a mining project, they are significant especially for junior exploration and mining companies advancing projects to the point of being funded.The studies aim to determine selected parameters for the project, eg mining and processing methods, operating strategy, etc and provide a roadmap for project development ahead. Although mining studies are of the utmost importance for the mining project and the project owner, they are usually carried out using a conventional engineering approach: the consultant or design engineer works to a defined scope of work. The resulting design might be based on good engineering, but might often also fail to provide the solution for the project owner that delivers the best shareholder value. An alternative to this more traditional approach to project evaluation is what we have termed a value engineering approach. Value engineering is a creative, organised effort, which in the case of a mining study analyses the requirements of the study for the purpose of achieving the essential outcomes with the highest shareholder value. The outcome of a study is a concept that delivers the highest achievable value of the resource project and shows the way ahead to realise this value. Through a group investigation by experienced, multi-disciplinary teams the value of the resource is improved through the study of alternative options, methods and processes. The scope of the study is not limited to a narrowly defined engineering scope, but to the creation of value.The study commences with the identification of key value drivers and risks, based on the available information (drill data, geotechnical data, metallurgical test work, etc). This enables the quantification of key uncertainties, risks and value adding opportunities. Study efforts concentrate on key value drivers and are not unnecessarily spent on side issues. This approach can significantly reduce the time frame and costs for the study phase.This paper describes in more detail RMDSTEMÆs value engineering approach to mining studies and illustrates it with examples and case studies.CITATION:Schrimpf, T and Bryan, I, 2012. The application of value engineering principles to mining studies, in Proceedings Project Evaluation 2012 , pp 163-170 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 24, 2012

By C Woodall, G Jardine

The Henty Gold Mine, located in Western Tasmania uses innovative solutions to effectively manage a mining operation in an environmentally sensitive setting and has been presented with several environmental awards. Fill is required as part of the mining method to provide passive ground support, minimise rock exposure and ensure maximum recovery of the small but high-grade orebody. The use of the whole portion of leach residue in the backfill reduces the surface tailing disposal requirements. Therefore, High Density Paste Fill (HDPF) has been selected as the most appropriate fill method to meet these objectives. Additional benefits include the minimisation of excess water from fill and the subsequent need for the collection and treatment of water and slimes. There are minimal equipment requirements during placement, thereby optimising mine resources for production. This paper covers the development of a suitable paste fill system to meet the specific needs of the Henty Gold Mine and the successful commissioning of this system for the first time in Australia.

Jan 1, 1998

By N J. Beukes, S T. Netshio, M O. de Kock

The Thabazimbi iron ore deposit comprises a series of stratabound orebodies, on average 18 - 25 m thick that are aligned along the faulted basal contact between the Penge Iron Formation and dolostones of the Malmani Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup. Field geological relationships and petrographic observations suggest that the formation of high-grade iron ores took place after contact metamorphism related to the intrusion of the Bushveld Complex (2.06 Ga) but before the deposition of red beds of the Waterberg Group at ca 1.9 Ga. Hard, high-grade iron ores are predominantly composed of martite and microplaty hematite. Goethite is restricted to supergene-modified ores close to the Late Cretaceous û Early Cenozoic Old African land surface. At depth, the high-grade hematite ores interfinger with low-grade dolomite-hematite and calcite-hematite ores. Iron oxides (martite, microplaty hematite) present in these low-grade ores are texturally indistinguishable from those in the associated high-grade ores, ie ore formation is genetically associated with carbonate metasomatism. Microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions in sparitic carbonates and rare megaquartz reveal their hydrothermal origin. Two compositionally distinct aqueous fluids of shallow crustal origin are identified, namely a Ca-Na-rich high-salinity brine (26 wt per cent NaClequivalent, TH ~160¦C), and an aqueous Mg-K-bearing fluid of intermediate salinity (8.3 - 12.6 wt per cent NaClequivalent, TH~120 - 150¦C). The results confirm that high-grade hematite orebodies at the Thabazimbi deposit owe their origin to an event of extensive oxidative carbonate metasomatism (calcification), similar to that recognised at other important high-grade iron ore deposits in the world. Hydrothermal ore formation is both structurally and lithologically controlled. Size and quality of the orebodies was improved by Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic deep lateritic weathering as carbonate-hematite ores were enriched to friable high-grade ores, but this supergene modification is second in importance compared to the primary event of hydrothermal ore formation.

