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By H. T. Green, R. M. Brick

True stress-strain data on alloys of pure iron with up to 2.4 pct Al were obtained in the temperature range +100° to —185°C. Alumi-num was found to reduce yield and flow stresses of iron at low temperatures but to have little or no effect on ductility. The effects of temperature and composition on strain hardening are discussed. SEVERAL independent studies of the behavior of high purity iron binary alloys at low temperatures are now in progress in attempts to evaluate systematically the variables affecting the low temperature brittleness of ferritic steels. This paper reports the results of one such investigation in which the tensile properties of aluminum and aluminum plus silicon ferrites were measured from 100" to —192°C. True stress-natural strain data have been obtained in order to evaluate as many as possible of the parameters which describe the behavior of the materials involved. In comparable studies at the National Physical Laboratory in England, iron and iron alloys of high purity have been produced' and tested at subat-mospheric temperatures.' True stress-natural strain curves were obtained there also. The purest iron contained 0.0025 pct C and 0.001 pct O and N. Even this, as normalized at 950°C following hot rolling, showed little ductility at -196°C. The grain size was ASTM No. 3, and the room-temperature yield strength was 17,800 psi (which seems too high for pure iron). Some of the NPL irons contained considerably more oxygen and demonstrated intergran-ular fracture at —196°C. The authors2 carefully differentiated between intergranular fractures associated with excessive oxygen content and transcrys-talline cleavage with little ductility encountered at —196°C in the purer material. The cleavage stress was half again as great as that associated with inter-granular fracture. Test Material, Preparation, and Procedures Of a number of Fe-A1 alloys produced, eight were considered to be sufficiently pure for testing. Partial chemical analyses (Table I), low observed yield points, and high ductilities indicate these alloys to be comparatively pure for vacuum-melted irons of sizable ingots, 5 Ib or more. To produce the binary Fe-A1 alloys, electrolytic iron was melted in air, cast into slabs, and rolled to strips 0.010 in. thick. These strips, joined into a continuous ribbon and wound into 2 1/2 in. diameter spools, were subjected for four weeks to a moving atmosphere of purified dry hydrogen in a stainless-steel tube at 1050" to 1150°C. Charges of these spools were melted in beryllia crucibles under good vacuums (1 micron), and aluminum (99.97 pct Al) was added to the melts. Compositions of these alloys are recorded in Table I. The ingots were hot forged and then cold rolled at least 65 pct to 3/8 in. rods which were vacuum annealed to the desired grain size, approximately ASTM No. 4, prior to machining into tensile test bars. All tensile specimens had gage sections 1 in. long, with a fillet of 1.5 in. radius to the shoulder. Gage diameters were 0.250 in, except for a few rods where additional cold work required use of a 0.200 in. gage section. After machining, 0.002 in. was removed from the gage diameter using 240, 400, and 600-grit metallo-graphic papers. The final polish with 600 grit left the fine scratches running in the longitudinal direction. By this means, surface metal strained during machining was removed. A few specimens heat treated after machining were similarly reduced 0.004 in. to remove any material affected chemically by the atmosphere during heat treatments, as is discussed in a later section. Tensile tests of the eight alloys at constant temperatures from +100° to —185°C were performed in apparatus which has been described." The essentials include a double-walled insulated metal vessel which contained the liquid heat-transfer medium surrounding the test specimen. A constant temperature was maintained by means of a pyrometer which regulated the pressure of dry air driving liquid air through a copper coil. Temperature variation was less than ±2°C during a specific test. For axial straining, two lengths of case-hardened chain, terminating in simple shackles, loaded the specimen through threaded grips. The lower grip bar passed through a hole in the bottom of the test vessel to which it was joined by a thin-walled

