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By GORDON H. FISHER

During the year 1945, the drilling pace in West Texas increased above that in the year 1944, and represented the highest number of well completions since 2941. The 1680 new wells drilled 8,287,958 ft. of hole for a per well average of 4933 ft. This depth is approximately 30o. ft. deeper than the average for the year 1944. Although the deepest well drilled in West Texas (Phillips Petroleum Company's Ada Price No. 1, in Pecos County) was completed during the year. 1944 to a depth of 15,279 ft. and tested the Ellen-burger horizon, the producing depth record for West Texas was set during the year 1945 with the completion of Amerada Petroleum Corporation's Jones No. I-A, in the Jones Ranch field, Gaines County, which now is producing at 11,422 ft. from the Devonian formation.

Jan 1, 1946

By Thomas T. Read

REVIEWING the events of the year in mineral industry education, a certain amount of either amusement or irritation, depending upon one's viewpoint, can be derived front the section dealing with mining engineering in Walter B. Pitkin's "New Careers for Youth" which appeared during the summer. On p. 102 Prof. Pitkin says "The mining engineer is disappearing .. . because . . . the profits of mining decline rapidly with the age of the mine." In his "Are Too Many Students Taking Mining Courses?" published in the May issue of this journal, W. B. Plank presents statistics showing that there was some decline in student enrollment in mining and metallurgical courses in 1932-3 and 1933-4, compared with 1930-31, but that the decline was proportionate to that in all lines of engineering study combined. Informal reports from Institute officials that have visited tinning schools during the fall indicate that nearly all schools showed an increase in enrollment for the current school year. Pre else statistics will be made available by Prof. Plank at the Annual Meeting. His study last year provided, for the first time, accurate and complete information on the enrollment in mining schools, as well as the number of various courses and the degree granted, and it will be interesting to have comparable figures for this year. Prof. Pitkin's views on the future opportunities for mining engineers were discussed at some length - on pages 439-4.40 of the November issue of MINING AND METALLURGY.

Jan 1, 1935

By Paul Sterling

1. INTRODUCTION. THE general impression regarding the preparation of merchantable anthracite is that it is confined to a colossal, grimy structure, called a "coal-breaker." This name is misnomer; for the desired result is not to break the coal, but to prevent its being broken. Preparation may be said to begin at the face of the chamber, with the mining and loading of the coal. Local conditions vary, not only in the same field or basin, but also in the same mine, so that there is no fixed empirical rule governing the method of blasting or cutting coal. Tests should be made, when possible, to determine the explosive, or the mechanical coal-cutter, which will produce the largest percentage of what are locally known as " lump " and " prepared sizes " of anthracite. The prepared sizes are those mostly consumed for domestic purposes. All other sizes might be called by-products of the anthracite industry; for they are not especially desirable, being the degradation resulting from the mining and handling of a brittle or laminated material. Being low in volatile combustible matter, anthracite burns most successfully when nearly of a uniform size, permitting the easy passage of air through the voids. This accounts for the large number of sizes into which the coal is separated. Table I. gives the various sizes, the diameter of ring over and through which each size is made, and the usual purpose for which it is employed.

Oct 1, 1911

By Robert Glass Cleland

IN gathering material for this book, I have made extensive use of the archives of Phelps Dodge, contemporary news- papers, and a wide range of secondary sources. Two manuscripts-one on the history of Phelps Dodge by Arthur Train, Jr., and John L. Lawler, the other a biography of William E. Dodge by Richard Lowitt-have been of the greatest value. I owe a particular debt to the authors whose names I have just mentioned. I have also gathered important information and obtained revealing points of view from conversations with many people. Personal visits to the company's mines and plants added knowledge and understanding that nothing else was able to supply. I am greatly obligated to the officers of the company, especially to Mr. Louis S. Cates, chairman of the board of directors, Mr. Robert G. Page, president, Mr. George R. Drysdale, vice-president of Phelps Dodge Corporation, and Mr. Walter C. Bennett, president of Phelps Dodge Refining Corporation, for their co-operation and assistance. Mr. Wylie Brown, former president of Phelps Dodge Copper Products Corporation, also supplied valuable data and deeply appreciated hospitality. In my visits to the Phelps Dodge properties, company representatives extended every hospitality and placed at