Jan 1, 2005

By G Bubner, C Gaughan

Magnetite mineralisation within the South Middleback Range has been known since the early 1930s; however, it was not until 1989 that BHP (then owners of the Middleback Ranges mining leases) drilled 10 700 m of diamond core into what was then known as the Iron Duchess low-grade deposit. In 2002 a review of Iron Resources left in the Middleback Ranges and the identification of downstream processing benefits using magnetite as a primary feed source led to the commencement of an 18 000 m resource drilling program of the high-grade core of the Iron Duchess low-grade orebody (renamed the Iron Magnet deposit). This paper describes the geology, processes and procedures used since drilling recommenced in early 2003. The Iron Magnet deposit is located 53 km southwest of Whyalla in the South Middleback Range, South Australia. It is a Paleoproterozoic stratabound magnetite deposit that lies down-dip and lateral to the Iron Duke hematite deposit, hosted within the Lower Middleback Iron Formation of the Hutchison Group meta-sediments within the Cleve subdomain of the Gawler Craton. Magnetite bearing host units within the Lower Middleback Iron Formation can be divided into a æmixedÆ basal sequence, a lower iron carbonate unit, a middle iron talc unit and an upper iron silica unit, all units grading up sequence and laterally into one another. The magnetite mineralisation is hydrothermal in origin. The strongest consistent mineralisation coincides with the iron carbonate unit, and the hematite orebodies of the Iron Duke are interpreted to represent up-dip supergene enrichment of the same unit. The Iron Magnet occurs within a large-scale parasitic syncline-anticline pair on the west limb of a larger syncline. Major bounding north-south shear zones occur on the east and west sides of the deposit. Cross-cutting west-northwest, northwest, northeast and east-northeast trending faults displace mineralisation. The commencement of drilling in 2003 lead to the migration of geological and geochemical databases, re-logging and re-assaying of all old cores that intersected the deposit, updating of logging codes and procedures, and strict Qa/Qc procedures to ensure the study satisfied JORC standards. External consultants were used for auditing and bench marking. The strong geophysical responses of magnetite and the wealth of close spaced ground magnetic and gravity data already completed over the Middleback Ranges allowed for refining of drill hole targets for the drilling program. It also provided an indirect method for ascertaining magnetite grade and tonnage volumes.

Jan 1, 2005

By J D. Grobler

In the heavy minerals industry wet high intensity magnetic separators (WHIMS) are widely applied for primary magnetic separation of magnetic minerals and non-magnetic minerals. This piece of equipment is well known for its robustness to handle a wide range of feed conditions and still produce stable product qualities and yields. A heavy mineral production plant aimed to increase production through their WHIMS plant containing 11 duties and 26 units. Instead of adding new units an alternative approach was followed to firstly maximise the efficiency of the current circuit and secondly to consider possible reconfiguration of the circuit to produce additional product tons for minimal capital investment. In order to characterise the current circuit’s efficiency, identify pockets of excellence and determine the areas for improvement the whole circuit was surveyed several times and mineral mass balances were drawn up.This paper aims to: discuss the modelling process of the WHIMS circuit,explain the calibration and validation process followed to ensure the accuracy, anddemonstrate the sensitivity analysis performed on the different options. From this analysis an efficiency criteria was developed to compare different circuit configurations that enabled the production plant personnel to make an informed decision on the way forward.

Oct 5, 2011

The æMountain Camp reefÆ at Alford's mine, Wakamarina,Marlborough, had no recorded gold production although assays of 5 - 26 g/t were reported, but it did produce c. l000 kg of scheelite. The lode consists of a lower massive quartz layer, and upper, cm-banded, ribboned quartz layers, and has a very low sulphide content. Within the massive layer, relict early fine-grained mosaic quartz with idioblastic scheelite is surrounded by recrystallised granoblastic coarse-grained quartz with calcite and plagioclase, in which an original ribbon banding texture is mimiced by strings of tiny inclusions. In both the banded and massive layers, rounded quartz grains, created by cataclastic milling of grain margins and along syn-vein fractures, have been partially annealed within later quartz overgrowths. Late fibrous quartz and calcite fill brittle cross fractures.   Deformation events D1 and D2 are associated with mid-late Jurassic metamorphism of the Pelorus Group, D2 producing the main regional schistosity (S2, and the earliest scheelite. D3 is an extensional mylonitic shear event that formed the dominant schistosity in Alford's mine (S3). The quartz lode was emplaced within the mylonite by a series of individual dilation pulses (D4). The D5 event caused crenulation of the S3 mylonite, kink banding and chevron folding of the S2 schist and S3 mylonite, and reverse faulting, rodding and cross-fracturing with late fibrous quartz-calcite veining of the D4 quartz lode.   Fluid influxes during successive dilations of D4 fractures progressively caused recrystallisation of earlier quartz bands on the footwall, annealing and recrystallisation of quartz along milled crystal margins and fractures, and deposition of minor sulphides. There was thus a dynamic interplay between fault dilation, lode fracture, fluid influx, lode band deposition, and lode recrystallisation. Illite-Kfeldspar al ¦ 2 Ma (K/Ar), c.30 Ma after metamorphism.

