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By Walter B. Devereux

Metallic copper is a product of native metallurgy in various parts of Mexico, and by somewhat varied processes. While recently examining copper mines in the State of Jalisko, I had an opportunity of witnessing Mexican copper smelting by a process which I have not seen described, and which is interesting from the fact, that a fine quality of copper is produced from sulphurous ores in three metallurgical operations, and apparently without excessive loss. The process was carried on in buildings which were part of a plant erected by an American more than twenty-five years ago for the purpose of smelting and working copper. After a few years this man met with accidental death, and the works have been but little used since. Located in the centre of a high range of mountains, far from any town or seaport, and inaccessible except over difficult mule trails, these substantial buildings, filled with furnaces and heavy machinery,

Jan 1, 1883

By A. W. Gauger

WITHOUT QUESTION the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania contains the most remarkable coal deposits of the whole world. Within its borders ,are to be found excellent coals ranging in rank from the high volatile bituminous of the western part of 'the state through the low volatile or semi-bituminous of central Pennsylvania to that aristocrat of solid fuels, anthracite, found in the East. . . . But while other states and even the Federa1 Government have recognized the needs of the coal industry, Pennsylvania has not. Though bituminous coal represents one of the most important industries in the state, far more important in annual productive wealth than agriculture, for example, hundreds, of thousands of dollars have been spent on agricultural research whereas little or nothing has been spent on coal investigation.

Jan 1, 1932

By John McDonald

THIS report is a continuation of an earlier one with a similar title,1 to which the reader is referred for such details of procedure as do not appear here. A brief summary will be given of the objects and methods of the research at this time. It was pointed out in the previous paper that properties of magnesium alloys, as re-ported by different workers, often differ. This was thought to be due to differences in the preparation of the specimens tested. The ideal way to compare alloys would be to prepare each of them in so many ways that reasonable assurance would exist that the best properties of each alloy had been developed. The alloys would then be com-pared on the basis of these properties. The treatment actually given the alloys of these studies is necessarily a compromise with completeness. Nevertheless, enough treatments have been given so that a con-siderable degree of assurance exists that the properties obtained are representative of the alloy as such, and not merely of the manner in which it was worked and heat-treated.

Jan 1, 1940

W. H. BASSETT, * Waterbury, Conn.-Manganese should not be expected to remedy all the defects that are due to poor melting practice. It is undoubtedly valuable in helping to eliminate porosity in many of the alloys. In the copper-nickel alloys, its use is becoming almost universal, for, beside helping to make sound castings, it tends to hold the carbon in solution in the solidified alloy. GWILLIAM H. CLAMER,? Philadelphia, Pa.-I have found that manganese copper is satisfactory for eliminating sulfur and that it works very well in the crucible and when you have reducing conditions; but in a large reverberatory charge, where the conditions are oxidizing, we were not able to eliminate the sulfur.

Jan 1, 1919

By Robert J. Linney

In the latter part of the year 1943, it was decided to experiment with diamond-drill blast holes in the Old Bed magnetite mine at the Mineville mines of the Republic Steel Corporation, in sections of the ore body where vertical dimensions were large and where development for sublevel bench stopes had already been done. Other possibilities of application for this drilling method were in the reclamation of old floors and pillars in the pitching folds of the Lower Old Bed ore body and in the reclamation of large vertical pillars in the "21" Bonanza-Joker ore body. The cross sections and views of the two ore bodies will show the conditions to which the diamond-drill method has been applied. The Lower Old Bed magnetite ore body is lenticular and dips approximately 30° toward the southwest and strikes generally southeast and northwest. An intensely folded structure, which pitches generally on an axis approximately at right angles to the strike, is continuous from the uppermost old workings down to the present bottom of the mine, and probably continues with depth. On successively lower levels this folded structure becomes greater in vertical dimensions and the two folds are closer together in a horizontal dimension. As shown in Fig. I, this folded structure gives to parts of the ore body considerable vertical dimensions, which provide areas that were developed for sublevel bench stoping above a slushing drift, as shown in Fig. 2. It was in one of these previously devel-oped sublevel bench stopes, No. 26 on the 1185-ft. level, that the diamond-drill blast-hole method was applied for mining the upper sublevel. The lower sublevel was underhand-bench-drilled to the finger raises of the scram drift below. The roof of this stoping area began to break and spall on the lower sublevel, causing the roof to become inclined. Along the hanging wall of the stope this reached an elevation about half way between the two sublevels. A smooth schistose seam in the hanging wall causes the ore to break away freely. Therefore, if bench mining had been carried on in the upper sublevel, a dangerous condition of poorly supported benches would have resulted. When the drillers were slashing across the sublevel te footwall and hanging wall to make a bench, spdlling roof of the opening below would probably have carried away part of the bench, and would have left a dangerous place in which to continue underhand benching. A 6 by 8-ft. raise had been driven between the lower stope and the upper sublevel about 200 ft. from a manway. It was decided to use this raise for a starting cut and to arrange holes as shown in Fig 3, so that a slot would be opened across the ore body between the footwall and hanging wall. This slot would then be used for the purpose of breaking into the ore, by blasting vertical rings of holes drilled at right angles to the axis of the pitching folds as nearly as possible. Layouts of this slot drilling and the rings adjacent are

