Search Documents

J. Lainson Wills, Ottawa, Can. (Communication to the Secretary) : The localities of the Quebec and Ontario apatite deposits, and the nature of their occurrence haye been often described in the Transactions and in other publications that are readily available, and I do not, therefore, intend to discuss the many details advanced in Mr. Small's paper beyond the following two points:

Jan 1, 1893

By Maurice E. Peloubet

This discussion of accounting will describe the statements and the information that the accounting system produces, from the point of view of those who use such systems rather than of those who prepare them and who do the detail and technical accounting work. In any well organized mine, quarry, or other enterprise exploiting a mineral deposit, no matter how small, some clerical and accounting work must be done. Miners and other employes must be paid, supplies must be purchased and issued, and various tax and information returns, which even the smallest enterprise must file, have to be prepared. In this chapter it is assumed that the enterprise has employes of this type and that they understand the fundamentals of record keeping and accounting. It would be impossible here to give sufficiently full explanations to enable a man with no previous clerical and accounting training to set up and operate an accounting and cost system for even the simplest extractive operation. Rather, we shall hope first, to tell the investor and the operator, from the chief engineer or president down to a subforeman, what to expect from the accounting statements and records and how to use this information in his daily work; and second, that it will enable the man with some knowledge of accounting or book- keeping, but with little or no experience in any extractive industry, to set up and operate a satisfactory system for a mine or other extractive enterprise. For readers who wish to go further, the bibliography at the end of this chapter contains many references. T he emphasis has, therefore, been placed on the statements to be produced and the purposes for which they are to be used rather than the underlying books and records. These are, with a few exceptions which will be described later, essentially what might be found in any industrial enterprise and would probably, in the extremely small enterprise, consist of handwritten journals, ledgers, analysis books, payroll books, and stores ledgers. In the larger enterprise, various types of mechanical accounting would be introduced in proportion to the complexity of the operation.

Jan 1, 1964

By Paul C. Merritt

The story now unfolding on the Mesabi Range is more than just another chapter in the continuing history of iron mining. It is an epic of foresight, research and pioneering instinct just now culminating in the rapid growth of a new industry hardly more than ten years old. And that growth has been impressive. In the decade that has passed since Reserve Mining Co. blazed a trail as the first successful large- scale commercial taconite operation, the number of plants now existing or soon to be operating has grown to six. From Reserve's initial capacity of 3 million tons of pellets per year, total production capacity on the Range has surged to 31.5 million tons while capital investment has leaped from $300 million in 1955 to almost $1 billion today. During the past year alone, more than $500 million has been committed to these projects, an amount probably greater than that going into any other single mining area in the world. There is more yet to come.

Jan 10, 1965

By Thomas B. Douglas

INSTRUMENTATION in the process industries can no longer be regarded as a convenience, but rather an absolute necessity. Although many chemical processes must already be conducted with instruments, every properly designed application of automatic process control will improve operation: 1) the product will be more uniform and of higher quality; 2) the manual labor saved will reduce cost; 3) uniformity of flow and uniform control of process will increase production; and 4) surges will be eliminated, making it possible to operate equipment near ultimate capacity at all times. Industrial instruments fall into two general classifications—those that measure and those that measure and control. The cement industry has been using instruments for a number of years, particularly in the burning process, primarily for indicatlng and recording. Automatic process control makes additional use of these instruments, and others, to control variables. Assisted by the instrument manufacturers, engineers at Ideal Cement Co. achieved considerable progress in determining how well the usual recording instruments could be made to control various phases of cement-making. The results of these experiments were used to make the new plant at Houston as wholly automatic as possible. The original Houston plant, built in 1937 by Gulf Portland Cement Co., consisted of only one 8 x 220-ft kiln and the necessary grinding mills and accessory equipment and had a capacity of 900 bbl per day (300,000 bbl annually). Ideal Cement Co. purchased this plant in 1940 and almost immediately started plans to increase its production. In 1941 a 9 x 220-ft kiln was installed and grinding and storage capacity were increased. The growing demand for cement in the Houston area necessitated a third kiln (9 ft 6 in. x 250 ft) in 1947. This brought the plant up to its present capacity of about 1.3 million bbl per year. Calcium silicates in cement are produced in a burning operation at high temperatures from raw mix of argillaceous and calcareous materials that have been crushed, mixed, and ground to a fine powder. The composition of this mixture must be kept consistent within narrow limits. Raw mixing and grinding may be done either wet or dry, but in both instances the materials must be correctly proportioned, finely ground, and thoroughly intermixed before entering the kiln. As the raw mix passes through a long horizontal rotary