Jan 1, 1952

The Arizona Committee, consisting of GERALD F. G. SHERMAN, Chairman, ARTHUR NOTMAN, Secretary, NORMAN CARMICHAEL, B. BRITTON GOTTSBERGER, W. L. CLARK, J. C. GREENWAY, W. G. MCBRIDE, FOREST RUTHERFORD, has arranged the following program for the Arizona Meeting, which has been approved by the President of the 'Institute and by the Executive Committee. It is printed herewith for the information of members, and probably will not be changed in any material respect. Monday, September 18, 1916.-Arrive at El Paso, Texas,, 6.30 A.M. Arrive at Deming, N. Mex., 9.30 A.M. Arrive at Chino, Ariz., 11.30 A.M., where luncheon will be served, after which there will be a visit to the Chino mines. From there the train will proceed to Hurley, N. Mex., where a visit will be made to the mill of the Chino Copper Co. Tuesday, September 19, 1916.-Arrive at Douglas, Ariz., at 8.00 A.M. The morning will be spent at the reduction works of the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Co. "and of the Calumet & Arizona Mining Co. After luncheon a technical session will be held, with "Smelting" as a special subject for discussion. There will be a banquet in the evening, followed by another technical session or-a business meeting.

Jan 6, 1916

F. E. Thompson, Pottstown, Pa.: If Mr. Webster's endeavor to open up the subject of cast-iron should prove as prolific of results as did the discussion on " The Physics of Steel," he must certainly feel richly repaid. His remarks concerning the secretiveness and conservatism of the average foundry-man recall to my mind an instance of a blast-furnace which, for the last year, has been producing much foundry-iron. The manager, believing that much more of his product could be used in the foundry than the foundry-men were will-

Jan 1, 1896

By J. W. Furness

Before attempting any discussion of the importance of tariff enactments as applied to exhaustible resources, certain basic factors should be emphasized. First, it must be remembered that minerals differ from organic substances in that they are irreplaceable, and when once taken from the earth's crust enter into uses which ultimately dissipate them, so . that they cannot be recovered for future use. A second factor entering into the problem is the unequal distribution of the mineral deposits of the world. No industrial nation has within its political confines a sufficient quantity of all the minerals necessary for the maintenance and advancement of present civilization; hence international exchange of these commodities is inevitable. As minerals are essential to modern industry, the supply available to any given nation constitutes a factor which limits its ambition to advance industrially. A nation which has this ambition endeavors to secure not only a supply of minerals sufficient for its current needs, but also sources which will assure it expansion. Should mineral raw materials be withheld from such a nation by enactment, it seems inevitable that every effort will be made to obtain them, and that, should the nation deem itself sufficiently powerful, its ultimate recourse will be force. Thus the importance of tariff enactments, not only from the standpoint of industrial prosperity but from the standpoint of international peace, can be appreciated.

Jan 1, 1932

I. C. WHITE, Morgantown, W. Va. (written discussion *).-The writer's conclusions with reference to the possibility of finding commercial deposits of petroleum in Brazil were published in 1908 in the Final Report of the Coal Commission of Brazil.1 Since this volume is not generally accessible, and the author has nothing to acid thereto, the following quotation found on pages 243-7 may prove of interest: The Possibility of Petroleum Deposits in Brazil "The writer has often been asked to express an opinion as to the possibility of finding petroleum in commercial quantity in Brazil. "The question is one that does not admit of an adequate answer except for the regions visited by the writer, which as already stated, include only, a portion of that great territory, and only the southern portion of Brazil; namely, the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina, Paraná, and a few rapid excursions across São Paulo, and Minas Geraes, as well as the brief visit to Marahú in Bahia. "That the sedimentary beds of the Brazilian Permian once held some petroleum is attested by the evidence of the Iraty black shale which gives off the characteristic odor of this substance from São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul.