Jan 1, 1946

By Robert J. Linney

IN the latter part of the year 1943, it was decided to experiment with diamond-drill blast holes in the Old Bed magnetite mine at the Mineville mines of the Republic Steel Corporation, in sections of the ore body where vertical dimensions were large and where development for sublevel bench stopes had already been done. Other possibilities of application for this drilling method were in the reclamation of old floors and pillars in the pitching folds of the Lower Old Bed ore body and in the reclamation of large vertical pillars in the " 21 " Bonanza-Joker ore body. The cross sections and views of the two ore bodies will show the conditions to which the diamond-drill method has been applied. The Lower Old Bed magnetite ore body is lenticular and dips approximately 30° toward the southwest and strikes generally southeast and northwest. An intensely folded structure, which pitches generally on an axis approximately at right angles to the strike, is continuous from the uppermost old workings down to the present bottom of the mine, and probably continues with depth. On successively lower levels this folded structure becomes greater in vertical dimensions and the two folds are closer together in a horizontal dimension. As shown in Fig. 1, this folded structure gives to parts of the ore body considerable vertical dimensions, which provide areas that were developed for sublevel bench stoping above a slushing drift, as shown in Fig. 2. It was in one of these previously developed sublevel bench stopes, No. 26 on the 1185-ft. level, that the diamond-drill blast-hole method was applied for mining the upper sublevel. The lower sublevel was underhand-bench-drilled to the finger raises of the scram drift below. The roof of this stoping area began to break and spall on the lower sublevel, causing the roof to become inclined. Along the hanging wall of the stope this reached an elevation about half way between the two sublevels. A smooth schistose seam in the hanging wall causes the ore to break away freely. Therefore, if bench mining had been carried on in the upper sublevel, a dangerous condition of poorly supported benches would have resulted. When the drillers were slashing across the sublevel to footwall and hanging wall to make a bench, spalling roof of the opening below would probably have carried away part of the bench, and would have left a dangerous place in which to continue underhand benching. A 6 by 8-ft. raise had been driven between the lower stope and the upper sublevel about 200 ft. from a manway. It was decided to use this raise for a starting cut and to arrange holes as shown in Fig. 3, so that a slot would be opened across the ore body between the footwall and hanging wall. This slot would then be used for the purpose of breaking into the ore; by blasting vertical rings of holes drilled at right angles to the axis of the pitching folds as nearly as possible. Layouts of this slot drilling and the rings adjacent are