Jan 1, 1959

By William E. Ford, Edward Salisbury Dana

The monoclinic Wolframite Group and the tetragonal Scheelite Group are included here. Wolframite Group WoIframite (Fe,Mn)W04 a : b : c = 0.8300 : 1 : 0.8678 B = 89' 22' Hiibnerite MnW04 048362 : 1 : 0.8668 89' 73' WOLFRAMITE. Monoclinic. Axes a : b : c = 0.8300 : 1 : 0.8678; B = 89' 22'. mm"', 110 A 1TO = 79" 23'. ay', 100 A 101 = 62' 54' at, 100 A 102 = 61" 54'. $', 011 A 011 = 81" 54'. Twins: (1) tw. axis c with a (100) as comp.-face; (2) tw. pl. k (023), Fig. 449, p. 171. Crystals commonly tabular (1 a (100); also prismatic. Faces in prismatic zone vertically striated. Often bladed, lamellar, coarse divergent columnar, granular. Cleavage: b (010) very perfect; also parting (1 a (100), and 11 t (102). Fract,ure uneven. Brittle. H. = 5-5.5. G. = 7.2-7.5. Luster submetallic. Color dark

Jan 1, 1922

By Scott Turner

PRESIDENT SCOTT TURNER officiated as chairman of the opening session on mining methods, Monday morning, Feb. 15. The first paper was that of Max H. Barber on open-pit mining in the Lake Superior district, read by C. F. Jackson. W. L. Taylor stated that liquid-oxygen explosive had been tried but that the operators are satisfied with the explosives used; lb. of dynamite breaks one ton of rock. Although black powder is considered the most effective explosive, the factor of safety has decided in favor of high explosives. Lucien Eaton told of the Michigan Lime and Chemical Co.'s large L. 0. X. plant at Rogers City, Mich. Mr. Turner referred to this plant, also said that the Bureau of Mines is shortly to issue Bulletin 349 completely covering the use of L. 0. X. from its inception. W. D. B. Motter, Jr., gave some items concerning Chuquicamata, Chile. Twelve years ago the blasts moved 850,000 to 1,000,000 tons, but average shots now move 250,000 to 300,000 tons. One pound of L. 0. X. breaks 3.7 tons, against 3.1 tons by dynamite. Another speaker told of some large dynamite blasts in open pits, one of 360,000 Ib. in March, 1931, and another of 430,000 lb. to be shot in 1932. Tests have been made to determine the effect of large shots on the surrounding country. Mr. Taylor said that 4- and 5-yd. shovels were preferable to those of 8 yd.; their performance is better and cost is lower.

Jan 1, 1932

What is a conflict, as it is understood by men of the extractive industries? And what are the circumstances out of which these conflicts arise? A start can be made with the notion of economic conflict, which can be defined as rivalry over the use of economic resources. Such rivalry is a central part of all economizing activity. It is present within the individual, within the family, and within the business firm. In each of these units there are multiple goals competing for use of a limited income. And economic rivalry is present among individuals and firms who are competing with one another for use of the limited quantity of economic resources available to us as a society.

