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By Rob Jameson

"The demand for commercial and residential construction has continued to evolve across the United States over the last decade. Our markets demand larger, deeper and inherently more complex structures, located within increasingly constrained urban locations and with challenging geotechnical conditions. As project demands incrementally escalate, specialty contractors are continuously challenged to extend their state of practice. Development in the size and capabilities of construction equipment, tooling, techniques, monitoring and verification systems over the last decade has consistently allowed contractors to build larger and deeper. For support of excavation (SOE), in addition to scale, selection of the most appropriate system has been a key to success in the most challenging ground conditions. This selection process is based on sound engineering and construction practice, and also prior experience, both positive and negative. Ultimately many Owners have chosen to manage their risk of SOE construction through design-build contracts, which allows specialty constructors to optimize the balance of cost, schedule, scope and associated risk based on their local expertise. Successful implementation of a design-build methodology begins long before a contractor is selected, with identification of key project requirements and risk factors during the feasibility studies and design development phases. In these early stages of the project development, advice and budgets are frequently solicited from Specialty Contractors. The Owner, Construction Manager and Consulting Team will filter this input from multiple sources to provide their specific recommendations, develop construction documents and select the appropriate form of contracting. Only in the final stages, after award of a Design-Build Subcontract, can the successful specialty contractor directly influence risk management approach on the project. A case study is presented from Block 9 in San Francisco’s Transbay District. This project demonstrates the incremental identification, assignment and mitigation of construction risk through the planning and design build process for SOE on the deepest planned excavation in San Francisco.INTRODUCTIONThe mature urban development market in United States results in high demand for complex Support of Excavation (SOE) schemes on constrained sites. The Design-Build approach can be applied to increasingly difficult SOE challenges, combining regional specialty subcontractor knowledge and experience in order to optimize solutions for cost and schedule. The most successful applications will involve early engagement of shoring subcontractors within the project teams, during feasibility and design development stages, in order to identify key scope and risk issues, and their potential solutions. Throughout the project development, it is important to reasonably assign responsibility for construction risks amongst the project stakeholders who are best able to control them.This paper presents a case history for San Francisco’s Block 9, a well-planned and successfully executed design-build SOE project in San Francisco’s Transbay Redevelopment area. Throughout the 4 year period from the Developers initial proposal to the Redevelopment agency, through completion of excavation down to subgrade, the project team developed a series of increasingly refined SOE schemes, with corresponding scope definition and cost and schedule estimates. This program relied on early identification of key challenges and risks for the project, and evolved through multiple phases of proposals as first the General Contractor (GC) and then Specialty Shoring Subcontractor were engaged for the project. The scheme, cost and schedule refinements continued throughout construction in order to accommodate unanticipated conditions and events as they unfolded."

Jan 1, 2017

By Ron Glowe

This paper shows the potential of a new computer model, using the Glowe-Tech (GT) Tonnage Analyzer program to compare drilling and blasting results. This model uses the crushers and conveyors as measuring tools in aggregate quarries in the USA and Canada. All data is collected using commercially available kilowatt transducers and an analog input/output automation module. There are two areas of measurement used to compare results. The first area is the tonnage moved by key conveyors to show the split in products produced and the actual rate of production. If belt scale readings are not available then the Glowe-Tech Tonnage Analyzer can be used to convert kilowatts from the conveyor motor to tonnage. The second is the tons of rock crushed per kilowatt hour of energy consumption by the primary and secondary (optional) crushers. This modeling process works best if blasts are mucked and crushed in sequence. There are many other variables such as crusher types, crusher settings, screen sizing and actual geology in the pit that can influence the results, however if variables can be standardized then definite trends can be seen when comparing drilling and blasting results

Jan 1, 2005

By D. van der Veen

Mining companies and contractors are looking at Wirtgen Surface Miners to provide flexibility at their operations. Wirtgen Surface Miners have been used in the surface mining industry for over fifteen years. The principle behind the Wirtgen Miner is a rotating drum equipped with tungsten carbide tipped cutting tools that excavates and sizes the material. The drum helix augurs the mined material to the center of the drum where it is loaded onto the primary conveyor belt. From there the material is conveyed to the discharge belt and into a truck bed. The cutting drum is located in the center of the machine, near the center of gravity. This permits the machine to cut hard materials as the entire machine weight is converted into cutting forces. Conventional mining practices are process, equipment, and labor intensive. Furthermore, strict environmental requirements pertaining to noise levels, dust pollution, and blasting, near buildings or urban areas, limit the application of conventional methods. Mining/ Construction contractors are using Wirtgen Miners in various limestone excavation projects, such as highway expansion projects, and new roads in housing developments. Mining companies in the industrial minerals and coal industry are using Wirtgen Miners to load directly onto trucks, eliminating the rehandling process and ultimately, primary crushers.