Jan 1, 1918

By Robert H. Richards

(Pittsburg Meeting, March, 1910.) THIS is in part a review paper, indicating the various steps that have been taken in developing hindered-settling apparatus, some of the standard data that have been obtained, and some of the conclusions one is led to as to the effect of it in improving concentrating-methods and machinery, and in part it brings in some unpublished work. CAUSES OF LOSS IN ORE-CONCENTRATION. In making a study of the separation of valuable minerals from the waste gangue, particularly by water concentrators, it is necessary to define, first of all, what are the causes of-loss that are likely to interfere with the concentration. Having made this definition; we can then study to see in what way the machines make their losses, and plan remedies for them in an intelligent way. Losses may be stated to occur as included grains, as flat or long grains, as fine free mineral, and as absolute slime. We will take, these up one by one, as follows: Included Grains.-Fig. 1 shows by a set of diagrams how included grains may occur: first, where the heavy mineral grains attached to the quartz are of large size; secondly, where they are of small size ; and thirdly, where very fine particles of heavy mineral are included in the quartz. We have to decide in regard to included grains whether they are rich enough to go direct to, the furnace, or poor enough to throw away, or whether they lie between these two points and require recrushing as the only means of severing the values from the waste. This last case is the only one requiring special treatment at our hands. We will therefore consider that next. * By mutual consent, this paper has been presented also before the Colorado Scientific Society, and the Canadian Mining Institute, Montreal.

Feb 1, 1911

By O. D. Gonzalez

Existing measurements for the steady-state permeation of hydrogen in a iron above 100°C have been examined for contribution of determinate errors. The analysis leads to a recommended equation for the permeability of hydrogen in a iron: o= (2.9 ±0.5) x 10-3 exp - (8400 ± 400)/RT cu cm (ntp H2) cm-1 sec-1 atm-1/2 THE permeability of a iron to hydrogen has been the subject of numerous investigations over the past 40 years, and at present there are thirteen sets of published results for the rate of steady-state permeation of hydrogen in a iron above 100°C. The numerical values in each set of results are entirely self-consis-tent, but the spread among the sets is too large to be attributed solely to experimental error, i.e., to error other than in the specimen itself. Several reasons have been advanced to explain the disparities, but to date the relative importance of experimental inaccuracy to the spread remains uncertain. The purpose of this report is to examine in detail the sources of determinate errors inherent in the experiments and to assess as far as possible the contribution of the errors to the results. The ultimate goal is the selection of values for the permeability and heat of permeation most nearly representative of hydrogen in a iron. The analysis is limited to those experiments in which the permeation rate was observed at steady state—a condition in which traps for hydrogen within the metal are filled to a fixed level15 so that the trapping mechanism is not reflected in the rate of passage of the gas. Furthermore only data are examined in which surface processes are judged to have little or no influence on the flow. It is hoped with these restrictions to obtain values of the permeability and the heat of permeation which will be as closely related as possible to the mechanism of lattice diffusion. I) DEFINITION OF TERMS; UNITS In this report the data for permeation are given in terms of a coefficient oj permeability, ?, which is defined by the equation: jt=?A/?x{p1/2-po1/2) [1] where jt is the total flow of gas normal to the surface of a membrane of planar geometry, e.g., a disc, of area A and thickness ?x; pi and po are the pressures in the input and output sides, respectively. For flow radial to the walls of a membrane of cylindrical geometry, e.g., a tube, the corresponding equation is: where 1 is the length of the cylinder, and ri and ro are the inner and outer radii, respectively. The flux normal to the surface is given by Fick's law: j= -D(dc/dx) [3] At steady state the concentration gradient will be constant, and integration of Eq. [3] gives for the total flow through a disc of area A and thickness Ax: h =-DA(co - ci) [4] where c, and ci are the concentrations of solute at the output and input surfaces, respectively. When surface control is absent, co and ci are given by Sievert's law c = Kp1/2, and substitution therewith into Eq. [4] gives directly Eq. [I] where ? = DK. Integration of Fick's Eq. [3] in cylindrical coordinates will give Eq. [2] where again ? = DK and is thus shown to be independent of geometry (provided that surface control is negligible). The coefficient of permeability, or simply the permeability,* must be expressed in proper units. In *The term permeability will refer in this report always to the coefficient defined above; permeation will be used to specify the general phenomenon of gas passage through a membrane. this report ? will be expressed in the units of cu cm (ntp H2) cm-1 sec-1 atm-1/2. The variations of D and K with temperature are given by D = Do exp(-Ea/RT) and K = KO exp(-?Hs/RT) where E, is the activation energy for diffusion and AH, the heat of solution, each usually expressed in calories per mole of solute. The variation of permeability with temperature will thus be given (for conditions where surface control is negligible) by ? = ?o exp(-?Hp/RT) where ?0 = DoKo and ?Hp = Ea + ?Hs. The units of ?0 are the same as those of 6, and??Hp will be expressed in calories per mole H. 11) SUMMARY OF PERMEABILITY RESULTS Table I gives the values reported to date for the permeability of H2 in a iron in terms of ?o and ?Hp. Except where noted the parameters listed were taken directly from the numbers reported by the various investigators with only a change in units. The temperature limits within which the listed ?o and ?Hp hold are given in column 7; the limits marked in parentheses in this column indicate the entire temperature range covered in each investigation. The listed values of ?o and ?Hp are those giving a linear plot of ln? against T-1 at the higher temperatures in each set of measurements, and thus presumably represent the case for which surface control was negligible. Column 6 gives values of 9 at a representative tem-