Jan 7, 1961

By Andrew Fletcher

AS good health is the most important asset in life, the development of healthful conditions should be the one common meeting ground of agreement between management and labor. Health should not be a subject to be pulled apart, shoved around, or bargained about. Differences of opinion may exist in the procedure and techniques employed in approaching the goal of maintaining the health of workmen, and in the method of increasing the ultimate profit of the employer by improved working and living conditions. Such matters are doubtless appropriate subjects for discussions between the interested parties, but techniques are only tools. If an employer fails to remedy a hazard or a menace which contributes to poor working condlions, this constitutes a legitimate grievance. It should not be necessary, however, nor is it desirable that fundamentals of health maintenance become matters of collective bargaining, any more than should the principles of management and engineering. I have been especially concerned during the last few months with the propaganda in collective bargaining negotiations throughout the country for including in union contracts a given number of days of sick leave with pay. We all

Jan 1, 1946

By NORMAN EBBLEY

NUMEROUS references have been made recently to "Alaska's oil reserves," and in view of the wartime petroleum situation sober thinking demands a dispassionate and scientific study and investigation of these reserves or supposed reserves. The question naturally arises, "Is there actually oil in Alaska, or are the reserves there a supposition?" True, in 1923 President Harding established Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 in Alaska, certainly implying that oil was there. This reserve, embracing about 35,000 sq. mi., was set aside on the advice of the Bureau of Engineering of the Navy Department and was based upon the existence of known petroleum seepages at Cape Simpson on the Arctic coast. The Cape Simpson seepages have been known for more than fifty years, but in spite of persistent rumors of other seepages in northern Alaska no definite evidence of their existence has been available.

Jan 1, 1944

By G. K. Manning, P. C. Rosenthal

USE of copper as an intentionally added alloy in steel and cast iron has rapidly expanded with-in the last fifteen years. It is estimated that in 1931 not more than 2000 tons of copper were so used; by 1941, however, this figure had grown to 13,000 tons. Tonnage figures during the war years have been restricted just as copper itself has been restricted, but copper-bearing cast irons and steels have played a part in the production of ordnance equipment. They are used in gun carriages, airplane landing-gear assemblies, scout cars, bulldozing equipment, army trucks, armor plate and many other instruments of war. These wartime applications have their counterpart in many peacetime applications; derricks, dredges, mine equipment, railway equipment, trucks, farm implements, automobiles, and tractors, all usually contain some parts made of copper-bearing steel or iron. An example of this is the Ford tractor which in 1940 contained over 300 lb. of copper-bearing steel castings. To this list should be added corrugated building sheet for exterior use most of which, at the present time, contains upward of 0.15 per cent copper. With the return to peacetime economy and the removal of wartime restrictions, it appears certain that copper cast irons and steels will find increasing application in civilian goods.

Jan 1, 1945

By W. M. Ross

AMONG the comparatively few A radical changes in mining equipment in recent years is the introduction and use to an ever greater degree of detachable bits for rock drills. Just how great the possible field for economic application of this innovation is, and to what ex- tent detachable bits are used instead of the conventional type of drill steel, are matters of conjecture. Just as a rough approximation, one might conceive that at least three-quarters of the drilling done in mines today could better be performed by steel with detachable bits, instead of only about one-quarter as at present.