Jan 1, 1955

By J. J. Beeson

Page I. PrimaRy MineRalization............................................ 356 1. Introduction..................................................... 356 a. Scope of Work............................................... 356 6. Acknowledgments............................................ 357 c. The Bingham Mining District.................................. 357 d. General Geology.............................................. 357 e. The Utah Copper Mine....................................... 376 f. Field and Laboratory work.................................... 376 2. The Quartz-Monzonite.............................................. 377 3. The Pegmatite Veins.....:.•..............................:........ 378 4. The High-Temperiture Veins.........................-.............:379 5. The Early Hydrotherma! Period.:......................'............ 380 6. The Late Hydrothermal Period................................:.... 385 II. Seconuabx EnricuMENT............................................. 386 . 1. Author's Note;..... ;............................................ 386 2. Factors Governing Enrichment.....................................: 387 3. The Enrichment.................................................... 387 4. The Covellite Enrichment.; .:; ; : .:. :..:.............:................ 388 a. The Capping above the Covellite Ores:....:....................... 388 b. Conclusions Drawn. from a Study of the Capping and the Covellite ; Ores....,.............................................:.....,.' 392 c. Covellite Enrichment at Depth......:......................... : : 392 5. The Chalcocite Enrichment...................................... ; 394 a. The Carbonates in the Capping above .the Chalcocite Ores...:..: .. 394 ' b. The Formation of Chalcocite..:.:. :......:..'...........,......' 394 . 6. Secondary Chalcopyrite and Bornite.............................i ..., . 395 111.- Conclusions as to the Formation.oF the ImpoRtant Sulphides in the Disseminated ORes........................................,.......... 400 I. Primary MiNeRalization 1. Intrdtiction a. Scop. e .of Work.. first part bf, this paper deals with the country rock, its pegihatitic, pneumatolytic', and hydrothermal altektions; also, the effect of magnetite on the deposition of the primary chalcopyrite and pyrite.

Jan 1, 1916

By E. T. Turkdogan, M. T. Hepworth, R. P. Smith

The permeability of oxygen in 0 iron in the tempera-ture range 700" to 900 C and in 6 iron at 1450°C was determined by the rate of internal oxidation of iron, containing -0.1 pct Al. The solubility of oxygen in zone-refined iron was determined by equilibration with hydrogen-water vapor gas mixtures at 1450" and 1510°C; oxygen solubilities , for iron in equi1ibriu.rn with molten oxide, are found to be 66 and 83 ppm for these two temperatures, respectively. The diffusivity of oxygen in iron at 14500C3 as calculated from the permeability and solubility data, is (4.1 * 0.6) x 10 "B sq cm per sec. OXYGEN is one of the most common impurities present in iron or steel, mainly in the form of oxide inclusions. In the study of many metallurgical problems concerning solid iron, it is often desirable to know with a reasonable accuracy the solubility and diffusivity of oxygen over a wide temperature range. The solubility of oxygen in solid iron has been the subject of numerous studies yielding highly discordant results as seen for example from the literature surveys made by Meijering &apos; and Schenck et a1.&apos; As shown by Kitchener et aL3 and by Sifferlen, the high oxygen solubilities reported by many investigators are the result of oxidizable impurities which are often present in iron. In addition, there have been experimental problems associated with icaccuracy of oxygen analysis of iron containing less than 100 ppm 0. A number of studies have been made on the permeability of oxygen in a and y iron using Fe-Si, Fe-Mn, and Fe-A1 alloys in the internal-oxidation experiments.1&apos;2&apos;5&apos;6 However, no direct measurements have been made of the diffusivity of oxygen in iron. In the present work two sets of experimental measurements were made: permeability and solubility studies at 1450" and 1510°C and permeability studies only in the range 700 to 900°C. In both sets of permeability measurements slab-shaped specimens containing small predetermined amounts of aluminum in solution were exposed at constant temperature to gas mixtures of hydrogen, water vapor, and argon for varying times. These specimens were quenched, sectioned, and examined for oxygen penetration by metallographic observation of aluminum oxide particles which formed. From these data, it is possible to calculate the ratio of the diffusivity of oxygen in iron, D, to the equilibrium constant K for the reaction Hz(g) * O (dissolved in iron) = H,O(g). EXPERIMENTAL Permeability Measurements at 1450°C. An ingot of vacuum-carbon deoxidized iron containing 0.086 pct A1 was prepared, using commercial "Type lO4A Plas-tiron"; after hot rolling, specimens were machined into slabs a by 2 by 2 in. The impurity contents were: S, P < 0.002 pct; C, Mn < 0.01 pct; each of all other Usual impurities < 0.004 pet. The amount of oxide inclusions in this material, determined by a bromine-methyl acetate extraction, corresponded to about 20 ppm 0 in the iron which agreed well with the results of vacuum-fusion analysis. Each specimen was annealed at 1450°C for 1 hr in purified hydrogen, polished to a smooth surface, and then introduced into a controlled oxidizing atmosphere in a recrystallized alumina tube at 1450°C. The constant temperature zone (*3"C) was about 3 in. in length. The gas composition was controlled by mixing argon with hydrogen (using calibrated constant-head flow meters) and passing the mixture through a column of a mixture of oxalic acid dihydrate and 10 pct anhydrous oxalic acid, to establish a required water-vapor content in the gas mixture. The temperature of the oxalic acid dihydrate column was controlled by a thermostat. The total gas flow was in the range 800 to 1000 cu cm per min. The exit gas from the reaction tube was passed through a weighing bottle containing a desiccant, to cross-check the degree of water-vapor saturation, which for all experiments was about 97 pct of those derived from the data of Baxter and Lansing.1 For a typical experiment, a specimen was introduced into the furnace in a stream of dry argon and hydrogen. The specimen was then rapidly raised by a Pt-Rh alloy wire into the hot zone and allowed to reach the reaction temperature, at which time the oxidizing gas mixture was introduced. The oxygen potentials employed were sufficient to oxidize aluminum but not to cause liquid iron oxide to form. After a specified time, the experiment was ended by dropping the specimen onto a water-cooled copper block at the bottom of the reaction tube. The depth of the internally oxidized zone, hereafter called the "case", was determined by sectioning the specimen at right angles to the long direction. The section was then examined under a microscope equipped with a micrometer stage. In general, the oxide particles were fairly uniform in size and distribution, forming a reasonably well-defined interface between the oxidized and unoxidized region. A typical cross section as observed at X30 is shown in Fig. 1. A thermal macroetch was used in one selected specimen to delineate the case. A cross section of a previously oxidized slab was polished and reheated at 1450°C in a hydrogen atmosphere for about 10 min. Upon quenching, the surface relief shown in Fig. 2 was produced; causes of this effect are unknown. Permeability Measurements Below 900°C. A slightly