Jan 1, 2002

By W. A. Burns

Vertical flow is an important mechanism in many petroleum reservoirs. Yet no adequate method has heretofore been proposed for determining the in-situ vertical permeability in a reasonable length of time. Core measurements of vertical permeability do not necessarily represent effective in-situ values. Cores may be representative of only localized pockets of high or low permeability, and total reliance on cores might cause one to overlook the presence of vertical fractures altogether. Conventional single-well tests, interference tests, and pulse tests commonly are used to determine horizontal transmissibility, khh/u, but generally are not designed to measure vertical trans-missibility or other groups containing vertical permeability, ku. A new well test described here provides a measure of in-situ vertical permeability as well as the previously measurable horizontal permeability. This "vertical test" determines the vertical diffusivity, kv/gcu, and horizontal transmissibility, khd1/u (where dl is the length of injection or production perforations). The test is basically a short-term interference or pulse test normally lasting less than a day. Conventional down-hole equipment is used between two isolated sets of perforations in the same well, as shown in Fig. 1. A "layer-cake" description of a reservoir can be obtained by running two or more vertical tests in the same well, each over different vertical intervals. Each test can be analyzed for the effective vertical and horizontal properties of the interval tested. In addition, a vertical well test can determine the effective- ness of a shale barrier or tight zone by testing across it. Field use to date of vertical testing has confirmed its utility in reservoir description. Mathematical Basis Interpretation of vertical tests for ku and kh is based on comparison of measured pressure response with computer-generated response. Pressure behavior during a vertical test in a homogeneous, anisotropic, infinite-acting reservoir (infinite in radial extent and bounded in both directions vertically) is given by the diffusion equation for slightly compressible fluids with negligible gravity effects.l A schematic diagram of the problem is presented in Fig. 2, and an analytic solution, based on the image

Jan 1, 1970

By M. Abzalov

"Control of analytical data quality is usually referred to in the mining industry as Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QAQC), and involves the monitoring of sample quality and quantification of analytical accuracy and precision. QAQC procedures normally involve using sample duplicates and specially prepared standards whose grade is known. Numerous case studies indicate that reliable control of sample precision is achieved by using approximately 5% to 10% of field duplicates and 3% to 5% of pulp duplicates. These duplicate samples should be prepared and analyzed in the primary laboratory.Bias in the analytical results can be identified by inclusion of 3% to 5% of the standard in each sample batch. Several different standards are used, with values spanning the practical range of grades in the actual samples. A blank (a sample in which the concentration of metal of interest is below detection limit) should also be included. Standard samples alone cannot identify biases introduced during sample preparation, and therefore approximately 5% of the duplicate samples (coarse rejects and pulp) should be processed and assayed at another, external, reputable laboratory.This paper discusses techniques used for estimation of errors in precision and accuracy, and overviews diagnostic tools. It is shown that one of the most commonly used methods, the Thompson-Howarth technique, produces consistently lower results than other methods. These results reflect the nature of this method, which relies on the assumption of a normally distributed error, and thus produces biased results when errors have a skewed distribution. This study concurs with the suggestion of Stanley and Lawie (2007: Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 16, p. 265-274) to use the average coefficient of variation (CVAVR(%)) as the universal measure of relative precision error in mine geology applications: Le contrôle de la qualité des données analytiques est habituellement désigné sous l’appellation d’Assurance et Contrôle de la Qualité (ACQ), elle implique le suivi de la qualité des échan¬tillons et la quantification de la reproductibilité et la précision analytiques. Les procédures des pro¬grammes d’ACQ impliquent habituellement l’usage de duplicata et de standards analytiques dont la teneur est connue. Plusieurs études de cas indiquent qu’une bonne fiabilité du contrôle de la précision des échantillons est atteinte par l’usage de 5% à 10% de doublons sur le terrain et de 3% à 5% de doublons de pulpe. Ces duplicata devraient être préparés et analysés au laboratoire principal.Un biais des résultats analytiques peut être identifié par l’inclusion de 3% à 5% d’échantillons standard dans chaque envoi d’échantillons. Plusieurs standards sont utilisés, avec des valeurs couvrant l’étendue des teneurs habituellement rencontrées dans des échantillons réels. Un blanc (un échantillon dans lequel la concentration d’un métal donné est sous la limite de détection) devrait aussi être inclus. L’emploi exclusif d’échantillons standards ne permet pas l’identification de biais résultant de la préparation des échantillons, de telle sorte qu’environ 5% des duplicata (rejets grossiers et pulpes) devrait être traités a un autre laboratoire indépendant et fiable.Cet article passe en revue les techniques utilisées pour évaluer l’erreur liée à la précision et a la reproductibilité, et effectue aussi un survol de divers outils diagnostiques. Il ressort de cet examen qu’une des techniques les plus fréquemment utilisées, la méthode Thompson-Howarth, fournit des estimés systémati¬quement inférieurs à ceux provenant des autres méthodes. Ces résultats sont un reflet de la nature de cette méthode, laquelle assume une distribution normale de l’erreur, biaisant ainsi les résultats lorsque l’erreur présente une distribution asymétrique. La présente étude recommande de privilégier l’usage du coefficient moyen de variation (CVAVR(%)) en tant que mesure universelle de la précision relative de l’erreu"