Jan 1, 1939

By Ian Wark

IN an earlier paper1 measurements of contact angles due to the effect of xanthates on mineral surfaces were reported. The solutions in which these measurements were made differed widely from those of modern flotation circuits. It is intended, however, by introducing, one at a time, the other principal reagents of flotation, to approach gradually the solu-tion composition of flotation liquors. The work now described is an attempt to determine the effect of one of the most important of these reagents-namely, sodium cyanide-on the establishment of air-mineral contact. The work has been carried out for the following companies: Broken Hill South, North Broken Hill, Zinc Corporation, Electro-lytic Zinc of Australasia, Mount Lyell Mining and Railway, and Burma Corporation. Since the effect of cyanide is inseparably connected with the alkalinity, the results cited below deal with the mutual effects of alkalis and cyanide. Alkalis alone exert a significant effect on the air-mineral contact but comparatively large amounts are required. Since the addition of a small amount of cyanide greatly decreases the degree of alkalinity necessary for the suppression of contact at surfaces of any of the minerals experimented with (except galena) and since alkalis are rarely used alone in practice, little attention has been paid to cyanide-free solutions. It was shown in the previous paper that, excluding the dixanthogen effect, whenever contact was practicable at all in an ethyl xanthate solution the angle of contact was 60°. There is, therefore, less necessity to measure equilibrium contact angles; in fact, the experiments herein described have generally been conducted with a view to determining whether contact is possible and not to measuring the actual value of the contact angle. The separations which have generally to be effected in dealing with complex sulfide ores are: (1) galena from sphalerite, pyrite, etc.; (2) sphalerite from pyrite and/or gangue minerals; (3) copper minerals from pyrite and gangue minerals; (4) pyrite from gangue minerals; (5) chal-

Jan 1, 1933

The following is a list of members who died in 1928. It is compiled from reports to the Secretary's office. Biographical sketches published in Mining and Metallurgy are indicated in the last two columns. Issue Containing Year or Date or Biography Election Name Death 1928 Page 1914 Adams. David T.................... July 22 October 471 1905 Aguilera. Pedro................... May 3 October 469 1902 Althouse, H. W.................... NOV. 3 December 559 1920 Averill: C. C...................... July 9 October 471 1915 Baldwin, C. Kemble............... Aug. 9 October 471 1926 Barquist, Walter C............... NOV. 14 June 298 Barron,* Clarence Walker......... Oct. 2 November 511 1917 Beasley, Fred E.................... Aug. 31 October 471 1901 Belden, S. B....................... May 15 July 333 1927 Binney, Edwin, Jr.................. Dec. 29 February 96 1915 Bonsall, James Malcolm............ Feb. 12 June 284 1917 Boyle, John....................... July 12 December 561 1913 BradEn, Eugene B............. Jan. 29 March 157 1889 Bulkley, Frank.................... Mar. 25 May 240 1896 Callaghan, J. T., Jr............... Apr. 1 1892 Chalmers, George.................. Feb. 4 April 197 1898 Clark, Josiah H.................. May 7 July 333 1887 Copeland, F. K............. Nov. 10 December 561 1915 Cunningham, B. L11............... Dec. 6 August 294 1888 Dana, R. T........................ Aug. 20 December 559 1907 Dennis, Clifford G............... Dec. 28 March 1 1920 DeVenny, Thomas................ Feb. 13 April 197 1882 d'Invillier-, Edward V........... Jan. 4 March 157 1884 Duncan, M. M..................... Dec. 17 February 96 1924 Dyrssen, WaldemaR ............... Aug. 4 October 471 1906 Edmondson. H. W................ Dec. 21 February 1884 Emmerton, F. A.................. Oct. 9 June 298 1911 Eu, S. H............................ July 20 February 1917 Farrand, Ira W.................... Sept. 6 October 469 1900 Fell, E. Nelson...........•......... Mar. 25 May 231 1918 Fenton, Clarence M.............. October Junet 298 1908 Ferraris, Erminio................. Sept. 22 June 298 1914 Galloway. A. D. R............... December April 215 1924 Grant, A. W., Jr................... .4pr. 5 June 285 1917 Grant, Clifford G............... Jan. 26 January? 37 1918 Grant, Frank E.............. Jan. 14 September 417 1921 Gunderoth, C. J.................. Feb. 15 1897 Harms, Ernest..................... Aug. 12 November 512 1891 Hartrick, J. S..................... Feb. 9 June 285 1925 Hochschild, Berthold.............. Jan. 24 April 197 1917 Hutton, L. W...................... NOV. 3 January 37 1894 Jenning", S. J...................... NOV. 17 December 560 1925 Jones, J. Ravenscroft............... Jan. 29 March 157 1880 Jones, J. T......................... May 4 June 284