Jan 1, 1945

By M. Gensamer, B. Lustman

A recent paper described, by means of stereographic pole figures, the preferred orientations produced by cold-rolling low-carbon steel of automobile-body grade. It was found that the surface of the sheet exhibited a deformation texture significantly different from the texture possessed by the inside of the sheet. Efforts to produce the surface texture by buffing a sample exhibiting the normal or inside texture, using a copper lap, have not been successful. In view of the data collected by Kurdjumow and Sachs2, it was suggested that the surface texture might be the result of partial recrystallization of the normal or inside texture. The recrystallization texture of cold-rolled mild steel was studied by Goss3, but he did not use the pole-figure method, so that his conclusions were in need of verification. For these reasons the work reported in here was undertaken. It had two objectives: (1) to study the general behavior of cold-rolled mild steel on recrystallization below the critical temperature Al, and (2) to attempt experimentally a demonstaration of the genesis suggested above for the surface texture in cold-rolled steel. The material was that used by Gensamer and Mehl, cold-rolled to 97.5 per cent reduction in thickness. Fig. 1 is an X-ray pinhole photo-gram of this material, taken with the beam transmitted perpendicular to the plane of the sheet, using a molybdenum target at 35 kv. with no filter. It is typical of the inside texture, but in it the deformation texture is better developed than in the samples that showed a well developed difference between the inside and surface samples. Specimens from this sheet, which was 0.005 in. thick, were annealed for 5 min. at various temperatures in a lead bath. After about 0.0005 in. had been etched from both surfaces, X-ray photograms were prepared, using the technique described in the earlier paper1. Figs. 2 to 6 are photograms of the annealed sheet, at 566, 571, 577, 580 and 650" C. (1050' to 1202" F.), in order. Fig. 2 shows that 5 min.

Jan 1, 1937

By H. E. Montgomery

Engineering trends for some years have been toward higher temperatures, both in process work and in steam generation. Progress in design has been dependent upon the development and evaluation of suitable alloys. Elementary knowledge of the limitations of copper-base alloys indicate their unsuitability for the higher ranges of operating temperatures; say, for steam to 950°F. Emphasis upon the more severe conditions perhaps is a reason why more complete evaluations have not been made for copper-base alloys over their range of suitability. However, the few studies made show clearly the need for more accurate evaluations. Some copper-base alloys long looked upon favorably because of superior room-temperature properties are not as desirable as some others perhaps not so "strong" and "hard," as measured by usual acceptance tests. Load-carrying capacity and structural stability arc two important factors. Structural stability as influenced by temperature, by presence of corrosive media, or by the effects of stress itself, frequently is a limiting factor. An early reference to creep properties of the cast copper-base alloys is that of Brown1 (Admiralty gun metal, Cu 87.5, Sn 10.1, Zn 2.3 and Pb 0.08). His tests were similar to present-day stress-rupture tests without measurement of creep elongrttion. Loading was in steps with usually 24 hr. between steps, and continued until failure. He advocated a "useful strength value" of 61/2 tons (I4,560 Ib.) per sq. in. at 572°F. (300°C.). A specimen broken in 1/2 hr. at 572°F. had a strength of 21 tons (26,880 Ib.) per sq. in. The strength values as determined by 1/2-hr. tests and those by the longer stress-rupturc start to differentiate at 392°F. (200°C). This is the temperature at which time at load began to play an important part. Bolton, Price and Hebemann2 give creep curves on 88-10-2 (A.S.T.M. B-60, CU 88, Sn 10, Zn 2) and steam or valve bronze (A.S.T.M. B-6I, Cu 87.50, Sn 6.00, Zn 3.75, Pb 1.70) at 500°F. Direct comparison of the two alloys under 7500 lb. per sq. in. stress showed the steam bronze (A.S.T.M. B-61) superior in creep strength to the 88-10-2 (A.S.T.M. B-60). The steam bronze shows no creep after 700 hr. (1540-hr. test). The 88-10-2 shows a rate of about 7.0 per cent in 100,000 hr. over the last 700 hr. of the test. Creep curves on the steam bronze are also given at the same temperature (500°F.) with loads of 6500 lb. per sq. in. and 8000 lb. per sq. in. These indicate "creep strengths" (creep rate within I per cent in 100,000 hr.) in excess of 8000 lb. per sq, in. for this alloy. It was found that higher percentages of tin are detrimental to creep resistance. This is caused by the presence of or formation during test of considerable alpha-delta eutectoid in the higher tin alloys. Bolton also states that the high