Jan 1, 1967

By William Hurst

THE content of this paper is a presentation of the diffusivity theory for the calculation of the water drive on an oil reservoir in which b the history of reservoir pressure with time are the essential parameters for the determination of the rate and cumulative water encroachment into a field. The paper is divided into two parts-the main portion and appendix. The main body is essentially the application of the principles underlined here to actual field data. It consists of the work plots of the radial-flow case, and includes a discussion of an illustrated problem for which the water-drive calculations are treated in conjunction with the volumetric-balance equation. The appendix is a mathematical treatment of the linear, radial, and spherical cases of water influx into a reservoir.

Jan 1, 1942

By Wen H. Su

Multiple seam mining and its associated problems are very serious in Southern West Virginia where poor planning or lack of knowledge in seam interaction often results in complete loss of coal properties. Several measures have been proposed to alleviate the interaction problems under various multiple seam conditions, but few of them are specific in terms of mining plan. Two parallel approaches are adopted for this paper. One is field investigation which consists mainly of mine site visits and gathering of data. The other is the two-dimensional finite element simulation of mine workings using the data gathered as input. Two typical cases which represent the past and present multiple seam mining practice in West Virginia were investigated. Much attention is focused on the interaction problems experienced and the important parameters controlling interaction. Several key parameters controlling interaction in multiple seam mining were analyzed. Proper mining plans, by which the interaction problems can be minimized, are proposed for the individual cases after a better understanding of the interaction mechanism was realized through finite element analyses.

Jan 1, 1984

By David White

THE submission of carefully prepared estimates of the oil reserves of the United States calls for no apology or explanation. In this country, petroleum is a rapidly wasting asset and an occasional appraisal of the amount remaining in the ground is a simple business procedure to safe-guard the general welfare and the prosperity of the republic. The rumored danger of failure, in the near future, of the foreign supply on which we depend in constantly increasing amounts makes the immediate review of our available reserves the more imperative. The Director of the U. S. Geological Survey, in March, 1921, requested the American Association of Petroleum Geologists to cooperate in the preparation of new estimates of the oil remaining in the ground. With the members of this cooperative committee, state geologists, regional geologists, consulting specialists, and geologists and engineers attached to many companies worked both independently and through sub-committees. The reports for districts, counties, fields, etc., after review by local or state committees, were discussed by the joint cooperative committee in conferences that, in some instances, were attended by the original compilers of estimates for the states or smaller areas. Finally the data were reviewed and the figures revised by the joint cooperative committee, so that the totals given in Table 1 represent the opinion of the committee, which was composed of F. W. DeWolf, W. E. Wrather, Roswell H. Johnson, Wallace A. Pratt, Alexander W. McCoy, Carl H. Beal, C. T. Lupton, G. C. Matson, K. C. Heald, W. T. Thom, Jr., A. E. Fath, Kirtley F. Mather, R. C. Moore, and David White, chairman.