Jan 1, 1929

By Cadwallader Evans

MY endeavor in this paper will be to tell something of the accomplishments and current problems of the anthracite producer and to suggest some of the avenues for technical development that seem to me to be the most necessary and likely to bear fruitful results. The several subjects, that I find of most interest will be taken up individually with brief reference to the future trend. Underground Mining and Loading ?In this field great progress has been made in the last twenty years, beginning with the introduction of the scraper system. The electrical hoists for the operation of scrapers have been improved, and give little trouble, but there is an open field for the improvement of the auxiliary apparatus, particularly in the application of roller-hearing sheaves to the guiding of scraper ropes. Also notable in the last six or seven years is the introduction of shaker chutes, so that far more anthracite is now loaded over them than by scrapers. This trend should continue to be manifest, particularly if those who are looking ahead and who are charged with the development of this specialty continue constantly to study and improve the mechanical design of their shakers.

Jan 1, 1938

By A. W. Schlechten, R. P. Abendroth

Jan 1, 1960

By Claude P. Heiner

While the title of this paper embraces the entire West Coast, the author, in the interest of simplification. has confined the discussion to California-particularly the central section. California's population has, risen 45 pct since 1940. Its electric requirements have also increased, not only because of the growth in industry and population but also because of the widespread tendency of all types of electric consumers to use more electricity than ever before. The growth of California's electric utilities is shown by published data covering operations, of three of its large systems and is given in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1949

Jan 1, 1970

By AIME AIME

MANY interesting papers, opportunity of seeing o1d friends, and an exposition showing all that is latest in equipment, all were factors in bringing a large crowd to Detroit during "Metal Week," October 2-6. The Institute's Iron and Steel and Institute of Metals Divisions held technical sessions at the Statler Hotel on October 4 and 5, and that hotel was also headquarters for the American Society for Steel Treating and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, both of which also had technical sessions. The American Welding Society and the Wire Association met at the Book-Cadillac Hotel, and the exposition was staged at Convention Hall, out Woodward Avenue. All in all it was a big week for men interested in metal working. One of them stated to your reporter on the train en route to Detroit that this was the one convention that he never missed, and doubtless others felt the same way about it.