Jan 1, 1970

By George M. Fowler

DURING 1937 the subject of mining geology was probably given more attention and more mining geologists were usefully employed than at any previous time. Of the many contributing factors the most important were: (1) a higher degree of prosperity in many countries, (2) a. better understanding of geologic phenomena, and (3) the apparently diminishing reserves of several important minerals. Mining companies have come to look upon geology with a growing appreciation of its aid in the more effective exploration and exploitation of mineral deposits. Most of the larger and more active companies have one or more geologists permanently attached to their staffs and some have well organized and efficiently managed geological departments. Even the smaller companies, who feel they cannot afford to employ a geologist on a permanent basis, are seeking the advice of competent men in this field with increasing frequency. One of the most significant trends has been the growing tendency to base exploratory work on more thorough geologic studies instead of empirical "hunches,"on which so much off the work in the past has relied. Likewise, mining companies are apparently more willing to expend larger sums on the basis of geologic possibilities in a district.

Jan 1, 1938

By A. C. Fieldner

THE older coal chemist had a much simpler conception of coal than we have today. To him coal was a mineral composed essentially of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash, and water, in various proportions. His studies on the constitution of coal were directed along the conventional lines of proximate and ultimate chemical analyses and making deductions from these data without any real appreciation of the fact that coal is a conglomerate of various chemical compounds, including many of the most complex structures known to organic chemistry. The view of the modern coal chemist is well expressed by Franz Fischer, I who says that while proximate and ultimate analyses are important both from the scientific and technical point of view, they tell the chemist no more concerning the number and kinds of chemical compounds that constitute coal than the reader would learn of the contents of a book if told that the printed contents consisted of 15 per cent. of the letter "e," 5 per cent. of the letter "n," 1 per cent. of the letter "g," 4 per cent. of the letter "b," etc. As the reader must have the grouping of letters into words and words into sentences, so the chemist must have the grouping of atoms into molecules and the proportion of each molecular compound in the coal aggregate before he acquires an adequate knowledge of the constitution of coal. Modern investigators2 are laying the foundation of a new chemistry of coal based on the biochemistry of plants and the chemical changes involved in processes of fermentation and decay. As