Jan 6, 1922

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS t ARE ASSOCIATES THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY THE FIGURES AT THE END OE THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OE ELECTION HEAVY FACED T1 PE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP *ABADIE, EMILE R , Min Engr P 0 Box 83, Berkeley, Cal &apos;76 *ABBE, CLEVELAND, JR, Geol Aid, U S Geological Survey, Washington, D C &apos;00 *ABBOTT, AI ARTHUR, Cerro de Pasco Mining CO , Cerro de Pasco, Peru, So America &apos;95 *ABBOTT, ARTHUR V , Electrical Engr , Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & Co , 8 Bridge St, New York, N Y &apos;82 *ABBOTT, CLARENCE E, Chief Min Engr, Care Fayal Mine, Eveleth, Minn &apos;04 *ABBOTT, JAMES W , Min Engr , Special Agent, Rocky Mountain and Pa¬cific Coast Division, U S Dept of Agriculture, "Tile New Markham," Denver, Colo &apos;94

Jan 1, 1910

By Stuart M. Buck, J. H. Bramwell, Edward H. Williams

The Southwest Virginia Improvement Company began operations in the Bluestone Flat-Top coal-field, situated in Tazewell County, Virginia, in the fall of 1881. In May, 1883, the company had built 200 coke-ovens, and by March, 188-1, had 9000 feet of entries, exclusive of air-ways, in the Nelson or Rig coal-bed of this district (which here averages eleven feet in thickness), and had extracted 200,000 tons of coal, representing an area of about twenty acres. About this opening has grown the recently incorporated city of Pocahontas, and the completion of the New River branch of the Norfolk and Western Railroad to this point enabled the company to make large contracts for supplying coal and coke, so that it was deemed necessary, on account of the limited area developed, to work the mine day and night to fill orders. At 1.30 Thursday morning, March 13th, the inhabitants of Pocahontas were awakened by a violent shock, and within a few minutes all knew that the East mine had been the scene of an explosion of so general a nature that, of the 114 men at work, not one had escaped. The daily papers gave more or less distorted accounts of the number of victims, the scenes in and about, the mine, and the probable cause of the disaster. At the request of the company, the President of the American Institute of Mining Engineers appointed the undersigned a committee of three to investigate the matter, and the committee thus constituted presents the following report, accompanied by a copy of the testimony taken daring the investigation, for preservation in the archives of the Institute. Pocahontas was reached on Thursday, April 24th, and left on Friday, May 2d. During this interval the committee made repeated visits to the mine, especially to the points, of most importance, examining it carefully in every part; and summoned a number of witnesses, twenty-six of whom appeared and testified. The mine had been left in the same state as when the bodies were