Jan 1, 1945

The co-operation of the members of the Institute is earnestly sought by the Committee on Nominations, recently appointed by the Board of . Directors, in its work of formulating a ticket for officers and places falling vacant in the Board of Directors in February, 1916. The Committee must present the official ticket of nominations to the Board of Directors at its October meeting. Members are, therefore, urged to send promptly their nominations for officers and Directors in order that the Committee may have an opportunity to give them full consideration. The officers to be elected at the annual meeting in February, 1916, are: One officer, known as Director and President. Two officers, known as Director and Vice-President. Five officers, known as Director; The attention of members is called to Articles V and VII of the Constitution, and to By-Law XIII, which reads as follows: "The geographical districts to be considered by the Committee on Nominations shall he as follows, until otherwise ordered by the Board. District No. 1. New England, New York, and New Jersey, excepting New York City and district., which is provided for in the Constitution. (N. B.-New York City and district is designated District 0.) District No. 2. Pennsylvania. District No. 3. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. District No. 4. Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. District No. 5. Montana, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Alaska. District No. 6. California and Nevada. District No. 7. Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. District No. 8. Louisiana and Texas. District No. 9. Other Southern States and District of Columbia. District No. 10. Mexico. District No. 11. Canada."

Jan 7, 1915

By D. L. Katz

The Oklahoma City Wilcox sand, discovered on March 26, 1930, has produced 394 million barrels of crude oil and 819 billion cubic feet of natural gas as of July I, 1941. The 100,000-bbl. wells, pressures of 2600 lb. per sq. in., and flows of "Wilcox" sand caused exciting moments in the early life of the field. Today the reservoir is substantially at atmospheric pressure and produccs 75,000 bbl. of crude oil daily through 466 pumping wells. Early estimates of the initial crude-oil content of the "Wilcox" sand1 indicated that about 600 million barrels of crude oil would remain after the pumping wells ceased to produce economically. The Oklahoma City Wilcox Secondary Recovery Association was organized in March 1939, to study the possibilities of recovering a portion of this oil. Only a very brief summary of the information available can be presented in a paper of this nature. Some simplifications and generalizations are necessary to give the over-all picture in SO short a space and statements made may not apply to a specific well or small area. Since the area under consideration by the Association is that north of the south line of section 22-11-3, some information will be presented for areas A, B, C, 1, 2, 3 and part of 4 of Fig. 2, and some will be for the entire Wilcox zone west of the fault. This paper is essentially an abstract of an engineering report made by A. D. Small, B. T. Murphree, M. C. Sons and the author for the Oklahoma City Wilcox Secondary Recovery Association on Sept. 5, 1940. Some information is taken from a report to the Association by C. V. Sidwell on March I, 1940, and some data are from a recent report by A. D. Small. It gives a brief history of the Wilcox zone, estimates of the initial oil contents of the reservoir, present conditions in the reservoir, and probable results from several programs of "secondary recovery." History of Wilcox Zone The Wilcox sand lies on the flank of the general structure, as shown by cross section of Fig. I2,3,4 and areal map of Fig. 2. The sand is of Ordovician age and is composed of well assorted, rounded sand grains with no apparent cementing material. The loose texture of the sand is shown by the enormous quantities of sand production from the wells and from the soft cores. The productive sand varies from zero thickness on the east to 220 ft. maximum and to zero thickness on the west because of water. The development of the pool4 as dependent upon drilling restrictions within the city limits, which accounts for the spacing of drilling operations listed in Table I by years. In 1931, areas I through 7 of Fig. 2 were open for drilling with the exception of some west-edge properties, and all wells drilled before Feb. I, 1935, were in this portion of the field. Nearly all wells drilled from 1933 to 1037 were in areas A, B and C. Since 1939, the newly drilled wells have gradually enlarged the producing area toward the west in the northern portion.