Jan 5, 1925

By Louis G. Bailey

This paper .reviews some of the key developments which have been made in the synthesis of the III-V compound semiconductors and the associated progress in obtaining high-quality material for device development. The history of the investigation of the semi-conducting properties of these materials has indicated the need for synthesis techniques capable of producing rnaterial of high chemical purity and physical perfection. The progress in the area is described, and the present status of quality of several compounds is discussed. In addition, recent studies of localized epitaxial deposition of GaAs into semi-insulating GaAs substvates for the development of arrays of devices ave reviewed. In conclusion, some important areas for future research and developrnent are discussed. INTEREST in III-V compounds as semiconductors dates back to the period 1950 to 1952, when Goryunova, Ioffe, and, in particular, Welker determined that 111-V compounds were structural analogs of the group IV elements carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin and that they were also semiconductors.'-3 Since that time interest in the properties of these materials has ex- panded rapidly. During 1953 and 1954, the first reports of rectification, photoconductivity, and optical absorption in these materials came from several investigators. In 1955, recombination radiation from samples of GaAs, InP, and GaSb was reported by ~raunstein .' This radiation was produced by injected minority carriers from point and large-area contacts. From 1955 to 1960, efforts increased on preparing large, pure specimens of these materials for the study of basic physical phenomena and device exploration. By 1960, materials preparation and the understanding of the physics of some of the materials had advanced to where some very interesting and potentially useful phenomena came under study. The first observation of electric-field-induced changes in the optical absorption edge (Franz -Keldysh effect) of 111-V compounds was reported for GaAs by Moss in 1961.' In 1962 the study of recombination radiation advanced rapidly. Keyes and Quist6 and Pankove and Berkey-heiser7 reported high radiative efficientices obtained from recombination, and then the first injection electroluminescent lasers in GaAs were announced by Hall ef al.,' by Nathan et al.,O and by Quist ef al.,'O and in Ga(As, P) alloys by Holonyak and Bevacqua." Hil-sum has reviewed the early work leading to the first observations of laser action in GaAS." Recombination processes in GaAs, Gap, and the other 111-V com-

Jan 1, 1968

By H. Hubert

THE first attempts at direct utilization of blast-furnace gas in engines were made in 1895. For a considerable time the gas had been burnt in Cowper stoves for heating the blast for the furnace, and under the boilers which supplied steam to the blowing-engines, and others serving the furnaces. It was natural, therefore, that the idea of directly employing it in gas-engines should have occurred simultaneously to several engineers, notably to Lürmann and to Lencauchez, who had pointed out the blast-furnace as a powerful -gas-producer. Nevertheless, nowhere had any attempt been made to apply it to this purpose up to the end of 1894, when Thwaite proposed it to Mr. James Riley, of the Glasgow Iron & Steel Company. About the same time investigations were being made in Belgium and in Germany, independently of Thwaite's experiments, which were not generally known on the Continent. The industrial world, which up to that time had hardly favored the idea, had thus been gradually prepared to receive it. The gas-engine, long restricted to small sizes and dependent upon the use of an expensive fuel obtainable only in large centers, now began to make headway. At the Paris Exhibition of 1889 two engines of 100 h.p. were shown and excited much interest among engineers. One had four cylinders, and was made at the celebrated works of the Deutz Company, and the other was a single-cylinder engine, exhibited by two French designers, Messrs. Delamare-Deboutteville and Malandin. In the meanwhile the design of gas-producers had made important progress, completely freeing the new engine from its

Nov 1, 1906

By THOMAS G. FEAR

THE COAL DIVISION started its share of the annual meeting Monday morning with a study of coal classi fication. A. C. Fieldner was in the chair. The report of the tellers of the ballot for division chairman, stating that Thomas G. Fear had been elected to that office, was read by M. D. Cooper. Mr. Fear acknowledged the honor in a few words. In reviewing the history of the Coal Classification Committee the chairman pointed out that this was its third symposium, the last previous one having been held at the 1930 Annual Meeting. Throughout its work the com¬mittee has had the active cooperation of the Canadian workers who are interested in the subject which should result in a uniform scheme of classification in Canada and the United States. F. E. Lathe, of the National Research Council, Ottawa, abstracted the first two papers of the session entitled "Determination of the Alkali-Soluble Ulmins in Coal," by Edgar Stansfield and K. C. Gilbart, and "Moisture Determination for Coal Classification," by the same authors. The third paper "Condition of Water in Coals of Various Ranks"' was presented by its author, A. W. Gauger. Written discussions of these papers were presented by H. C. Porter and Gilbert H. Cady. In the oral discussion which followed, W. T. Thom, Jr., brought out the advisability of considering age as a factor in classification. Mr. Fieldner favored retaining bed moisture as a partial classification basis, stating that a review of many coal analyses revealed a remarkable consistency in this item in samples from a given mine particularly where the moisture content was not high. Mr. Porter pointed out that the structure and porosity of coal often have much to do with its moisture content and that these vary in different parts of a seam, particularly in anthracite. Mr. Gauger expressed doubt as to whether the Stansfield method gives the true moisture content of coal, which is needed for classification purposes.