Jan 1, 1885

The following is a partial list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Sept. 10, 1917, to Oct. 10,1917. Thomas J. Adams, Rahway, N. J. Leon Root Long, Tirapata, Peru, So. Am. L. W. Bahney, Waterbury, Conn. F. M. McClenahan, Ben Avon, Pa. D. W. Brunton, Denver, Colo. E. Francis McCrossin, Birmingham, Ala. J. R. Buchanan, Pasadena, Cal. P. S. Moses, Savannah, Ga. R. C. Canby, Wallingford, Conn. William A. Nelson, Cartersville, Ga. Paul R. Cook, Zaruma, Ecuador. Edmund Newton, Minneapolis, Minn. F. Crabtree, Pittsburgh, Pa. Askin M. Nicholas, Porrington, N. S. W., J. T. K. Crossfield, Chuquicamata Chile. Australia. Wayne Darlington, Georgetown, S. C. E. G. Norton, Chicago, Ill. R. W. Deacon, Elizabeth, N. J. M. L. O&apos;Neale, Coal City, .Ala. Alexander Deussen, Houston, Tex. W. E. Pomeroy, El Paso, Tex. G. G. Dobbs, Bessemer, Ala. Joseph P. Ruth, Denver, Colo. E. B. Durham, Canonsburg, Pa. Gustavus Sessinghaus, Denver, Colo. L. H. Duschak, Berkeley, Cal. A. L. Sweetser, Boston, Mass. F. A. Fahrenwald, Cleveland O. G. M. Taylor, Colorado Springs, Colo. A. H. Fay, Washington, D. a. Allan G. Waite, Dragoon, Ariz. C. L. French, Brooklyn, N. Y. H. Vincent Wallace, Los Angeles, Cal. Carlos F. Galan, Riverside, Mex. H. A. Wentworth, Boston, Mass. Herman Garlichs, St. Louis, Mo. Alfred W. G. Wilson, Ottawa, Canada. Ernest Klepetko, Anaconda, Mont. Samuel S. Wyer, Columbus, O. D. A. Lyon, Washington, D. C. M. M. Albertson has accepted a position with the McIntyre-Porcupine Gold Mines, Ltd., Schumacher, Out., Canada. James A. Block is now employed by the Ray Consolidated Copper Co., of Hayden, Ariz.

Jan 11, 1917

By T. S. Liu, E. A. Peretti

A LITERATURE survey of the In-Sb system, which was made before a study of the binary diagram was undertaken, revealed that the intermediate phase InSb existed and that its crystal structure is face-centered cubic of the zinc blend type. In 1929 Goldschmidt&apos; determined the lattice constant for InSb and obtained a value of 6.452A. A more recent value, 6.461A was reported by Iandelli2 in 1941. The purity of the indium used was not very high, however. The indium used by Iandelli contained 2 pct Ge. In view of this fact it was decided to remeasure the lattice parameter using high-purity indium (99.97+ pct In) and spectrographically standardized antimony of the highest purity available (99.91 pct Sb). Specimens corresponding to the InSb composition were made by carefully weighing the ingredients on an analytical balance and heating them in vacuo in a quartz tube at 700°C. As melting losses were negligible, the alloys were not analyzed chemically, but the intended analysis was taken as being accu- rate. Powder samples were prepared by either filing or crushing of the brittle alloy, followed by screening at 325 mesh. The powders were then annealed at 400°C in evacuated capsules for about an hour. X-ray photograms were taken with a Debye and a back-reflection focusing camera, using characteristic cobalt K. radiation. Lattice parameters were calculated by Cohen&apos;s³ method. The results of a Debye pattern and of a back-reflection pattern at 25°C are given in Tables I and 11. The lattice parameter at 25 °C is 6.47602A.

Jan 1, 1952

By Lawrence Adler

In-situ rock has well-recognized rupture and yielding responses. Attention is called to an intermediate response, granulation, which consists of an evenly distributed, small-scale crumbling accompanied by swelling. Granulation results in a negative slope for the inelastic portion of the stress-strain curve as successive interlocks are destroyed, and the load-carrying capacity of the material is reduced. Volumetric swelling with softening also takes place. The prerequisites for such a response are moderate confinement and a uniformly distributed defect pattern. Since rock masses, as well as rock as an intact material, have such patterns in their jointing and texture, respectively, granulation is characteristic of them. The presence of granulation can be demonstrated for a very wide scale, ranging from laboratory testing to regional geologic phenomena. The response of an engineered structure is considered in detail. Granulation appears to be dependent upon internal moments, the formation of which can be controlled by engineering design. The practical implications of such control can be significant in optimizing underground instability and in improving excavation techniques. Rock is usually considered to behave inelastically under high load, by fracturing as a brittle material, or by yielding as a ductile material, ignoring time dependency. These responses, which are characteristic of metallic behavior, appear idealized in Fig. 1, where linear-elasticity approximates the initial behavior. However, another major deformation mechanism peculiar to rock has long been recognized in geology, the granulation of an interlocked material. Granulation consists of a uniformly distributed fracturing and crumbling of the material, accompanied by swelling and softening. Predictably, the associated inelastic portion of the load-deformation curve has a negative slope,