Jan 1, 1942

By D. L. Katz

The Oklahoma City Wilcox sand, discovered on March 26, 1930, has produced 394 million barrels of crude oil and 819 billion cubic feet of natural gas as of July I, 1941. The 100,000-bbl. wells, pressures of 2600 lb. per sq. in., and flows of "Wilcox" sand caused exciting moments in the early life of the field. Today the reservoir is substantially at atmospheric pressure and produccs 75,000 bbl. of crude oil daily through 466 pumping wells. Early estimates of the initial crude-oil content of the "Wilcox" sand1 indicated that about 600 million barrels of crude oil would remain after the pumping wells ceased to produce economically. The Oklahoma City Wilcox Secondary Recovery Association was organized in March 1939, to study the possibilities of recovering a portion of this oil. Only a very brief summary of the information available can be presented in a paper of this nature. Some simplifications and generalizations are necessary to give the over-all picture in SO short a space and statements made may not apply to a specific well or small area. Since the area under consideration by the Association is that north of the south line of section 22-11-3, some information will be presented for areas A, B, C, 1, 2, 3 and part of 4 of Fig. 2, and some will be for the entire Wilcox zone west of the fault. This paper is essentially an abstract of an engineering report made by A. D. Small, B. T. Murphree, M. C. Sons and the author for the Oklahoma City Wilcox Secondary Recovery Association on Sept. 5, 1940. Some information is taken from a report to the Association by C. V. Sidwell on March I, 1940, and some data are from a recent report by A. D. Small. It gives a brief history of the Wilcox zone, estimates of the initial oil contents of the reservoir, present conditions in the reservoir, and probable results from several programs of "secondary recovery." History of Wilcox Zone The Wilcox sand lies on the flank of the general structure, as shown by cross section of Fig. I2,3,4 and areal map of Fig. 2. The sand is of Ordovician age and is composed of well assorted, rounded sand grains with no apparent cementing material. The loose texture of the sand is shown by the enormous quantities of sand production from the wells and from the soft cores. The productive sand varies from zero thickness on the east to 220 ft. maximum and to zero thickness on the west because of water. The development of the pool4 as dependent upon drilling restrictions within the city limits, which accounts for the spacing of drilling operations listed in Table I by years. In 1931, areas I through 7 of Fig. 2 were open for drilling with the exception of some west-edge properties, and all wells drilled before Feb. I, 1935, were in this portion of the field. Nearly all wells drilled from 1933 to 1037 were in areas A, B and C. Since 1939, the newly drilled wells have gradually enlarged the producing area toward the west in the northern portion.

Jan 1, 1942

By L. D. Frink

Those actively interested in mining are fully aware of the ever-increasing difficulty of making conditions such that efficient work can be done in underground openings, especially as higher rock temperatures are encountered in depth. This is also true where an effort is being made to cut down the burden of overhead expense by working headings 24 hr. in a day if blasting is done as often as is possible in that time. That the conditions resulting from both these causes have driven the native-born Americans from the mines and that their places have been taken by less efficient foreigners is a fact that we must all admit. The great war now being fought in Europe and the educational qualification clause written into our immigration law by the last Congress will probably limit very materially the supply of labor, such as we are now using in our mines, and will force upon mine operators the necessity of making this work appeal again to Americans. Metal tubing, with blower or exhaust fans, has long been used in supplying air to dead ends where natural ventilation is impossible, or in driving the smoke from such places, or in doing both, as the need might be. Here in Butte we have now come to use canvas tubing very extensively and find that it has many advantages not possessed by the metal. The use of flexible tubing is not new, but it has not been generally used in mining operations. Recent improvements, however, in the canvas itself and in the jointing of sections and manner of suspension have so increased its usefulness that it promises to add much to the efficiency of mining. There is now on the market a product that is impervious to air, is fireproof, and has a system of jointing which permits it to be put up or taken down in a few seconds. In this article an effort will be made to explain the manner in which canvas tubing is being used in the North Butte company's operations at Butte, Mont. The accompanying photographs will, I hope, help make clear what may be done with this material.

Jan 1, 1918

By M. E. Wadsworth, R. D. Groves, B. W. Madsen

Experimental results obtained from large-scale (7 ton), long-term (500 days) leaching of low-tenor copper sulfide ores were interpreted by a geometric model involving the movement of a reaction zone through the ore fragments. The postulated leaching mechanism involved mixed kinetics and included diffusion of the reacting species through the host rock and a chemical reaction at the surface of the mineral particles. Ore properties which were considered were Ore particle size and shape, grade of ore, and mineral content. Excellent agreement between the mixed kinetic model and the laboratory leaching results was obtained when -1/2-in. ore particles were not included in the leach. Also, a satisfactory prediction of copper recovery from +1/2-in. ore with a different particle size distribution was made; however, it was necessary to modify the shape factor in the model. Prediction of copper recovery from an ore sample which included the -1/2-in. fine fraction and leaching for 460 days was 56.5%, and the recovery from leaching was 47.0%. The presence of fines caused solution channeling and a deficiency of oxygen which inhibited the leaching rate. Also, compaction of fines around coarser particles interfered with circulation around the ore particles, and bulk solution transport probably was a rate controlling factor.