Jan 1, 1933

By Amitava Gangulee, Michael B. Bever

The effects of changes in short-range order on some thermodynamic, electrical, and mechanical properties of the silver-rich Ag-Mg solid solutions have been investigated. The heats of formation at 273°K of several alloys after two different thermal treatments were measured by liquid metal solution calorimetry. Their electrical resistivities were measured at temperatures ranging from 4° to 773°k. Tensile tests and microhard-ness measurements were carried out at room temperature. An effective short-range order parameter and an effective interaction energy are defined. The measured changes in the properties are interpreted in terms of these quantities. The short-range order parameter is evaluated separately from calorimetric and X-ray data; the results are in fair agreement. Increasing short-range order lowers the resistivity of- the silver-rich Ag-Mg alloys but does not measurably affect the temperature dependence of the resistivity. Short-range order increases the yield stress of these alloys but does not affect the ultimate tensile stress. Changes in the effective short-range order parameter independently obtained from measured changes in the heat of formation, resistivity, and yield stress are in fair agreement. THE thermodynamic, electrical, and mechanical properties of solid solutions have been investigated as functions of composition in many alloy systems, but the effects of configurational variables, such as short-range or long-range order, on these properties have received much less attention. The silver-rich terminal solid solutions in the system Ag-Mg are well-suited for the investigation of the effects of order. The composition of these solid solutions may be varied over a range extending to about 27 at. pct Mg.1 Appreciable short-range ordering is likely to take place in these solid solutions; the degree of short-range order can be varied by suitable thermal treatments. In the alloy Ag3Mg long-range ordering is possible.2 This paper is primarily concerned with the effects of short-range order on some thermodynamic, electrical, and mechanical properties of the silver-rich Ag-Mg solid solutions.-The long-range ordering transition is the subject of a concurrent paper.3 1) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 1.1) Preparation of Specimens. Ag-Mg alloys containing up to 26.4 at. pct Mg were prepared by melting 99.99 pct pure Ag (obtained from Baker Chemical Co.) and 99.99 pct pure Mg (obtained from Eastman Chemi- cal Co. or Johnson Mathey & Co.) in graphite crucibles under molten potassium chloride. The solidified ingots were homogenized at 823°K for 10 days in evacuated Vycor capsules. A surface layer 6 in. thick was then removed by machining. The ingots were swaged into rods (2.5 mm diam) which were drawn into wires (1.0 mm diam). The wire specimens were annealed at 773°K for 24 hr in vacuum and either quenched into iced brine or cooled to room temperature over a period of 15 days. The average grain diameter (obtained from the linear intercepts) was about 0.1 mm. 1.2) Calorimetry. The heats of formation of the alloys were measured in a tin solution calorimeter as the difference in the heat effects of alternate additions of samples of an alloy and the mechanical mixture of its component elements. The additions were made from 273°K to the bath at about 623°K. The heat effect on addition of the alloys was approximately 5.5 kcal per g-atom. The procedure and the method of calculation have been described.4 1.3) X-Ray Diffraction. Short-range order parameters of two alloys were calculated from diffuse scattering intensities,' obtained with briquettes made from powdered specimens. A GE-XRD 5 diffractometer with filtered copper radiation was used. The absolute intensities were based on calibrations with paraffin. 1.4) Resistivity Measurements. The electrical resistivities were measured by a potentiometric method in which the potential drop across the specimen was compared with that across a standard resistance. For measurements below room temperature, the specimens were immersed in liquid helium (4°K), liquid nitrogen (78°K), dry ice and trichloroethylene (195°K), or ice and water (273°K). Measurements above room temperature were made on specimens held in a furnace under helium or in vacuum. The resistivity measurements were reproducible to ±0.5 pct or less. 1.5) Mechanical Tests. Tensile tests were carried out at room temperature with a Tinius-Olsen XY elec-tromatic Universal testing machine. Wire specimens (nominal gage length 1 in.) were used. The strain was measured with an extensometer, which had a sensitivity of 4 x 10-5; the strain rate was 10-3 min-1. Microhard-ness measurements were made with a square-pyramid indenter and a 100-g load.11 2) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All measurements were made on two parallel sets of specimens, one quenched and the other slowly cooled from 773°K. The reported values are the averages of at least three measurements. In the range of magnesium concentration substantially below that of the composition Ag3Mg, quenched alloys have less short-range order than slowly cooled alloys. As the magnesium concentration approaches that of Ag3Mg, slow cooling develops long-range order. Quenching sup-

Jan 1, 1969

By A. B. Parsons

LECTURE, it appears, is a discourse that is supposed to be instructive. I am quite sure that you will derive no instruction from what I have to say. I will be satisfied if my remarks provoke thought along one or two mental paths that have not been traveled so fre¬quently as to be devoid of interest. I have no particular message apropos of professional engineers or professional engineering, and any conclusions that I may seem to reach will be purely tentative and incidental. Probably at times you have wondered, in a casual way at least, why so many people who are not, never have been, and never will be engineers, want to use the title. For example, I recently received a communication from a life insurance broker or salesman, whose chaste letterhead bore the legend "Estate Engineer." He was perfectly serious about it, as is also the expert accountant who assumes the imposing name of cost-analysis engineer. Dozens of equally amazing titles might be cited. Then there is that class of individuals who have been engineers, in the true sense of the word; who have gone into some other kind of occupation; but who cling tenaciously to the name engineer, usually prefixing some word or other which at once gives them away by telling what their work really is. For example, we have such pseudomorphs as the management engineer, and the sales engineer. It is quite evident that engineer is a word to conjure with. Evidently both the man who appro¬priates the designation without any justification and the ex-engineer who persists in calling himself an engineer even after he has abandoned engineer-

Jan 1, 1933