Jan 1, 2008

By A. D. Pienaar

The aqueous chemistry of niobium and tantalum compounds with hydrofluoric acid is a mature field of investigation. In contrast, very little attention has been paid to reactions of these compounds in non-aqueous environments. Similarly, reactions of elemental fluorine with niobium and tantalum compounds have received little more than cursory attention in literature. This work discusses the isothermal reaction kinetics derived from thermogravimetry, using a less redundant approach than is currently the standard. We also discuss the most likely kinetic models for this reaction.

Jan 1, 2012

By McIntosh A. H, Torlach J. A

Since the last paper on mining methods was presented to the Annual Conference of the Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in 1:960, numerous advances have been made in drilling and blasting techniques at Mount Morgan. This paper describes the drilling and blasting methods being employed in the open cut. The change over to track mounted percussion drills for all types of primary drilling is almost complete and new techniques such as detergent drilling and pressure loading of ANFO are being applied successfully.

Jan 1, 1965

The contractor examined L.T. White's Patent No. 3524680 and, finding it in need of engineering refinements, proceeded with a conceptual design of a variable wall mining machine. The contractor then proceeded to assess the feasibility of the variable wall mining machine measured against the criteria specified by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The feasibility was judged from a physical aspect, a health and safety aspect, and an economic aspect. The Variable Wall Mining Machine was judged to be feasible on all three aspects provided that certain specified practices were adopted. Description The specifications and design and performance parameters of the Variable Wall Mining System as conceptualized are summarized in Tables I and II. The system consists of a side-cutting auger operating in a string of identical 12 ft. sections, along a 500 ft. retreating longwall face. In addition to the 41 identical sections, there is a special drive and discharge section at the head gate.

Jan 1, 2012

By Richard D. Begley

This paper summarizes the development of a mechanistic model to predict longwall mining induced surface subsidence. The model was originally developed from data acquired from a recent field study conducted in Northern West Virginia. Additional data has been collected from published sources and used to refine the model. The original model utilizes a negative exponential equation to predict the subsidence profile after the maximum possible subsidence is predicted based on the following input parameters: mine geometry, angle of draw and expansion factors for the deformation zones that have been identified above a longwall excavation. The model refinement involved the development of relationships between physical properties of the overburden strata and angle of draw in addition to the expansion or bulking factors. Therefore the refined model now requires only mine geometry and a typical geologic column from the site to predict the subsidence profile. This paper provides the methodology that enables the model to determine the angle of draw and expansion factors breed on physical properties of the site geology i. e. percent of strong rock and Rock Quality Designation of the overburden strata. In addition :comparisons of predicted results with measured data for over H) different sites with various geological and geometrical parameters located throughout the United States will be presented.