Jan 1, 1932

By L. D. Tracy

On Aug. 5 and 6,1918, and Mar. 26, 1919, the writer made an investigation of the mine-water neutralizing plant at the Calumet mine of the H. C. Frick Coke Co. The object of this plant is to develop a process of treating the water pumped from the mines so that it may be rendered suitable for use at the power plants of the mines and also at the coke ovens; at the same time, eventually producing a byproduct which will have enough commercial value to provide a sufficient revenue to place the plant on a self-sustaining basis. The Calumet mine is situated in Mt. Pleasant Township, Westmoreland County, Pa., on a branch of the southwest branch of the Pittsburgh Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is about 6 mi. (9 km.) southeast of Greensburg, the county seat of Westmoreland County. The coal, which is the Pittsburg or Connellsville seam, lies at a depth of about 200 ft. (60 m.) and is brought to the surface by means of a shaft. The output of the mine averages 200,000 tons of coal annually, all of which is made into coke, either at the ovens, at the mine, or at byproduct ovens. There are 260 coke ovens at the mine. The continued development of the coal fields of Pennsylvania and the increased use of electric power in the operation of the mines has brought the problem of an increased water supply for the plants to the attention of the coal operators. This is especially true in the Connellsville coking region, where large quantities of water are used in quenching the coke at the ovens. Many of the streams receive the drainage from the mines; and as this water is highly acid and contains sulfur in various forms, some method of treatment is necessary to render it suitable for use at the plants of the mines. With this end in view, the H. C. Prick Coke Co., about 4 years ago, installed at its Calumet mine a plant for experimental purposes, in an endeavor to develop a process that would provide a maximum amount of suitable water at a minimum cost. From a purely technical point of view, the result of these experiments has been encouraging. The company is now endeavoring to place the plant on a commercial basis.

Jan 1, 1922

By David B. Dill, Edgar R. Lea

The zinc deposits of the Balmat-Edwards Division of the St. Joseph Lead Company in northern New York State provide some 10 per cent of the domestic zinc produced annually within the United States. These complex ore deposits are contained within marbles of the Precambrian Grenville series, in a repetitive sequence of dolomites and silicated units. The Balmat ore bodies are localized at various intervals throughout some 1800 feet of the stratigraphic column on the northwest side of a band of gneiss that has continuity to the Edwards area, some 10 miles to the northeast. The Edwards ore bodies are located to the southeast of this gneiss. The marble formations are thought to have included repetitive intervals of marine sedimentation that provided mineralized source "beds" and were subsequently folded, flooded, and injected with melts at great depth and were sheared, recrystallized, and reconstituted. Detailed structural and stratigraphic studies throughout the northwestern Adirondacks, in the Balmat-Edwards district, and at each mine in particular indicate the close dependence of the ore deposits on the enveloping structure whether it be local, district-wide, or regional in scope. Primary folding has developed a northeast regional trend with northwest dips. Secondary folding has been developed by an almost horizontal northeast-southwest-oriented shear couple in the plane of the regional trend. The secondary folding has produced crossfolds that intersect the regional northeast trend and plunge north to northwest at various angles. The ore bodies are found within certain stratigraphic horizons where repeated alternation of competent and incompetent beds encouraged unusually complex folding. Analysis of individual mine structures indicates that the location of each deposit is controlled by structural crossing of primary and secondary folding. The ore bodies, which are tabular, lenticular, or pod-like in form, have features that suggest parallelism to true bedding or modified flow banding, developed by northeast-southwest shearing stresses related to the development of the crossfolds. The ore deposits in general follow both structural and recrystallization trends within the wall rocks. Mobilization of the pre-metamorphic ore minerals is believed to have involved a combination of plastic flow under stress and solution of the sphalerite, minor galena, and pyrite. The ore fluids are thought to have been guided by secondary shearing and microbrecciation into structurally prepared areas where reprecipitation took place. The presumed premetamorphic mineralization now exhibits epigenetic high-temperature features related to late-stage metamorphism.