Jan 1, 1976

By Thomas M. Drown

THE means relied on to attain uniformity in Bessemer steel may be enumerated as follows I. The appearance of the flame. II. The appearance of the slag. III. The spectrum of the flame. IV. Examination of the steel itself. At present, I wish briefly to bring forward a few considerations with reference to the last two mentioned, namely, the conditions favoring the employment of the spectroscope and examination of the steel. From the amount of careful investigation which has been devoted to the examination of the Bessemer flame by the spectroscope, both on the part of scientists and practical metallurgists, one might reasonably expect some results definite and satisfactory in their nature, first, as regards the nature of the flame, and second, as to the practical value of the spectroscope as a guide in conducting the process. We find, in fact, however, that uncertainty and confusion still exist. In Germany, where this subject has received the greatest attention, it is now very generally conceded that manganese is the cause of the well-known groups of dark bands that characterize the Bessemer spectrum. Nor is it easy to see how we can avoid accepting this conclusion, when Wedding and Von Lichtenfels have produced the manganese spectrum and found it to correspond closely with that shown by the Bessemer flame. But it is evident, on a moment's reflection, as Roscoe has recently brought forward, that manganese cannot be the only cause of the Bessemer spectrum, for we notice the characteristic bands quite as

Jan 1, 1873

By L. D. Godshall

A great deal has been written of late regarding the loss of silver in assaying; very discordant results have been published by different writers, and much uncertainty exists concerning even approximate losses in a careful determination of silver, as represented by a fire-assay. In the present paper it has been the aim of the writer to determine as accurately as possible the losses sustained by silver, under certain specified conditions, during the process of cupellation. Such losses are well known to be due to absorption by the cupel and volatilization. The conditions, however, which govern these losses are not believed by the writer to be so well understood. The most important of these are : 1. The effect of variable quantities of silver used. 2. The temperature of cupellation. 3. The character and quantity of impurities in the lead button. 4. The weight of the lead button. 5. The nature of the cupel. The following experiments were made for the purpose of demonstrating, as nearly as possible, the total loss of silver in cupellation under the most favorable conditions to be obtained in commercial assaying. Chemically pure silver and pure lead were taken. The latter was obtained from test-lead, first melted into a bar, from which pieces of the desired weight were cut and accurately weighed. The experiments recorded in this paper were planned by the writer, but executed throughout by Mr. J. N. Walker, whose ability as an accurate, careful and painstaking assayer is too well known and recognized throughout the West to require any further endorsement from me.

Jan 1, 1897

The Library of the above-named Societies is open frond 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and the publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated front sources of information. To these the Library, through Its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining neaps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should he made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be, sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 1, 1917