Jan 1, 1989

By J. B. Gwiazda

S.S. Peng The highlights of this paper are : • The shield supports with lemniscate links will exert a tangential force on the roof strata, causing unnecessary and harmful roof movements, thus damaging the roof structure. The principal source of the tangential force is the horizontal movement of the point O, the pivotal joint between the canopy and the caving shield. When the support height is changed during setting, the point O will move along a curve upward and rearward toward the gob. As a result, it produces a vertical movement, causing the roof to move up a distance of ?d, and a horizontal movement toward the gob, creating vertical fractures in the roof. • The major purpose for employing the lemniscate-link system is to protect the hydraulic legs against the action of the bending moments induced by the tangential force that causes deformation or destruction of the legs. • Based on these two points, the author suggested that, in order to eliminate the harmful effects of the lemniscate-link system and strengthen its advantageous features, a shield support with a new design of that mechanism has been developed. With the new design, the conventional rigid lemniscate links are replaced by hydraulic rams. When the pressure inside the rams reaches a certain level, the ram will yield.

Jan 12, 1986

By J. C. Bokros, A. S. Schwartz

The irradiation-induced densification of pyrolytic carbon has been shown to take place by a simple first-order rate process. The values of the densification constant, kd, for isotropic carbons are 1.0 x 10-22, 1.4 X 10-22 and 2.8 X 10-22 (nut)-1 at irradiation temperatures of 520o, 670°, and 1000oC, respectively. The apparent activation energy obtained from the temperature dependence of kd for isotropic carbons is about 0.2 ev. Estimates of the maximum stresses that develop in isotropic carbons owing to shrinkage onto an unyielding support show that stresses in excess of 15,000 psi may be avoided during irradiatian at 600" and 1000°C if the initial coating density is kept above 1.5 and 1.9 g per cu cw, respectively. If a carbon coating on an unyielding support is not completely isotropic, stresses may continue to build up at high neutron exposures after densification is complete because of continued anisotropic distortion. Stresses in excess of 15,000 psi from this source may be avoided during irradiation at 1000°C if' the Bacon anisotropy factor is kept below 1.3. A variety of applications of carbon and graphite in nuclear technology has stimulated numerous studies of the effect of neutron irradiation on these materials One of the most interesting problems associated with the use of carbons and graphites in the high fast neutron fluxes of nuclear reactors arises as a consequence of the neutron-induced dimensional changes that occur during irradiation. Energetic neutrons displace car- bon atoms from their lattice positions; and, depending on the temperature, the interstitials and vacancies produced migrate to form clusters, recombine, or are annihilated at dislocations or crystallite boundaries. The competition of various sinks for the point defects results in structure-sensitive bulk-dimensional changes that vary with temperature in a complicated way. This paper deals with the neutron-induced dimensional changes in turbostratic carbons that are being used as coatings on nuclear fuel particles. Details of the structure of these carbons and the variations of their structure with deposition conditions have been reported.'-3 It has been shown in previous work that the neutron-

Jan 1, 1968

[This is the sixth in a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative Agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of tines of the Department of the Interior. The first report gave data on motor gasolines sold during the winter of 1935.-36.3/ The present report cover brands of gasoline represented by 1,490 samples plus thus: from the Pacific Coat, which ;sere averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and are published exactly as they were submitted. In some areas reports were received from 8 to 10 companies on the same brands of gasoline, Whereas in other areas only one Company reported on a brand. Thus, it can be seen that soma of the data are more representative than others. The inclusion of data from several cities within some of the districts has improved the report by reducing the number of brands reported by only one company. Severe changes have been made in the districts. A new district, Memphis, Tenn., has been formed to include Arkansas any western Tennessee. The Rocky Mountain area, have been divided into three sections. Salt Lake City and Denver form the Middle Rocky Mountain district; Laramie, Wyo., Idaho, Montana, and. Spokane, Wash., are included in the North Rocky Mountain district, and Arizona, New Mexico , and El Paso, Tex., have been combined to represent the South Rock Mountain district. The Cleveland district has been expanded to include Ohio ant. Indiana. Eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland, and northern Virginia are included in the Washington (D. C.) district. The Atlanta district includes Georgia, South Carolina; Mississippee, and northern Florida.]