Jan 1, 1971

William B. Cogswell, member of the Institute since 1872, died on June 7, 1921, at his home in New York City, after an illness of about six weeks occasioned by an infection of the middle car. Mr. Cogswell is survived by his wife, Mrs. Cora Brownell Cogswell; a son-in-law, and three grandchildren. His first wife died in 1877. William Cogswell was born at Oswego, Sept. 22, 1834, and was taken to Syracuse by his parents when he was four years old. He attended Hamilton Academy and private schools in Syracuse and Seneca Falls. In 1843, he visited England with his parents and brought back a set of drawing instruments, which led to a series of lessons in architecture under Luther Gifford, the only architect in Syracuse at the time. The boy drew many building plans and one set was used for the old Globe Hotel in Syracuse, erected in 1846 and 1847. In 1848, when only 14, he spent a year with a party that was surveying the route of the Syracuse & Oswego R. R. and relaying the tracks of the Utica & Syracuse R. R. He studied civil engineering at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, for three years, but left that institution in 1852 without receiving his degree. Many years later, in 1884, the degree of C. E. was conferred upon him. During the three years following 1852, Mr. Cogswell served as an apprentice in machine shops at Lawrence, Mass., under the superintendence of John S. Hoadley. About 1856, he was made manager of the machinery department of the Marietta & Cincinnati R. R., at Chili-cothe, Ohio, and three years later became superintendent of the Broadway foundry at St. Louis, Mo. In 1860, in Syracuse, Mr. Cogswell was associated with William A. and A. Avery Sweet in the formation of Sweet Bros. & Co., which later became the Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Mr. Cogswell received a civilian appointment as mechanical engineer in the United States Navy. During 1860 he was located at Port Royal, S. C., having general supervision over the work of fitting up repair shops at five widely separated stations on the Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of Mexico. In this year his genius and resourcefulness were notably shown. He literally launched a naval machine shop, so that warships could be repaired without leaving, and thereby weakening, blockades against Southern ports. The machine shop was assembled by Mr. Cogswell and shipped by boat to Port Royal. There an old whaler was made over for machine shop purposes and Mr.

Jan 1, 1922

William B. Cogswell, member of the Institute since 1872, died on June 7, 1921, at his home in New York City, after an illness of about six weeks occasioned by an infection of the middle car. Mr. Cogswell is survived by his wife, Mrs. Cora Brownell Cogswell; a son-in-law, and three grandchildren. His first wife died in 1877. William Cogswell was born at Oswego, Sept. 22, 1834, and was taken to Syracuse by his parents when he was four years old. He attended Hamilton Academy and private schools in Syracuse and Seneca Falls. In 1843, he visited England with his parents and brought back a set of drawing instruments, which led to a series of lessons in architecture under Luther Gifford, the only architect in Syracuse at the time. The boy drew many building plans and one set was used for the old Globe Hotel in Syracuse, erected in 1846 and 1847. In 1848, when only 14, he spent a year with a party that was surveying the route of the Syracuse & Oswego R. R. and relaying the tracks of the Utica & Syracuse R. R. He studied civil engineering at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, for three years, but left that institution in 1852 without receiving his degree. Many years later, in 1884, the degree of C. E. was conferred upon him. During the three years following 1852, Mr. Cogswell served as an apprentice in machine shops at Lawrence, Mass., under the superintendence of John S. Hoadley. About 1856, he was made manager of the machinery department of the Marietta & Cincinnati R. R., at Chili-cothe, Ohio, and three years later became superintendent of the Broadway foundry at St. Louis, Mo. In 1860, in Syracuse, Mr. Cogswell was associated with William A. and A. Avery Sweet in the formation of Sweet Bros. & Co., which later became the Whitman & Barnes Mfg. Co. At the outbreak of the Civil War, Mr. Cogswell received a civilian appointment as mechanical engineer in the United States Navy. During 1860 he was located at Port Royal, S. C., having general supervision over the work of fitting up repair shops at five widely separated stations on the Atlantic seaboard and Gulf of Mexico. In this year his genius and resourcefulness were notably shown. He literally launched a naval machine shop, so that warships could be repaired without leaving, and thereby weakening, blockades against Southern ports. The machine shop was assembled by Mr. Cogswell and shipped by boat to Port Royal. There an old whaler was made over for machine shop purposes and Mr.