By P. L. Menaul, P. P. Spafford

This paper discusses the most dangerous form of corrosion encountered in condensate-well oil production, the discovery of the agent causing this corrosion and the remedial chemical treatment proved effective by field use. The injection of ammonium hydroxide, even as little as one quart per day, has proved effective in preventing gas-condensate well corrosion. The injection of "Bone oil" is applied to wells producing brines containing calcium and magnesium salts. Introduction The severe corrosion of equipment in high pressure gas condensate wells has been a problem for several years and numerous papers have been presented on the subject. The term "gas condensate" or "distillate well" is applied to a distinct variety of hydrocarbon producing well, the characteristics of these wells being high bottom-hole (formation) pressures and temperatures and high gas production. These wells usually produce about 40 gal of water per million cubic feet of gas and the gas contains from 0.1 pct to 2 pct carbon dioxide. In the operation of this type of well, the operators soon noted severe internal corrosion of the pipe carrying the production. In some instances the dl tubing has been found to be corroded to perforation in eight months. The high well head pressures of 2500 to 8000 psi makes any weakening of the well equipment by corrosion extremely hazardous. Bursting of the well equipment results in very expensive repair operations and may result in the loss of valuable production, loss of the costly well, or even loss of life. In November 1944, a gas-condensate well in a Gulf Coast field producing from 9500 ft showed a tubing leak. The well was "killed" by filling it with mud through the tubing, and then the tubing was pulled. Corrosion was found to have caused several perforations in the tubing, Fig I. While the mud was being circulated to kill the well, a high pressure jet from the corroded hole in the tubing perforated the casing and damaged the well to the extent that the cost of repairs amounted to $75,000. In November 1944, another gas-con-densate well in a Gulf Coast field producing from 11,400 ft showed tubing failure. This well had been producing an average of 2,500,000 cu ft of gas daily for two years. In the workover of this well, it was found that a hole one inch in diameter had corroded through the tubing and that corrosion had reduced the wall of the tubing to less than half the standard thickness over large areas of the interior of the tubing. It was found that corrosion had also caused two leaks in the casing. After four months spent in an attempted workover failed to make the well safe for further production, the well was plugged and abandoned at a total loss of $300,000,00.

Jan 1, 1948

By P. L. Menaul, P. P. Spafford

This paper discusses the most dangerous form of corrosion encountered in condensate-well oil production, the discovery of the agent causing this corrosion and the remedial chemical treatment proved effective by field use. The injection of ammonium hydroxide, even as little as one quart per day, has proved effective in preventing gas-condensate well corrosion. The injection of "Bone oil" is applied to wells producing brines containing calcium and magnesium salts. Introduction The severe corrosion of equipment in high pressure gas condensate wells has been a problem for several years and numerous papers have been presented on the subject. The term "gas condensate" or "distillate well" is applied to a distinct variety of hydrocarbon producing well, the characteristics of these wells being high bottom-hole (formation) pressures and temperatures and high gas production. These wells usually produce about 40 gal of water per million cubic feet of gas and the gas contains from 0.1 pct to 2 pct carbon dioxide. In the operation of this type of well, the operators soon noted severe internal corrosion of the pipe carrying the production. In some instances the dl tubing has been found to be corroded to perforation in eight months. The high well head pressures of 2500 to 8000 psi makes any weakening of the well equipment by corrosion extremely hazardous. Bursting of the well equipment results in very expensive repair operations and may result in the loss of valuable production, loss of the costly well, or even loss of life. In November 1944, a gas-condensate well in a Gulf Coast field producing from 9500 ft showed a tubing leak. The well was "killed" by filling it with mud through the tubing, and then the tubing was pulled. Corrosion was found to have caused several perforations in the tubing, Fig I. While the mud was being circulated to kill the well, a high pressure jet from the corroded hole in the tubing perforated the casing and damaged the well to the extent that the cost of repairs amounted to $75,000. In November 1944, another gas-con-densate well in a Gulf Coast field producing from 11,400 ft showed tubing failure. This well had been producing an average of 2,500,000 cu ft of gas daily for two years. In the workover of this well, it was found that a hole one inch in diameter had corroded through the tubing and that corrosion had reduced the wall of the tubing to less than half the standard thickness over large areas of the interior of the tubing. It was found that corrosion had also caused two leaks in the casing. After four months spent in an attempted workover failed to make the well safe for further production, the well was plugged and abandoned at a total loss of $300,000,00.

Jan 1, 1948

The Sub-committee on Safety of the Industrial Organization Com-mittee of the Institute has been asked to cooperate with the National Safety Council, and has made certain recommendations to the Board of Directors of the Institute regarding ways and means of bringing about this cooperation. The National Safety Council has been in existence seven years. Its inception was at a meeting of the American Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers held in Milwaukee in 1912. The first annual congress was held in New York City in October, 1913, at which time the Council was definitely organized. Its membership now consists of nearly four thousand members, representing industrial plants, railroads, public utility companies, insurance companies, state labor commissions, Chambers of Commerce, manufacturers' organizations, etc. These members are in all states of the Union and in eleven foreign countries, and through them the National Safety Council reaches more than six million workers.

Jan 7, 1919

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should he made as definite as possible so that the information received may he what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 6, 1918