Jan 1, 1938

By Suk han Jang

This paper describes the tower foundation design and construction experience for the 345kV Youngheung marine transmission line, which has been in commercial operation in Korea since July, 2004. This transmission line was designed and constructed to meet the rapidly increasing power demands of metropolitan areas and supply stable, bulk electric power from the Yonghung thermal power plant into metropolitan areas. This transmission line passes over the west sea, Lake Sihwa and over land. In order to successfully complete this project, and to safely support the tower during severe maritime conditions, several types of tower foundation such as Pad and Chimney foundation, Pier (Cylindrical) foundation, R.C.D foundation, Jacket pile foundation and Steel pipe pile + concrete mat foundation were developed and used. As the world?s first and longest marine transmission line, the 345kV Yonghung marine transmission line operates successfully, thanks to several high-tech civil engineering technologies and KEPCO?s accumulated experience.

Jan 1, 2007

How the Australasian and Canadian Codes (VALMIN and CIMVal) approach mineral property valuation is described. Brief comment is also made on the International Valuation Standards CommitteeÆs interest in a global valuation standard for Mineral (Extractive) Industries and the South African SAMREC initiatives to adopt a VALMIN-like Code. The conventional tripartite classification of valuation approaches into those that are Market-based, Income-based and Cost-based is outlined. It is best practice to use as many of these approaches as possible (and as many methods as reasonable in the particular circumstances), given the quantity and quality of the data available on the Mineral Asset (which depends upon the state of development of the mineral property). The use of specific methods must satisfy the basic considerations of logic and reasonableness and the purpose of the valuation. The competence, judgement and repute of the valuer are critical factors, since all valuations are time and circumstance specific. What constitutes æMarket ValueÆ in the different jurisdictions is discussed and definitions are given. Challenges facing the globalisation of a VALMIN-type Code for the international Minerals Industry are the influence of real estate valuers and the US jurisdictional idiosyncrasies. This is mainly due to a fixation on real property rights with a preference for using real estate-like comparative sales techniques (Market Approach) to the exclusion of Income-based approaches; a regulatory reluctance in the US to accept that Resources have considerable value; and the International Accounting Standards BoardÆs preference for Historical, rather than Current Value, accounting.

Jan 1, 2002

Cobalt mostly occurs as a minor, but valuable, constituent in most nickel and a few copper ores, however it is not generally found alone in commercially viable deposits. Its concentration and extraction are therefore intimately linked to the recovery of the primary metals and the major task for the metallurgist is to extract cobalt of commercial grade from a much larger mass of either nickel or copper and sometimes both. With a particular focus on Vale Inco?s operations, this paper provides a brief overview of the mineralogy of the main deposits being currently exploited that contain cobalt as a co or by-product. The concentration and then extraction to metal are reviewed and some advances released into the public domain are discussed.

May 1, 2009

This paper examines the integration of risk management into the design philosophy of a project to produce a æzero baseÆ design, which targets a minimum capital cost without adversely impacting upon the operating costs of the resulting plant. The concept of zero base design is similar to zero base budgeting and the desired outcome is to improve the economy of the design. Design requirements are questioned in an attempt to distinguish preference, prejudice and myth from necessity. Where doubt remains a risk management approach is adopted. The key to risk management is not risk elimination, but risk mitigation. Risks can be managed by designing them out, but often this involves considerable capital cost penalties and it is more attractive to accept the risk and design an operating strategy to deal with it. The paper discusses this with some examples of real world risk mitigation strategies that resulted in substantial capital cost savings. The paper concludes that as much as a quarter of project capital costs can be eliminated by a combination of zero base design and carefully crafted risk mitigation strategies.

Jan 1, 2004

By G. J. Ackland, K. Saksl, F. Brunke, M. Kohnke, B. Tegner, C. Siemers

The application of titanium alloys is limited to 550°C due to their poor oxidation resistance. It is known that the addition of niobium decelerates the oxidation of titanium alloys whereas elements like vanadium do not improve titanium’s oxidation resistance. The underlying mechanisms are not yet well understood. In the present study, different binary titanium-niobium and titanium-vanadium alloys as well as commercially pure titanium were investigated. Oxidation experiments were carried out at 800°C up to 288 hours followed by metallographic analyses to study the oxide layer morphology as well as the microstructure at the interface. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mappings were used to identify possible changes in the distribution of the alloying elements. In addition, micro-focused hard X-ray experiments were performed to layer-wise analyse the phase composition in selected samples. As expected, the niobium containing alloys show a better oxidation performance compared to commercially pure titanium and the titanium-vanadium alloys. The oxide layer consisted of TiO2 and Ti2O3. Depending of the niobium content, a niobium-rich layer developed below the metal-oxide-interface minimising oxygen diffusion into the titanium matrix. Based on these results, the minimal niobium content needed for improved oxidation resistance was identified so that alloys of technical relevance can now be developed.