Jan 1, 1996

By M Sandy, P Bamford

The Challenger Gold deposit was discovered in 1995 by Dominion Mining Ltd in a remote western area of the Gawler Craton in South Australia. Mine development commenced in 2002 with initial production from an open pit supplemented by ore from a very small adjacent auxiliary pit. Development of the underground mine commenced in 2004. The orebody plunge of just less than 30 degrees requires careful attention to mine design. Production from the M1 orebody, with less than 800 ounces per vertical metre (ovm) and very limited æsurgeÆ capacity, requires careful scheduling and implementation to ensure continuity of ore feed for milling. Initial production results from underground stopes included more dilution than anticipated. The narrow, high-grade zones proved to have much more complex geometry than early interpretations had indicated. Greatly improved understanding of the mineralisation controls resulted in important changes being made to the underground mine design and method. Coupled with careful control of development and drilling and blasting practices, this resulted in an immediate reduction in dilution and high recoveries of the resource. The benefits of these changes flowed through in the 2005/06 financial year, resulting in a 150 per cent increase in gold production to 108 080 oz and a sharp reduction in cash operating costs to A$280/oz. This was followed in 2006/07 with production of 108 91 oz of gold at an operating cost of $309/oz and in 2007/08 with 109 326 oz of gold at $367/oz. Production to June 2008 has been mainly from the M1 orebody, with the lowest stoping to date on the 580 m Level (615 m below surface) above development mining on the 520 Level. The rate of vertical advance of mining this orebody has averaged 150 vertical metres per year. The increased current combined JORC compliant resource and reserve position of over one million ounces, now includes the M2 and M3 orebodies with a current total average gold inventory up to 1400 - 1500 ovm. Exploration has intersected other shoots and all shoots are open at depth. The adjacent M2 and M3 orebodies are being developed for stoping. The narrow width of these zones from 1 m up to 4 m will require continued focus on ore zone definition, accurate development and careful drill and blast practice. In addition, to minimise cost increases in the current period of rapidly escalating labour, equipment, consumables and energy costs, high productivities will need to be maintained to allow the established rapid mining advance to continue at low unit costs.

Jan 1, 2008

By M Flis

The Razorback Iron Ore Project is a high tonnage, low-grade magnetite deposit that defines a new iron ore district in South Australia. Known since the 1960s, the deposit has come into its own as the iron hungry world demands not only larger tonnages, but higher grade and cleaner magnetite concentrate ores that counterbalance the increasingly dirty haematite ores that are coming into production.Razorback is hosted by the Neoproterozoic Braemar Iron Formation, a tillitic unit that is part of the Adelaidean Geosyncline sedimentary sequence. At Razorback, this formation forms the southern limb of the Pualco Syncline, dipping at 42° to the north and outcropping along a prominent ridge. The formation consists of a series of alternating bedded tillitic and interbedded magnetite units that represent cycles of glacial advances and retreats. Seven cycles, resulting in seven stratigraphic members, are recognised. Members B, D, and G are the thickest, at 30 - 70 m each, and are the target of current investigations. While the bedded magnetite has the highest iron content, typically 35 per cent Fe, the tillitic unit, at typically 26 per cent Fe, has similar iron content in the ground mass but is diluted by the inclusion of iron-poor granite and metasedimentary dropstones. The mineralisation forms a simple dipping tabular body with only minor faulting, folding and intrusives. Grades, thickness, dip, and outcropping geometry remain very consistent over kilometres of strike, presenting an excellent mining proposition.Razorback differentiates itself from other Australian magnetite projects in a number of important ways. It is not a banded iron formation (BIF); it will have low crushing and grinding costs; and it is located in an infrastructure-rich area close to open-access, high capacity rail, to a selection of ports and to gas, electricity, labour and engineering services. Royal Resources has announced an Inferred resource of 277 Mt @ 25.9 per cent Fe. The company is targeting a resource of 500 - 1000 Mt to support a 10 Mt per year concentrate production. Davis Tube Recovery work shows that the ore is capable of producing a concentrate of over 68 per cent Fe with very low deleterious elements. Metallurgical testing confi rms the ore is soft, and with near-zero initial stripping ratio the project will have a low opex. With access to existing critical infrastructure, capex will also be low, ensuring Razorback will be a highly competitive iron producer in this emergent mining district.