Jan 1, 1922

By Andrew Hyslop

IN our never ending search for new and better ways of underground mining, we find that transportation has had its share of new ideas in the past few years. The old and still effective method of track haulage has had some competition from rubber tired cars and belt conveyors, each of which has its own safety hazards which demand close scrutiny in any safety study. The use of shuttle cars, in particular, has introduced clearance hazards caused by the absence of the more or less positive guides formed by the rails of a track sys¬tem; likewise the requirement of greater clearance tends to increase roof hazards which we all know to be great enough with the best of methods. However, the subject of transportation hazards is too broad to be covered entirely in one paper, so I will confine myself to track methods which carry the preponderance of underground tonnage. I am quite sure that to this group it is an evident fact that haulage accidents are of major importance. However, to stress the point, it may be well to look at a few figures. Safety statistics can be quite boring and often are subject to question as to mathematical accuracy because of different

Jan 1, 1948

Many definitions have been advanced and many limitations advocated in the use of the terms, veins, lodes and ledges. The following definitions appear to follow the best usage. [ ] A fissure vein, according to Lindgren, is a mineral mass tabular in form as a whole, though often irregular in detail, filling or accompanying a fracture or series of closely set and intimately related parallel fractures in the enclosing rock, the mineral mass having been formed later than both the country rock and the

Jan 1, 1932

By James T. Kemp

SOME interesting and, to American eyes, rather unusual processes for refining impure aluminum derived from scraps were found by American and British investigators who went into Germany in 1945 for the Technical Industrial Intelligence Committee Of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. What was found was recorded in a series of reports (see page 14), many of which have been released for general reading. This paper gathers under one title and summarizes the German work in refining light metal scrap. Reference must be made to the original reports for greater detail. Basically, the occasion and stimulus for the German developments in treating light metal scrap were hard necessity. Germany needed the metal for a rapacious war industry. Adequate supplies of new aluminum from reduction works were not assured. Great quantities of airplane and other light metal war scraps were forecast. It was evident that the scrap metal would have to be reabsorbed by the producing industry and would have to be kept of good quality. The normal current production of manufacturing scrap was being and could be consumed as generated. It offered no technical problem. The mixed scraps, especially those arising from crashed and decommissioned airplanes, however, presented problems of another kind. AIRPLANE SCRAP The recovery of usable aluminum alloy from the mixed assemblies that made up the piles of airplane scrap was attacked in different ways by different groups and with differing degrees of success. Three procedures actually were used On a commercial scale, one was in pilot-plant stage and another had come to a halt in the laboratory a year before Germany collapsed. Four of these five processes actually involved "refining"; that is, some measure of purification of the metal after melting. SORTING AND SEPARATION ON A SLOPING HEARTH The simplest procedure for utilizing airplane scrap involved no refining in the strict sense of the word. This was the practice adopted by two representative plants visited by the author, the Leipziger Leichtmetalle Werke, Rackwitz, Saxony, and the Vereinigte Leichtmetalle Werke, Hanover. These firms did essentially the same thing that was done in England but not with equal success, to judge by their shorter experience, the smaller tonnage handled and by the number and quality of alloys produced. The two German firms named rough-sorted scraps by their easily recognizable alloys, essentially by part and shape. They used hand labor to chop and hack and tear apart. The easily separated heavy metal and nonmetallic scraps were discarded as they were found. Steel and the higher-melting-point metal parts riveted to aluminum or built into

Jan 1, 1947

By M. L. Fuller

DURING the last several years many papers have appeared dealing with the structure of highly polished metal surfaces. The awakening of interest in this subject is due to the applicability of the electron diffrac-tion technique to the study of surfaces. The original theory of Beilby1 considered the surface of polished metals as of the nature of a super-cooled liquid or a vitreous, amorphous solid. The electron diffraction effects from polished metals have been interpreted by many to be a direct experimental proof of the correctness of the Beilby theory. This inter-pretation has been strongly opposed by others, so that at the present time the subject is in an uncertain and controversial state. In the present paper new, and hitherto unpublished, electron diffrac-tion effects from polished zinc are described. These observations indicate that the polished surface of zinc is crystalline.