Jan 1, 1968

By AIME AIME

At the Annual Meeting of the Institute, February, 1908, the following amendments to the Constitution were proposed for action at a future business meeting (see Trans., XXXIX, xxvii) To Art. II. After the first sentence of this Article, add the following sentence « These classes may be subdivided by the Council, according to profession, length of membership, nationality, or other conditions not inconsistent with the provisions of this article." To Art. III. In the first line, substitute " fifteen " for "ten " dollars. At the Annual Meeting of February, 1909, action upon these amendments was postponed to the next business meeting (see Bulletin No. 27, March, 1909, p. xiv). Of these two amendments, the first has been withdrawn, as unnecessary-the subdivision thereby authorized being already practicable without such amendment. The second amendment will be acted upon at the next Annual Meeting, February 15, 1910, and the Secretary has been instructed to call the attention of members to the subject in such a way as to secure a general vote upon it. A special circular, now being prepared by the Secretary, will shortly be sent to all members. Year Book of the Institute. The Year Book of the Institute for 1910 is sent to all members and associates with this issue of the Bulletin. In addition to the lists of members enrolled Jan. 1, 1910, and arranged both alphabetically and geographically, this annual contains lists of officers, council, corporation, past officers, meetings, and notices concerning publications; also the constitution and by-laws of the Institute, and blank forms for proposal of mem-

Jan 1, 1910

By Mario L. Villa

Argentina's oil production continues in its upward trend. The year 1940 closed with an important increase over 1939; that is, 1,996,371 bbl., or 10.72 per cent. The Government oil fields (Y.P.F.) are responsible for these results, as their total output was 12,474,655 bbl., which compared with the 10,222, 533 bbl. produced in 1939 represent an increase of 2,252,122 bbl., or 22.03 per cent. Fields operated by private companies yielded 8,134,882 bbl., against 8,390,633 bbl. in 1939, a decrease of 255,751 bbl. (3.04 per cent). To the total of 20,609,538 bbl. produced in 1940 in Argentina, the Comodoro Rivadavia field contributed 14,976,222 bbl.; Plaza Huincul, 1,275,814 bbl.; the Province of Salta, 1,845,1977 bbl. and the Province of Mendoza, 2,51I,475 bbl. Table 3 compares the output of companies working in Comodoro Rivadavia. The total increase of 186,819 bbl. (1.26 per cent) registered in the Comodoro Kivadavia area is due only to an intensification of development programs in the known

Jan 1, 1941

By Mario L. Villa

Argentina's oil production continues in its upward trend. The year 1940 closed with an important increase over 1939; that is, 1,996,371 bbl., or 10.72 per cent. The Government oil fields (Y.P.F.) are responsible for these results, as their total output was 12,474,655 bbl., which compared with the 10,222, 533 bbl. produced in 1939 represent an increase of 2,252,122 bbl., or 22.03 per cent. Fields operated by private companies yielded 8,134,882 bbl., against 8,390,633 bbl. in 1939, a decrease of 255,751 bbl. (3.04 per cent). To the total of 20,609,538 bbl. produced in 1940 in Argentina, the Comodoro Rivadavia field contributed 14,976,222 bbl.; Plaza Huincul, 1,275,814 bbl.; the Province of Salta, 1,845,1977 bbl. and the Province of Mendoza, 2,51I,475 bbl. Table 3 compares the output of companies working in Comodoro Rivadavia. The total increase of 186,819 bbl. (1.26 per cent) registered in the Comodoro Kivadavia area is due only to an intensification of development programs in the known

Jan 1, 1941