Jul 11, 2011

By O A. Aladejebi, S Mitra, T Singh, D J. Pinson, S, S J. Chew, T Honey

Currently, many commercial sinter plants are exploring the potential addition of high-grade iron ore concentrates to improve the sinter grade. A better understanding of the ore blend, granule behaviour and green bed properties is critical to making this change and maintaining productivity in the sinter plant. This study compared the performance of a laboratory scale granulation drum to a commercial scale unit. The blend used was an Asia-Pacific style sinter blend containing iron ore concentrates. The operating conditions of the two granulation drums (laboratory and commercial scale) were fixed at the same Froude Number (0.00337), space factor (15 per cent) and residence time (4.5 mins). The granules were characterised by measuring their mean size, size distribution and green bed voidage. It was found that the laboratory scale granules were representative of commercial sinter plant granules at similar moisture content. When the moisture was fixed at ~6.9 per cent, granulation time had no significant effect. A further fundamental investigation was undertaken to measure the water holding capacity and intra-particle porosity of the individual ores used in this study. The kinetics of water absorption were measured which showed that water absorbs quickly into the ore particles within the first 60 seconds, slowing down until final saturation was attained after six hours. A linear relationship between the water holding capacity and intra-particle porosity was noted for different ore particle sizes. The results of this study provide a baseline understanding of the current commercial sinter blend and encourage exploring the specific effect of increasing the proportion of ultrafine concentrates in sintering in a future study.

Sep 18, 2023

By R Daiyan, G Burge, M Haider Ali Khan

Australia’s mineral and metal exports have a substantial carbon footprint, twice that of its domestic emissions, mainly due to fossil-fuel-dependent downstream processes like processing into secondary metals and their transport. The country’s vast renewable energy and low-carbon hydrogen potential offer a promising alternative to mitigate this impact. These resources can be leveraged to displace fossil fuel use and become embedded into the metals value chain. Ultimately, it will yield ‘Green Metals’ that can be scaled to reduce the environmental footprint and provide an avenue for Australia’s vast green resources to be embedded (incorporated during production and supply) in green metals that can be exported. One potential green metal is copper, which is in great demand and likely to drive global decarbonisation through renewable electrification due to its role as an energy conductor. Given that Australia is a large producer and exporter of copper, this paper provides a techno-economic model of the copper value and applies it to Queensland (a hub of Australia’s copper production) as a case study. The results show that under incumbent hydrogen (A$8/kg) and renewable energy costs, the cost of green copper would be A$9704/t (~10 per cent higher than current copper costs). Further analysis revealed that the cost of hydrogen is a major cost driver; therefore, if the cost of hydrogen can be reduced to A$2/kg (a 2030 target of the Australian government), the cost of green copper would become competitive. Furthermore, if a carbon pricing regime ($54–79/kgCO2) is introduced, green copper would become competitive at a hydrogen cost of A$3/kg. Altogether, these findings provide insights for a future green copper export opportunity in Australia. Additionally, as the next step, the model can be extended to include other metals and released as an open-source resource for assessing global green metal opportunities.

Sep 1, 2024

By J L. Stacey

The diverse priorities, drivers and concerns of multiple stakeholders in the minerals industry complicate the integration of sustainable development considerations into mine design, as well as operational and strategic decisions. The ability of the industry to address all role-playersÆ needs, or indeed, to achieve consensus among all role players on the plethora of sustainable development issues seems a noble yet unattainable goal. One of the difficulties in assessing the relative importance of sustainable development issues across many stakeholders is the inevitable lack of impartiality in valuing these issues. Starting from a premise that transparency and fairness of the process are absolute prerequisites for progress, but that consensus is not, an approach has been developed in which all stakeholders are asked to assess the importance of all other stakeholdersÆ priorities, excluding their own. The approach recognises that stakeholders have different levels of contribution, understanding, vested interests, and perceptions of legitimacy and entitlement, across the diversity of sustainable development issues and decision criteria. Using Triangular Value Analysis, the relative weightings of each of the stakeholderÆs priorities are determined through a regression-like technique. The uniqueness of this approach is the manner in which self-assessment bias and overemphasis of stakeholdersÆ own priorities are avoided. The methodology can be used for both internal and external stakeholders, and in conjunction with other group decision making techniques, such as the nominal group or Delphi techniques. This paper will illustrate how Triangular Value Analysis may be applied in the minerals industry to determine priorities in various decisions relating to potentially conflicting sustainable development priorities within the industry.

Jan 1, 2009