Jan 1, 1938

Jan 1, 1969

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who called at Institute headquarters during the period Jan. 10, 1918 to Feb. 10, 1919. Walter F. E. Barcus. Lt. C. K. McDonald, U. S. N. R. F. Capt. D. H. Bradley, Jr. Major John DeN. Macomb, Bayhead, N. J. Melvis Buigger. - Samuel Melitzer, New York City. Eugene Coste, Calgary, Can. T. C. Merriman, New Haven, Conn. C. W. Cromwell, Warren, Ariz. Wm. J. Millard, Tulsa, Okla. E. O. Daue. Benj. L. Miller, Bethlehem, Pa. Capt. H. W. Edmondson. S. B. Patterson, Jr., Allentown, Pa. E. W. Engelmann, Hayden, Ariz. Lynn L. Pomeroy, New York City. C. Mason Farnham. W. E. Pomeroy, New York City. Lt. C. W. Frith, Salt Lake City, Utah. G. M. Ponton, Ottawa, Ont. John T. Fuller, Honesdale, Pa. Wallace E. Pratt, Ft. Worth, Tex. Walter A. Funk, Idaho Sp., Colo. Harold L. Rau, Milwaukee, Wis. Major W. R. Grunow, New York, N..Y. Lt. E. J. Ristedt, Camp Merritt. A. W. Hackwood, Butte, Mont. George M. Ryall, Los Angeles, Cal. Lt. Nathaniel Herz, New Haven, Conn. D. B. Scott, Mogollon, N. M. Ralph T. Hirsh, New York City., W. H. Staver. O. P. Hood, Washington, D. C. Douglas B. Sterrett, Washington, D. C. E. B. Hopkins, Houston, Tex. J. A. Stewart, Minneapolis, Minn. Hugh C. Ingle, Pensacola, Fla. R. H. Summer, Wilmington, Del. Capt. Wm. F. Jahn. W. G. Swart, Duluth, Minn. Roswell H. -Johnson, Pittsburgh, Pa. Kirby Thomas, New York City. Jesse L. Jones, Pittsburgh. Pa. Capt. H. D. Trounce, San Diego, Cal. Edgar Kidwell, Berkeley, Cal. L. Unger, New York City. .D. H. Ladd, Detroit, Mich. George F. Vivian, Butte, Mont. Raymond B. Ladoo, Cambridge, Mass. R. A. Walter, Reading, Pa. W. H. Landers. Lt. R. G. Wayland, Chehalis, Wash. David Lasner, Elizabeth, N. J. R. J. White, Wallace, Idaho. J. M. Lilligren. J. S. Wroth, Albuquerque, N. M. Lt. Wm. J. Linn, Chicago, Ill. Herbert Hoover, General Pershing, Ambassador William G. Sharp and Admiral William S. Benson were speakers to-day at the annual luncheon in honor of Washington&apos;s Birthday, given by the American Club of Paris at the Palais D&apos;Orsay.

Jan 3, 1919

By John Gjers

Being on a visit to your great and prosperous country, and having been favored with an invitation to attend this meeting of your Institute, the author has been requested by your Secretary to give a short account of his invention of the " soaking-pit," which he has great pleasure in doing. The object of the soaking-pit is the rolling of steel ingots with their own initial heat, that is, to supply the missing link in that chain of metallurgical operations which Sir Henry Bessemer began in 1857, when he proved how it was possible to produce malleable iron or steel direct from the fluid cast-iron out of the blast-furnace, without any further direct use of fuel. The great Bessemer invention has revolutionized iron and steelmaking throughout the world; but it stopped short at producing the ingot, which, it was found, had afterwards to be heated in a furnace to enable it to be rolled or hammered; and it is only lately, twenty-five years after Mr. Bessemer&apos;s announcement, that the author of this paper has been able to show that furnacing can be dispensed with, and that it is practicable to roll a steel ingot into say a bloom, a rail, or a billet, with its own initial heat. It has no doubt suggested itself to many that there ought to be heat enough in the ingot just cast, for the purpose of rolling; and from time to time attempts have been made to utilize this heat; but such attempts always ending in failure, it became a settled opinion in the trade that it could not be done—an opinion which the author is aware that your late lamented countryman, Mr. Holley, than whom there was none more conversant with Bessemer steel-making, also entertained. But settled opinions sometimes prove to be great fallacies. As an instance, it is not many years since the opinion prevailed in the trade that steel ingots could not be rolled successfully, that is, so as to make good rails, unless they were first allowed to get quite cold, and afterwards heated. No greater boon was ever conferred on the

Jan 1, 1885