Jan 1, 2014

By Sang Ho Cho, Masaji Kato, Masaaki Yamamoto, Masaaki Nishi, Katsuhiko Kaneko

This paper presents a numerical simulation method to predict rock fragmentation and to verify a fracture mechanism by bench blasting. The rock fragmentation, which has been used as a means of the index to estimate the effect of bench blasting, affects the expenses for loading, conveyance and crushing of blasting muck piles. The developed numerical simulation method is based on the finite element method and fracture mechanics and includes the re-meshing procedure to express the fracture process of the rock mass. This paper discusses a procedure for a determination of size distributions of the results, which were calculated by numerical simulation, including the tines.

Jan 1, 2002

By C. E. Melbye

A serious problem confronted the city of Gunnison early in 1958 in that, for a few months during each spring runoff, the water supply derived from the Gunnison River became polluted to an unsafe point. The city management had the choice of building a new filter plant to replace the old unworkable one or drilling wells to develop a ground water supply. The cost of a new filter plant was estimated at $180,000 compared to $50,000 for 6 wells, pumps, and additional water lines, hence their decision to attempt the development of sufficient ground water. Six wells at 300 gpm per well were estimated as necessary to handle the peak usage of 1800 gpm, compared to only 600 gpm winter usage. Although the water table is only about 7 feet below the surface, existing private wells drilled at random locations were producing much less than 300 gpm. The problem was to find sufficient quantities from about 6 wells. Since the presence of an ancient bedrock channel was suspected, which would be expected to localize greater quantities of water, the city of Gunnison authorized a resistivity survey to investigate bedrock topography below unconsolidated gravels. Survey results were highly satisfactory and led to the preparation of a fairly detailed bedrock contour map, Fig. 1. This map was used in selection of all well sites. The city of Gunnison is situated in a flat, broad, Quaternary gravel-filled valley (terrain dips south at 20 feet per mile) at the junction of the Gunnison River and Tomichi Creek. The valley, about 2-4 miles wide, is bordered by hills of Tertiary volcanics to the northwest, Cretaceous and Jurassic sediments to the north and northeast, and pre-Cambrian granite and gneiss to the south. One previous deep test well at the west end of the city hit pre-Cambrian granite at 496 feet, which, allowing for 40 feet of surface gravels, makes the older sedimentary section 456 feet thick. This section is probably all Jurassic Morrison formation, consisting of the Saltwash sandstone overlain by the much thicker section of Brushy Basin shales and mudstones. According to the driller's logs, each well was bottomed in what is believed to be Brushy Basin shale. FIELD PROCEDURE A standard Gish-Rooney type of resistivity apparatus was employed, which used 45-volt dry batteries as a direct-current power source. Applied voltages could be selected from 45 volts to a 270-volt maximum. Copper-coated steel stakes were employed as current electrodes and porous porcelain pots as potential electrodes to avoid possible polarization effects with direct current. The expanding Wenner electrode configuration was utilized for this investigation and measurements were made at 20 40, 60, 80, and 100-foot spacings,

Jan 1, 1961

By Joe Pease

"The demand for minerals and metals is increasing. Head grades of ore bodies are dropping. Remaining ores are becoming finer grained, more complex, and more logistically challenging. Mineral processing – in particular comminution – already consumes a huge amount of energy. But in 20 years’ time, it will require about six times as much energy as today to meet the world’s mineral demand.Unless we do something different.As minerals professionals, it is our job to find that “something different”. The world is relying on us. Of course, we must look for new breakthrough technologies and techniques. We must find them, and we will find them – most likely in surprising areas.But what if we also already know how to make 30-50% improvements to efficiency? Just by using existing technologies, by applying modern analytical techniques, by custom designing our plants, by applying manufacturing principles, by breaking down our management silos between disciplines.The thing is, industry professionals already know this. Yet – in spite of a lot of intelligent people trying very hard – we just can’t seem to make it happen.This discussion considers why, despite our best efforts, we don’t get the best out of what we already have. Why we are wasting energy and money. Once we understand why, we can set about unlocking that value and improving industry productivity and energy efficiency. We will discuss the role that professionals and volunteer professional organisations like CMP and CEEC can play in catalysing the changes."

Jan 1, 2015